探析新托福阅读中的指代题

1、探析新托福阅读中的指代题一广州朗阁雅思新托福朗阁海外考试研究中心王玉梅近期，朗阁教育集团携手国际考试联盟、海外考试研究中心等国际权威机构亲手打造雅思模考活动。从考试流程到考试细节，全部沿用正式雅思考试程序。更特邀雅思资深外籍培训官亲临口语模考现场，聚焦全国百万学子，打造雅思状元高分。实战演练，名师点评，权威模拟考场，对于想提高雅思成绩的考生，是不容错过的练兵平台。每次ibt考试我们都能看到一个熟悉的词纽"refer to ” ,这便是新托福阅 读考试每次必考题型的标志：指代类题。一般來说，3篇ibt阅读题目中会有2 至3道这种类型的题目。在此，朗阁海外考试研究中心阅读组的专家将带领广

2、人 tbt考生解密reference questions ,以助考生考到理想成绩。问题形盍考试的到文章屮会有-个单词或短语用阴影标识出来，这个词通常是一个代 词。然后考生会被问到： the word x in the passage refers to四个选项都来自于文章中的单词或短语，但只有一个选项是被阴影标识出来 的单词或短语所指代的内容(referent)。君晝目的此类问题考查考生辨认文章中但此间指代关系的能力。通常这种关系是代词 与其先行词之间的关系，有时也考查其他语法的指代关系(如：which或this) o代词类型考查的代词通常为:subject pronou nshesheitt

3、heyobjectpronounshimheritthempossessivehisheritstheiradjectivesdem on st rativepronounsthisthatethesthoserelative pronou nswhowhomhwhicwhoseother pronounsalleithernonethe firstanothera fewoneanybothmanyrsotheeachmosteitheresomthe other1. 看题干，确定指代词类型。2. 带着题干主线索回原文找到阴影代词，根据上下文内容确定答案。（注意： 在文章屮，指代内容通常在代

4、词z前出现，但有时也会岀现在带代词后。指代内 容可能与代词在同一个句子，也可能在另一个句子屮出现。）3. 将所选的答案替代被标识的单词或短语放回原文，利用语法检验它能否 使句子表达通顺。我们以 og practice set 6 中的 question 2 为例：passage: tun as, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining in to an art form. their bodies are sleek and compact. the body shapes of tun as, in fact, are nearly

5、ideal from engineeri ng point of view. most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. the eyes lie flush with the body and do not produce at all. they are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. the fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities t

6、hat also help cut drag. when not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth con tours.the word they in the passage refers too qualitieso finso grooveso depressions解题：首先根据题干我们可以看出此题中考查的是人称代词they的指代内 容；然后在文中定位到阴影t

7、hey所在句子。而我们都知道在主从句中，从句的 代词主语通常指代主句的名词主语，而主句的代词主语通常指代从句的名词主 语，因此我们可以初步得出答案为fins；把fins放冋原文利用语法检查，它能 够使句子表达通顺，因此可以确定正确答案为fins。解题技巧就近原则。所谓就近原则即为代词（尤其关系代词）一般指代离它最 近的名词或代词。例：passage: . the first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the boston gazette, established in 1719, the same year that marked the app

8、earance of philadelphia's first newspaper, the american mercury, where the young benjamin franklin worked. by 1 760, boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments; philadelphia, 2 newspapers and 3 other presses; and new york, 3 newspapers. the distribution, if not the sale, of news

9、papers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710, which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770, serving all 13 colonies.the word which in the passage refers to o distributiono saleo newspapero postal service解题：首先根据题干我们可以看出此题屮考查的是关系代词which的指代 内容；然后在文中定位到阴影which所在句子，根据就近原则搜索，我们会发

10、 现指代内容在代词之前出现，并且与代词在同一句子屮，postal service可以 初步定为答案；把postal service放回原文检查，语法正确并冃符合语义和逻 辑，因此可以确定正确答案为postal serviceo数格一致原则。所谓数格一致原则即为被指代对象通常与指代词在 数（单数或复数）和格（第一人称、第二人称、第三人称）两方面相同。如单 数代词it指代第三人称的单数名词,复数代词they指代第三人称的复数名词。 例：passage: most americans still get married at some point in their lives, but eve n

11、that group, is shri nking. among curre nt gen erations of adults 一 starting with those born in the 1920s 一 more than 90 percent have married or will marry at some point in their lives. however, based on recent patterns of marriage and mortality, demographers calculate that a growing share of the you

12、nger generation is postponing marriage for so long that an unprecedented number will never marry at all. data on cohabitation and unmarried childbearing suggests that marriage is becom ing less relevant to america ns. 2.8 million of the nation's households are unmarried coupies, and onethird of

13、them are caring for children , according to the census bureau.the word them in the passage refers too younger generationso datao america nso unmarried couples解题:首先根据题干我们可以看出此题中考查的是人称代词them的指代内 容，them为复数人称代词，而选项中在原文出现的单词data为单数，根据数 格一致的原则，我们可以直接排除data；然后在文屮定位到阴影them所在句 子，根据上下文内容，我们会发现指代内容在代词之前出现，而且与代词在同一 个句了中，unmarried couples可以初步定为答案；把unmarried couples 放回原文检查，语法正确并且符合语义和逻辑，因此可以确定止确答案为 unmarried coupleso（版权所有，转载请注名作者与出处及相关链接，否则将依法追究其责任！）新雅