时态语态虚拟语气

1、动词的时态与语态的综合运用浅谈如何确定句子的时态 时态是英语学习中的重点，但不少同学对此迷惑不解，望而生畏，不知从何下 手，本文将自己教学中的几点体会作以介绍，望批评指正：一、根据时间状语确定时态 句中的时间状语是指引我们确定句子时态的标志。请你记住下列常用的标志 词：1一般现在时的标志词： every时间短语（如 every day ）； on Sunday 之类 的短语； always ， often，sometimes，usually 等。2一般过去时的标志词： yesterday；“ in + 过去年（月）份” ；last短语； ago； just now ； once（从前）等。3一

2、般将来时的标志词： tomorrow （ morning ）； next时间短语； soon； “ in+一段时间” ；“ in+未来年（月）份” ； before long 等。4现在进行时的标志词： now；these days；look（at）；listen（ to）等。5现在完成时的标志词： already；yet；just；ever； never； so far;for+ 一段时 间”； since短语或从句等。6过去完成时的标志词： by 时间短语（如 by the time ）; when 等。二、根据主从句的关系来确定时态1宾语从句时态呼应规则。l）若主句用一般现在时，则从句可

3、根据实际情况用各种时态。如： The radio says the snow will stop later in the day. 广播说，雪将在今天稍后停。 I know who picked the fewest 我知道谁摘得最少。2）若主句用一般过去时，则宾语从句要依情况用过去时态：一般过去时、过 去完成时或过去将来时。如：He said that they had been to the Great Wall 他说他们去过长城。 Mary told me that she would leave for Palls 玛丽说她将动身去巴黎。2时间状语从句、 条件状语从句中若主句用一般将

4、来时从句中要用一般现在 时表示将来的动作如： I'll call you if I get there tomorrow (不可说： if I 'll get there tomorrow. ) 明天我如果到达那儿，就给你打个电话。They won't begin the meeting until he come . (不可说 until he will come )直 到他来他们才开会。请区别 ：I don't know if he will be free tomorrow Please come here if you are free tomorrow

5、 句中 if 表示“是否”的意思，引导的是宾语从句，可以用将来时，全句意 为“我不知道他明天是否有空” 。句中的 if 表示“如果”的意思，引导的是条 件状语从句，全句意为“如果明天你有空，请到我这里来” 。三、根据上下文内容确定时态 有时，句子里既无时间状语，也无时间状语从句，也就是说没有标志词，对 这样的句子，我们应根据上下文的内容来确定其时态。如： Long ， long ago there lived an old man. He loved money very much 很久很久以前有一位老者，他非常爱钱。Last Sunday we went to the People Park

6、 There we had a good time 上周星期天，我们去了人民公园，在那儿我们玩得很开心。 例是在讲故事；例是日记体裁。按英语习惯，讲故事。写日记多用一般 过去时。四永恒的真理或客观存在的状态用一般现在时如： The earth goes around the sun。 the sun rises in the east。确定正确的时态1. 根据时间状语确定时态 .时间状语与时态有着密切的关系 .a. I (write) now. b. I (lose) my pen yesterday.c. We (study) English for two years.2. 根据上下文来确

7、定时态有些句子没有明显的时间状语 ,又不能用时态呼应规则来对照 ,这时 就可以根据上下文内容来判断时间关系 ,确定正确时态 . A.Where are the twins? B.They (go) to visit Uncle Wang.3. 根据主从句的关系来确定时态 .4.根据语言习惯来确定时态*e,go,leave 等趋向性动词的进行时可用来表示即将发生的动 作.*2. 永恒的真理和客观存在的状态用一般现在时 .*3.祈使句中,或在情态动词 ,助动词后,谓语动词用原形Don't (read)in the sun , will you? You'd better (stay

