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1、b. This place is for adults to change infantdiapers.In troduct ioncheck your un dersta nding1. f Syn tax and sema ntics each have their own stre ngths.2. f Pragmatics is also in terested in how Ian guage use affects the Ian guage system.3. t4. f5. tIn-Class Activities1. ASK(1) Yes, he ' s coming
2、. Ye s. No, he isn ' t comi ng(3) His knowledge about whether Pat likes cognitive linguistics or not.2.(1) a. John is obviously not Hitler. There is only one Hitler in the world.b. Golf as an inanimate object can ' t play a human being (John).c. It is a case of tautology that conveys no new
3、information.d. “Idea” doesn' t have color andean' t sleep since it is inanimate. The whole sentence does n' t make sen se.(2) a. it can be used for com muni cati on in a con text where Joh n shares some pers on ality with Hitler.b. whe n Joh n is a poor player of golf.c. in a con text wh
4、ere a certa in boy has done someth ing wrong (out of n aught in ess).(3) whe n the sentence is used in poetry to pers on alize the word "idea".2. (1) a. In an entrance of a park.b. I n the restroom of some public places like an airport.a. People are forbidde n to bring dogs into the park.3
5、. (1) Here the speaker wants to express his complaint that the couple are talking too loudly (and the implicit request for them to stop talking).(2) By saying so, the young man wants to convey their refusal to“my” request.The background knowledge we need is that since it is usually impolite to liste
6、n to other people ' private conversation, it is normal that “I” can't hear a word (thus the couple can continue their talk).4. (1) This notice implies that all those who jump the red light are uncivilized, whatever the reason.(2) 讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。5. (1) This is an advertisement for a holiday inn
7、and its food is so delicious that it can make the customer 's wife jealous. The“French toast ” probably means a type ofspecialty provided by this holiday inn.(2) C: 你去哪里?吃饭了没?E: How are you?How's everything going?6. (1) He means he doesn 't speak French.(2) Russian majors don 't s pe
8、ak French.(3) Yes. It helps to indicate a negative answer.7. (1) a. He uses“that ” under the assumption that his mom knows which letter is beingreferred to.b. He uses an imperative sentence to ask her mother to close the window, which is impolite.(2) Johnny: Mom, Ping Ping is coming to visit us this
9、 afternnoon.Mother: Who is Ping Ping?(3) Wang: It 's not my fault, is it?Li: Yes.Native speaker: Hi, you look good.Zhang: Not good, not good at all.Exercises Task3.1. whe n we get some one to do somethi ng, we tend to mini mize the effort to be invo Ived, but when we complain we tend to exaggera
10、te the complaint. People want to be polite bymitigating( 缓解军,减轻,平静)the imposition, which is face-threatening.2. The first imperative is a gen eral grammatical form, but the sec ond, though still an imperative, can be used to sound more polite because of the additi on of "will you"3. (in th
11、e office)Boss: Come to my office later.Clerk: Yes, sir.(duri ng the after noon tea)Boss: How is your dad, Tom?Clerk: He ' s fine. Thanks, Pat.4. He wants to suggest that he did not break the win dow because he was en gaged with (?)in something else in other places.5. In the no velThe Catcher in
12、the Rye, Holde n, a middle school stude nt always breaks thepragmatic conven ti ons and in that way shows his rebelli on.6. While we teach English to Chinese students, we not only impart linguistic information(pho netics, pho no logy, morphology, and syn tax of En glish) but also pragmatic in format
13、i on (appropriate use of En glish in dyn amic con text). For in sta nee, how we can use the questi on tag(反了? tag questions ) to sound more tentative and be polite.Unit 1Check your un dersta nding1. f That is the view held by Joh n Aust in in the early stage.2. f Implicit performative uttera nces do
14、 not have a performative verb.3. f4. f The completion of the perlocutionary act requires the addressee' s cooperation.5. tIn-Class Activities1. (1) If you ' ve ever said“ I promise ” or “ I apologize ” , you have performed thoseactions by the simple act of saying them. But “ I know” and “ I
15、believe ” are declarative. Saying them does not bring about any immediate cha nge in the belief or kno wledge of the speaker.(2) a. I wish you a great success.I admit I 'm wrong.b. I misunderstand your point.I see what you mean.(3) Yes. For example, when we say“我在这里向你道歉”, we are performing the a
16、ct ofapologizing.( ?)2. (1) “A full apology ” here means a wholly performative utterance of apology like“Weapologize to the Chinese government and the Chinese people ”. Indeed, “sorry ” is nota performative verb.(2) To some extent,“sorry ” can implicitly perform the act of apology.3.(1) The kidnappe
17、r intends to perform the acts of threatening and requiring.(2) He wants to make his words sound like an advice instead of a threatening.4.(1) a. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying “Today is not a free admission day”. illocutionary act: it implicitly requires people to pay the admission fee.