8、)athome since it's raining outside.注意所填动词的语态Today both basketball and volleyball (play) in manycountries.确定动词的形式1. be busy,what about 等后用动词的 -ing 形式. 2.在介词后一般应 用动词的 -ing 形式 .3. 在 keep,enjoy,finish,mind 等动词后采用动词的 -ing 形式 .4. 在动词 decide,hope,wish,hate 等动词后应用动词不定式作宾语 , 而在 ask, tell,want,teach 之后则用动

9、词不定式的复合结构 ,即 “ ask sb. to do sth.”的形式5. 在 see,hear,watch,make,le等t 后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式应省 略动词不定式符号“ to”, 但在被动句中 , 应添上 "to".6. 在 Its time(for sb.)to do sth. It's kind/nice/good of sb. to do sth.It takes sb. some time to do sth. 的句型中 , 动词不定式短语作句子 真正的主语 .7. 疑问代词 /副词 (why 除外) + to do sth. 结构 ,可在

10、句中作主语 , 表 语和宾语.动词的时态(上)A:一般现在时棗通常表示目前阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态。结构 ：1)be 动词的第一人称单数为，第三人称单数为， 其他人称 为。有一顺口溜体现了它的用法： 我是 am你是 are ，is 跟着他她它 , 复 数都用 are肯定式:主语+ am /is/are +其他 否定式:主语+ am/is/are +not + 其 他疑问式 :Am /Is /Are + 主语 + 其他 ?简略回答 : (肯) Yes,主语 + am/ is /are(否) No,主语 + am /is/are not 缩写形式 : I'm = I am That&

11、#39;s =That isWe're =We are What's= What is You're = You are Who's = Who isThey're =They are Where's =Where isHe's =He is isn't=isnotShe's =She is aren't=are not It's = It is2)行为动词除主语是第三人称单数外，都用动词原形，主语是第 三人称单数时，在动词 词尾加-s 或-es 肯定式:主语+动词原形 /动词 的第三人称单数 ， 否定式

12、:主语 +助动词 don't/doesn't +动词原形 +其 他疑问式 :Do/Does+主语 + 动词原形 +其他简略回答:（肯）Yes,主语+do/does（否）No,主语+do/does not缩写形式 : don't = do not doesn't =does not注意： have 的第三人称单数为 has用法： 1.表示事实 ,现状 , 性质或经常的 ,习惯的动作 ,常与 often, usually, always, sometimes, today,every day,once a week, every five minutes, on S

13、undays等时间状语连用 ,eg. He has a brother.2.表示普遍真理 . eg. The earth goes round the sun.3. 表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作. eg. Here comes thetrain.4. 在时间和条件状语从句中代表一般将来时 . eg.I'll go with you if you are free tomorrow.B: 一般过去时棗表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态， 一般过去时通 常由动词的过去式表示。结构： 1.动词的第一、三有称单数用 ,其他人称用 ,其肯定式 ,否定式, 疑问式和简略回答形式与一般现在时相似。2

14、.行为动词的过去式分为规则和不规则两种 , 规则动词的过去式是在动词后加或 ,不规则动 词参照不规则动词表 ,需要专门记忆。肯定式 :主语 +动词的过去式 + 其他eg. I got up at six thismorning.否定式 :主语 + did not + 动词原形 + 其他 eg.John didn't live here last year. 疑问式 :Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他 eg.Did you see him a moment ago?简略回答 .（肯）Yes, 主语 +did（否）No , 主语 + didn't.用法 ：1.主要用于过去某

15、个时间发生的动作或状态 . eg.My father was at work yesterday.2. 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作 ,常与 often,always 等表示频度的 时间状语连用 .eg.He always went to work by bus last summer.3. 和 when 等连词引导的状语从句连用 . eg.When she reached home, she had a short rest.4. 常与表示过去的时间状语 , 如 ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, when I was five years

16、 old, in 1995 等连用 . eg.They began the work two months ago.Were you born in 1981? Yes, I was.C:一般将来时棗表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态结构： 助动词 shall/will + 动词原形（当主语第一人称时，一般用 shall，当主语为第三人称时，用 will ，但主语为第一人称时，也用 will 肯定式:主语+shall/will+ 动词原形 +其他否定式 :主语+shall/will+not+ 动词原形 +其他 .疑问式 :Shall/Will+ 主语 +动词原形 +其他 简略回答 :（肯 ）Yes

17、,主语 +shall/will .（否）No,主语+shall/will+not 缩写形式 : 'll =shall/willshan't= shall notwon't = will not用法 : 1.表示将要发生的动 作或情况 ,常用时间状语有 : later (on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow 等 .eg. I shall beeighteen years old next year.Maybe China's population (pass) 1,300,000,000 b

18、y the year2005.2. 表示某种必然的趋势 eg. Fish will die without water. 解析： 1.在以第一人称为主语的问句中 ,常用 shall 表示提议和询问情 况,在以第二人称作主语的问句中 ,用 will 表示请求 . eg. Where shall we have the meeting?Will you please lend me your pen?2. 当主语是第一人称时 ,用 will 表示意愿 .决心.允诺.命令等.eg. I will give you an English-Chinese dictionary for your birt

19、hday.3. 在时间或条件状语从句中 ,一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时 . eg. Tom will write to me when he gets there.4.be going to +动词原形也可表示将来时 .(1).表示主观意愿 .打算等 . eg. He's going to learn English next term.(2).根据已有迹象 ,可能要发生的情况 eg. Look at the black clouds! It is going to rain.D:现在进行时棗表示目前或目前阶段正在进行的动作。结构： am/is/are + 动词的 -ing 形式用法

20、： 1.表示目前发生 ( 进行 ) 的动作 (不指状态 ),常用时间状语 有:now,at the moment 等 ,并常出现在祈使句的句子中 ,与 look, listen 连 用.eg. Are you writing a letter to your father at the moment? Listen! She is singing in the next room.2. 表示目前阶段正在进行 ,而此刻不一定在进行的动作 . eg. They are planting trees these days.3. 表示按计划或安排即将进行的动作 ,表示这种动作的动词有 :come, g

21、o, leave, arrive, start, see等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用 . eg. They are leaving for Australia tomorrow afternoon.注意 : 某些表示感觉或状态的动词 ,如 love, like, prefer, hate, see, know 等一般不用现在进行时 . eg. Lucy prefers art to science.练习题：1. Mary and Joe go to the Shopping Center _ . a.once a week b. in a week c. next week d. for

22、a week 2.Be quiet! The baby (sleep) in the next room.3. Dick will pass the message on to your sister as soon as he (meet) her in her office tomorrow.4. The bell for the class rang while they (play) on theplayground.5. Lucy said it (rain) later on.思考题 :1. The Chinese people (work) hard to make their

23、country stronger and more beautiful.2. He'll write to you as soon as he (arrive ) in Hainan. 3.Thestudents of Class One _(have)a meeting from three to five yesterday afternnon.4. The sky is black. It (rain), I'm afraid. 5.If it _(notsnow)tomorrow,we'll go skating6. Mr and Mrs Green(trave

24、l)to the south of China next week,aren'tthey? 7.I_(not see)the film with you because I've seen it already. 8.He told us that he(stay)here till the next week. 9.I(lose)my penthis morning. I haven't found it yet.动词的时态(下)G: 现在完成时棗表示到目前为止已经完成， 并对现在留下某种后果 和影响的动作。结构：助动词 have/has + 动词的过去分词用法:1.

25、 表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once,twice等连用 ,也可以和包 括现在在内的时间状语 ,如 these days,today,this year,so far 等连用 .eg.I have already posted the letter.信 ( 已经不在我这儿了 )2. 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态 ,一直持续到现在 ,也许还将继 续下去 ,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用,即 for + 时间段 ,since+时间点 /从句 , in

26、the last ten years 等 ,谓语只可用延 续性动词 .解析： 1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种 ,一种是延续性的 ,一种是 终止性的 ,终止性动词 ( 也可称为非延续性动词 ,瞬间动词 ,或点动词 ),如 begin,start,die,buy,leave, come 等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成 , 不能再延续 ,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用 ,即不 能与表示一段时间的状语 ,for+时间段, since+时间点 /从句连用 ,也不能用 在 how long 引导的特殊疑问句中 .eg. I've left Shanghai for three