18、perlocutionary act: people pay the admission fee (if at all).b. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying “Thank you for your generous donation and your support ”.illocutionary act: it implicitly urges people to donate. perlocutionary act: people donate money (if at all).a' "Admission fee
19、 required today"b' "We expect your generous donation and your support"The first is chosen to be less imposing . The second is chosen to attract people 's donation.5.(1) No, it is not a verdictive. It is just an advertisement from s(a) hotel whose namehappens to be “Jurys ”.(2)
20、 The proprietor plays a game of words to attract customers. ExercisesTask 31.a. constative ? locution: “No smoking in this area ”. Illocution: Forbidding people from smoking here. Perlocution: People do not smoke here.b. constative. Locution: “Ticket passengers only ”. Illocution: Asking passengers
21、to buy tickets if they wantto (enter the museum). Perlocution: Passengers buy tickets toenterthe museum.c. constative. Locution:“Token vending machine ”. Illocution: Informing the public ofthe fact that they can buy tokens through this machine. Perlocution: People buy tokens through this machine (if
22、 at all).2.Yes. It solves the problem that constatives can indeed be regarded as implicit ways of doing things. Thus, all utterances are“performative ” in essence.Yes, I agree. Suppose A said to B“it 's stuffy here ”. The actual effect may be thatA is understood to be complaining , but the inten
23、ded effect is that someone shouldopenthe window or the door and it may bring B toperform the act instead of letting him justlisten to A 's complaint.3. (1)a, (2)a, and(3)a are performative utterances and can stand the test“hereby”.However, in (1)b, (1)c and (2)b, (2)c,“know” , “think ”, “amuse”
24、and “flatter ” are not performative verbs. In (3)b, the third pers on subject is used. In (3)c, simple past tense is used.4. Both verdictives and exertives invo Ive a dem on strati on of powers, rights, or in flue nee. However, verdictives have the force of issuing a formal or official and giving a
25、verdict, while exertives invoIve making decisions in favor of or against a certain course of action, or advocacy of it.5. These utterances are not, that is, not. The uttering of them on formal occasions isor is part of the doing of a certain kind of action, the performanee of which, again, would not
26、 no rmally be described as just “ say ing ” or “ describ ing" someth ing (cf. Aust in 1962, 5).e. g.“ This meet ing is now adjour ned.”The court is now in sessi on.“This church is hereby de -sanctified . ” 批准,认可,使合法化Unit2Check your un dersta nding1. fIt is criticized as lacking criteria for cla
27、ssification.2. fThe hearer is held resp on sible.3. f4. t5. fIn-Class Activities1.(1) No, they are essentially directives.(2) “你能帮我还书吗,谢谢哦。”“we ll be very grateful for your presenee.”(3) Because they expect other people' s complia nee in stead of refusals.On efeels in debted感激的, 受惠的, 蒙恩的 i f one
28、 does not comply with the request.2.(1) Commissives(2) Yes. The sec ond promise is achievedwith a con diti onwhich may turn the promise (acommissive) in to a requireme nt (a directive).3.(1) No. Uttera nee a is a threat. Uttera nee b invo Ives someth ing that the speakercannotxcon trol.Uttera nee c
29、describes somethi ngin the past rather tha n someth ing that thespeaker will do in the future . Utteranee d invoIves an act that thehearer rather thanthe speaker will do in the future. Utteranee e has a third person as the subject. Utteranee f is a stateme nt about someth ing that happe ned in the p
30、ast.(2) a. propositi onal content eon diti on (what is said is about someth ing that the speaker has done wron gly); b. sin cerity con diti on (the speaker is serious or sin cere in making the apology; c. preparatory eon diti ons (e.g. the pers on who is apologiz ing should have made mistakes) d. es
31、se ntial eon diti on (both sides un dersta nd that what the speaker says is an apology).Zhang:这件事你不应这样处理的。Li:好嘛,算我错了行了吧。where the speaker is not sin cere4.(1) The customer when he says there is a fly in my soup (which is meant to be a complaint).(2) Because saying that can normally attract the waite
32、r 's attention and the waiter knows what to do in a context like this.Yes. Sometimes, we speak indirectly to save our or others' face.(3) Yes, I agree with her. Hearing the customer's words, the waiter may not take itseriously (if he is not joking).5.(1) The role of the underlined part i