27、 days.( )× I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( ).I left Shanghai three days ago. ( )It is /has been three dayssince I left Shanghai.( )2. 初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有 :leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become 等 .终止性动词要表示持续时 , 可用以下方 法:.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时 . eg.我弟

28、弟参军两年了 . My brother joined the army two years ago.若保留 for+时间段 ,since+时间点 /从句 , 或用在 how long 句型 中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词常见终止性动词与延续性动词 (或状态动词 )的对应关系如下 come/go/arrive/get/reach/movebe in/at openbe opendiebe dead closebe closed become-be borrow-keepbegin/startbe on put onwearleavebe away （from） buyhave

29、 fall asleepbe asleepend/finishbe over catch a coldhave a coldjoin the army be in the army be a soldierjoin the Party be inthe Party be a Party member My brother has been in the army for two years. My brother has been a soldier for two years.3. 现在完成时中 been to,gone to和 been in/at been to去过某地 ,表示 某人的一

30、种经历 ,可以和 once,twice,already,ever,neve等r 连用 .eg. Shehas been to Shanghai twice.表 （ 示目前人在这里 ）gone to 去某地了 ,说话时某人已离开此地 ,在去某地的途中或已在 某地,eg. She has gone to Shangh。ai （表示现在她人不在这里 ）been in/at 逗留在某地 （已经一段时间 ）.常和 for ten days,since I came here等连用 .eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved there.4. 现在完成时和一

31、般过去时的区别 现在完成时所表明的是过去发生的动作对现在的影响,强调的是现在的情况 ,不可以和表示过去的时间状语 yesterday,in 1991,three days ago last time,last night 等连用一般过去时表明的是过去发生的事实 ,和现在 不发生关系 .5. 现在完成时中的 for 与 sincefor + 时间段 与延续性动词的现在完成时连用 since + 时 间点/从句I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.6. It i

32、s /has been +一段时间 + since 从句 .自从某事发生已有一段时 间了 . eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 注 意:1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时2. when 引导 的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用 .3. have got,has got 虽然是现在完成时 ,但 have got=have has got=has现在完成时 & 一般过去时的区别1. 现在完成时的句式是：主语 have（ has）动词的过去分词其它。而一般过 去时的句式是：主语动词的过去式其它。例如

33、：I have seen the film many times.The train arrived ten minutes ago.2. 现在完成时强调现在的情况， 它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用， 如 yesterday， in 1997， last year， when 等。一般过去时，只单纯表示过去的动作或状态，与现 在无关，它多与表示过去的时间状语连用。例如：He has lived here since 1972. 自从 1972 年他就住在这儿。He lived here in 1972.1972 年他在这儿住过。3. 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，不考虑动作是何

34、时发生 的。一般过去时只单纯谈一个过去的动作，不考虑对现在造成的影响。例如： I have read the book.我已经看过这本书了。 (现在已经知道这本书的内容)I read the book last month. 我是上个月看的这本书。 (只是讲上月看过这本书)练习题 :1.It's a long time since we (meet) last,isn't it?2. -I know you (choose) a picture book among these.-Yes,Have a look at it, please.3.So far,spaceships

35、 without people (reach) the moon andsome other partsof the universe.4. My father home for nearly three weeks.A.has gone away from B.has left C.has been away from D.went away5. Mr and Mrs Green havein China for a week. A.been B.gotC.arrived D.reached6. -Where's Mary? -Oh,she the library.A.has gon

36、e to B.went to C.has been to D.had gone toH:过去完成时棗表示过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作结构： 助动词 had + 动词的过去分词用法： 1.表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动 作,动作发生的时间为“过去的过去“ .表示过去某一时间可用 by,before 等构成的短语 ,也可用 when,before 等引导的从句或通过上下文表示 . eg. By the end of last term,we had learned a thousand English words.He had finished his homework b