33、s explaining the reason of the refusal so that Andy will accept Jack 's refusal more readily.Not necessarily. A white lie also does the same trick.(2) a. Calling on people to save water.b. Denying people the right to park here.The “irrelevant ” information is used to enhance the chances of succe
34、ssfully performing the directive acts.Exercises Task3.1.a. Austin was a leading exponent of 'analytical' or 'Ordinary Language' philosophy. His work in the 1950s provided both a theoretical outline and the terminology for the modern study of developed subsequently. He was the initiat
35、or of the speech act theory. He drew the distinction between constative utterances and performative utterances, although he latter discarded the distinction. He introduced the trichotomy of locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.John Searle is widely noted for his contributions to
36、 the, and. has introduced the notion of 'indirect speech act'. He has reclassified illocutionary acts. He has developed thetheory into a general theory about human communication.b. Speech act sequence; responsive acts.2.No. Threatening seems to be a directive as well as a commissive act. Ope
37、n.3. Learn how to do speech acts in L2. Doing the same speech act in L1 and L2 may not be the same.4. Depends on whether the sincerity condition is violated or not.5.a. declaration b. representative c. representative d. directive e. expressive f. commissive g. directive h. commissive i. declaration6
38、.“Excuse me” is usually used to interrupt other people, so its preparatory condition is that there are others talking about or doing something, when the speaker 's interruption is not expected. However, “sorry ” is used in a different situation , and its preparatory condition is that the speaker
39、 has made a mistake.6. Effectiveness: a>b>c>dother things being equalPoliteness: a<b<c<d other things being equal8.a. It runs counter to the preparatory condition that the door must be closed at the moment. b. It goes against the sincerity condition. It is felicitous as an act of t
40、hankingc. It goes against the preparatory condition that what the speaker is going to do must be to the hearer 's disadvantage yet refusing to eat dissert is not.Unit 3Check your understanding1. f2. f3. f4. f5. fIn-Class Activities1(1) a. direct answer about his father's professionb. His fat
41、her can help.c. His father cannot help.(2) A: Your father must be very great.B: He is a lawyer.A: Does your father earn a lot of moneyB: He is a lawyer.2.(1) Both of them are implicit rather than stated by the actual meaning of the words.(2) An implicaturecan be part of sentence meaning or dependent
42、 on conversational context,and can be conventional or unconventional . But connotation is conventional and attached to words.(3) “Fox” can connote cunningness. When we say“he is a fox ” in response to“whatdo you think of Jack?”, we indicate that Jack is cunning like a fox.3.(1) Yes, it implies that
43、Jack has one and only one brother.(2) Entailments are true whenever the statement uttered is true, but different implicatures may be derived when the sentence is used in different contexts.No.Yes. For instance, Jack has a brother; indeed, he has two.(3) A: Jack must be spoiled by his parents.B: Jack
44、 has a brother.4.(1) cancelability or defeasibility.(2) Yes. The words“not yet ” has the conventional implicature that something ispossible after the given time.5.(1) Jack may refill his car in the garage.(2) Yes, the garage may be closed at the moment.(3) a. The sea foods are fresh. / Do buy the se
45、a foods.b. You can win here. /Play here.6.(1) Hearer meaning is the hearer's understanding of the speaker's utterance.(2) A: Tom is quite clever in that aspect.B: I agree. He's the cleverest person I've ever seen.A: But I don't mean he is really clever in that aspect.(3) a. Heare
46、r's and speaker's background knowledge may be different.b. Their expectations, beliefs, and the like may be different.ExercisesTask31.a. There is convention of usage in natural language.b. Today I declare you husband and wife.He is at sixs and sevens.2. A: Are you happy.B: Yes.A: Are you hap
47、py?B: Yes. Quite, quite.There are other possibilities. E.g. Speakers meanless than what they say.A: Are you happy.B: Yes. I am the happiest person in the world.3. Saying does not necessarily amount to the same thing as "meaning". By saying one thing a speaker might mean another thing entir
48、ely. There is a sense of "saying" on which you can't say anything without meaning something.4.A: She is a charming lady. I mean only when she smiles.By saying the first sentence, A may imply he is attracted by the lady, but by adding the second sentence he denies the implicature.5. No.