37、efore his father came back last night.2. 表示过去某个时间之前发生的动作或状态 , 一直延续到这一过去 时刻 ,或还将继续下去 . eg. When I got to know him, he had worked there for twenty years.(注意) 否定式 had not = hadn't时态的呼应1. 主句中谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时 ,从句中的谓语动词可以 用任何所需要的时态 , he wants to speak to the headmaster. He said that he won't be free

38、 tomorrow. he came last night.2. 主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态 ,从句中的谓语动词一般情况 下要用过去时态的某种形式 . He said that he was working hard on his Chinese.he had a very good journey home. he hadn't bought the present yet.he would stop in Moscow on the way. 3. 如果从句所述内容是客观真 理,则谓语动词总是用一般现在时 ,而不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响 .eg. Miss Gao told

39、us that light travels much faster than sound.4. 时间或条件状语从句中 ,若主句是一般将来时或祈使句 ,从句要用 一般现在时代替将来时 .eg.Stop talking when the headteacher (walk)into the classroom.Jim won't watch TV until he _ (finish) his homework every time.练习题： 1.They were so pleased to see each other that they almost (forget) everyth

40、ing else around.2. The girl put on her dress and then (go) to the mirror to look at herself.思考题： 1.I(leave)my ruler at home. Can I use yours?2. Who's Jack London? I _ never (hear) of that man before.3.I'm afraid I _ (keep) you waiting for such a long time.4. -Where _ you_ (be)? -I'm look

41、ing for you all the time.5. they (know) each other when they were young?6. The baby will cry if she _ (not see) her mother 动词的语态动词的语态 -表示谓语与主语之间的关系的动词形式叫做语态， 分 为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者 , 被动语态表示主语是动作的承一、被动语态结构:1.行为动词的被动语态 : 助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词 . be 有人称.时态.数的变化 ,其变化规则与 be 作为连系动词时完全一 样.一般现在时 am/is/are

42、+及物动词的过去分词一般过去时was/were +及物动词的过去分词一般将来 时 will +be +及物动词 的过 去分词 现在 完成时 have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词2. 情态动词的被动语态 : 情态动词 + be +及物动词的过去分词 否定式 :是在助动词 be 或情态动词后加 not 构成 疑问式 : 是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成.用法 : 1.不知道动作的执行者是谁 ,或没有必要或不想指出谁是动作 的执行者 .eg. The window was broken yesterday. Is English taught in your schoo

43、l?2.强调或突出动作的承受者 ,此时如想同时指出动作的执行者,可用“ by +动作执行者 （宾格）来表示.eg.The red dress was made by her mother. The letter must be written by me.注 意点： 1.只有及物动词能构成被动语态 , 不及物动词不能构成 被动语态 .2. 某些不及物动词与介词 .副词搭配构成短语动词 ,带有宾语时 ,则有 了动作的承受者 ,这时应把它们看作一个整体 ,变为被动语态 ,不能丢掉 其中的介词 ,常用的有 look after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk

44、 about,turn on 等 eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl. The littlegirl is always taken care of by Carherine.3. 有些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式 , 不要再加 by 短语 ,常用 的有be covered with be surprised atbe interested in be worried aboutbe made of/from be known to4. 某些动词形式是 主动 语态,但含有 被动 的意思.eg. Thisdictionary se

45、lls well.This kind of car drives fast.The woolen sweater costs $ 88.5. 主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系主动句: 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语（动作执行者） （动作承受者 ）被动句 : 主语 +谓语动词的被动形式 + by + 动作执行者 （动作承 受者）1）主动句如何变为被动句a. 找到动作的承受者 （常为主动句的宾语 ）作被动句的主语 .b.找到谓 语变为 be + 过去分词的结构 .c.找到动作的执行者 （常为主动句的主语 ）作 by 的宾语 .若不必指出 动作的执行者 ,可省去 by 短语 . d.确定 be 动词的时态

46、 .数. 例如: She makes the beautiful kites.The beautiful kites are made by her. 被（ 动句 ） 2）被动句如何变为主动句 . a.找到动作的执行者 （常为被动句的宾 语）作主动句的主语 .b. 找到 be+过去分词结构还原为及物动词原形 .c. 找到动作的承受者 （常为被动句的主语 ）作主动句的宾语 .d. 确定及物动词的时态 .数（注意 ）在以上转换中 ,代词作主语用主格 , 代词作宾语用宾格 .6. 主动语态中有些动词如 :make,see,listen, watch,feel 后常跟不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足

47、语 ,变为被动语态要带上 toHe made the boy work for him. The boy was made to work for him.7. 主动语态中若有双宾语 ,变为被动语态时 , 通常把指人的间接宾 语变为被动语态的主语 . His uncle gave him a dictionary yesterday. He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday.练习题:把下列句子变为被动句 : 1.They asked me to come a little later. I _ to come a little late

48、r.2.Women often talk about food and clothes. Food and clothes often about by women.3. Do they make this kind of truck in Nanjing? _this kind of truck in Nanjing?4. We must clean our teeth twice a day. Our teeth must _ twice a day.5. Can I answer this question in simple English? this question_ in sim

49、ple English?6. You may clean the room after work. The room may after work.基本型用所给动词的适当形式填空1. A lot of water (waste) every year. It' s a serious problem.2. Now many kinds of work (can do) by robots. (1999上海 )3. English (speak) as a second language in some countries. (1999山西)4. Fish may (catch) in

50、the river. (1999呼和浩特 )5. A new bridge (build) over the river last year.7. Vegetables, eggs and fish (sell) in that shop.9. The accident (happen) just now.将下列句子改为被动语态11. You must send your sister to hospital at once.She must to hospital at once.12. The foreigners can't understand this word.This w

51、ord can ' t by the foreigners.13. Many people speak French in China. (1999广西 )French by many people in China.14. Mike drew a picture on the blackboard. (1999四川 )A picture on the blackboard by Mike.15. Someone took away the boxes yesterday. (199甘9 肃 )The boxes away by someone yesterday.16. He doe

52、sn' t clean the meeting-room every day. (1999兰州 )The meeting-room every day.17. You can look up the word in the dictionary.The word can in the dictionary.18. I ' ll buy my daughter a new watch.A new watch will my daughter.19. The boss made the workers work all day.The workers work all day (b

53、y the boss).20. We saw some boys playing football behind the house.Some boys football behind the house.提高型2. Many kinds of new bicycles in Number One Machine Factory now.A. are making B. are made C. have made D. will make3. Paper first invented in China. (1999昆明 )A. is B. are C. was D. were4. Do you

54、 like the flower?-Yes, it sweet. （1999内蒙古 ）A. is smelling B. smelt C. is smelt D. smells5. His schoolbag away by a woman ten minutes ago. （199河8 北 ）A. took B. had taken C. was taken D. were taken6. It snowed heavily last night. The ground thick snow.A. was covered with B. was filled with C. was made

55、 of D. was getting on7. The light in the room before you leave. （1998广州 ）A. must turn off B. will turn off C. are turned D. must be turned off8. Chinese by Miss Wang three years ago. （199吉8 林 ）A. was taught B. is taught C. was teached D. were taught9. Young trees quite often. （1998武汉 ）A. should wate

56、r B. should be water C. should be watered10. the kind of question often in your class, Ann?A. Does; ask B. Is; asked C. Has; asked D. Will; ask11. The bridge over the river three years ago.A. is finished B. finished C. was finished D. has finishe12. The bridge in three weeks. （1996深圳 ）A. will build

57、B. is built C. will be built13. The League in May, 1922. （1997安徽 ）A. found B. was found C. founded D. was founded14. The old men and the children must in our country.A. take good care B. be taken good care C. take care of D. be taken good care of15. The radio can in two days. （1997湖南 ）A. mend B. be mend C. be mended D. mended16. Alice is ill. She to hospital at once. （1997四川 ）A. is sent B. must b