49、Yes.a. Jack: Let's go out drinking tonight.Jane: My grandma is ill. (But, my mother is coming) b. Jack: How did Philip and Pike do in the Olympics?Jane: Philip won a medal.Obviously, a has a particularized implicature and b has a generalized implicature. It is comparatively easy to add a sentenc
50、e to a to cancel the implicature, but in b it is difficult. Anyhow, we use other ways to achieve the same implicatures in a and b. What's more, particularized implicatures are more unconventional and they have greater indeterminacy .6.a. conventional (there's no need for context information)
51、 One cannot use the door before 6 p.m. ( “ before ”)b. Conventional No free refills for non-same visit ( “only ”)6. openOne may say no, though. Conversational implicature is context dependent. To some extent, it is arbitrary, because different people may get different implicatures even in the same c
52、ontext and different contexts may generate different implicatures as well.8.A. when people talking about boys' qualities.B. When people are talking about boys' ability to do mathematics.9.Conversational implicatures are sensitive to context anddependent on the observance ofCooperative Princi
53、ple while flouting a particular maxim. People may arrive at different conversational implicature for the sameutterance. The conclusions arrived at by syllogism are context free and people get the same conclusion be means of reasoning Unit 4Check your un dersta nding1. f2. f3. f4. f5. fIn-Class Activ
54、ities1.(1) Both metaphors and irony go aga inst the maxim ofquality that requires the speakerto be truthful. A metaphor invoIves saying that one thing is another and an irony consists in the expression of one's meaning by using Ianguage that normally signifies the opposite.(2) Understatement ( “
55、 It ' s not too bad” ) is a form of speech in which a lesser expressionis used than what would be expected; hyperbole (“Haven' t seen you for ages ” ) is a inmaxim of quantityas wellwhich statements are exaggerated. Their use runs counter to the as that of quality.that he will let violated w
56、he n Ms.2.his wifeBennet(1) Yes, the maxim of manner is exploited. Mr. Bennet implicates tell him who has taken the house. Also, the maxim of quantity is responds to her husband ' s question “ Is he married or single?has the(2) By saying "I have noobjection to hearing it", Mr. Bennet m
57、eans that his wifefreedom to supply the in formatio nin front of him, which in turn mean she agrees to liste nto his wife although he is not en thusiastic about it.(3) The author implies that Mrs. Bennet is very en thusiastic to tell other people things eve n at a small hint of agreeme nt.3.(1) One
58、may be on ly superficially releva nt in terms of the literal meaning; on e can also be in teractio nally releva nt in terms of the illocutio nary goal.(2) Yes, it may run into similar trouble. It is difficult to define "be brief", "obscurity of expressi on", and "be orderly". Brevity and orderli ness are matters of degree.4.b. qua ntity c. relati on d. mannerE.g.: I am not so sure, but. C:事情可能是这样的。It ' s going to be a long story.说来话长。By the way, 顺便说一句,To put it differe ntly, .(1) a. quality QualityQua ntityRelati on不妨
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