英语语法难点

1、 第一考点：16大时态英语共有十六种时态，其表现形式如下(以study为例)一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时现在 study be studying have studied have been studying过去 studied be studying had studied had been studying将来 will study wil be studying will have studied will have been studying过去将来would study would be studying would have studied would have been s

2、tudying时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。1. 一般现在时A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。B) 习惯用语。C) 经常性、习惯性动作。D) 客观事实和普遍真理。E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。2. 现在进行时(be doing)3. 现在完成时(have done)A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。I bought a new house, but I _ my old one yet, so at t

3、he moment I have two houses.A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell答案是C) haven't sold。B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _ today and are being modified by the work of scien

4、tists of our time.A) are to challenge C) have been challengedB) may be challenged D) are challenging几个句型需要用完成时。在"this is the first/ second/ third time that"句型里要求用完成时。例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.句型"It is/ ha

5、s beensince"所使用的两种时态都正确。例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him. 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中，主句要求完成时。例：I haven't met that professor prior to today.4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出

6、现至今，或将继续延续至将来。 例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。例：It seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A) had leaked B) is leakingC) leaked D) has been leaking5. 一般过去时A)

7、表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的   就是过去时。C) 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。6. 过去完成时(had done)用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。Until then, his family _ from him for six months.A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn'

8、t been hearing D) hadn't heard7. 过去将来时(would/ should do)表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.9. 一般将来时 A) 基本结构是will / shall do。B) 有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come,

9、 do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.C) 表示“打算去，要”时，可用be going to do。D) 表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。E) "be to do"的5种用法：F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思

10、的句型是be on the point of doing。10. 将来进行时(will be doing)强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.11. 将来完成时(will have done)一种假设和想象，到了未来的那个时间，事情会怎样。The conference _ a full week by the time it ends.A) must have lasted

11、B) will have lastedC) would last D) has lasted12) 将来完成进行时：shall have been doing ，will have been doing事情未发生。现在完成进行时发生在了将来。By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.13) 过去完成进行时：had been doing事情发生在过去。现在完成进行时发生在了过去。The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed

12、 up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.14) 过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing事情发生在过去。站在过去的时间点上畅想未来要发生什么。The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.15) 过去将来完成时：should have done , would have doneI believed by the end of that year

13、an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.事情发生在过去。站在过去的时间点上畅想未来能够完成什么。五岁的时候我想，等我长到25岁，我就已经娶媳妇了。16) 过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing 事情发生在过去。站在过去的时间点上畅想未来某事。 而这个未来某事：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。They said that by the end of the fol

14、lowing month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.第二大考点：六大从句主语从句 A） 从句在句子中做主语（不受主句的时态控制）（1） That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2） Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3） Who will be our monitor hasn't been decide

15、d yet.（4） Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5） What caused the accident remains unknown.（6） Whatever you did is right.（7） What we need is time.（8） What we need are good doctors.B）为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在句首位置，真正主语搁置于句末(1) It is +名词+that从句It is a fact that 事实是It is an honor that

16、非常荣幸It is common knowledge that 是常识(2) it is +形容词+that从句It is natural that 很自然It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) it +不及物动词+that从句It seems that 似乎It happened that 碰巧(4) it is+过去分词+that从句It is reported that 据报道It has been proved that 已证实宾语从句1） 宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),exce

17、pt that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。 *I promised that I would change the situation. *All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship. *He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children. *This article is well-written except that

18、it is a bit too long.2)宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。 He has made it clear that he would not change his mind. （make sth clear）表语从句表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外，还可由because,as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because. The reason why so m

19、any people died there is that there were not enough food supplies. 同位语从句同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导。常见的先行名词fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。 The news came that the

20、ir team had won the championship. 定语从句定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。 关系代词有who，whom, that, which, whose，关系副词有where(地点）,when（时间）,why（原因）. 总体来说关系副词在定语从句中做状语 他们和关系代词主要的区别是where,when,why=介词+which eg:This is the house in which (where) I lived last year. This is the reason for whi

21、ch (why) he was late for school. That's the day on which (when) I met him in the street.限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语

22、等。 1) 当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。2) 关系代词的省略 在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句

23、意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。 “介词+whichwhomwhose”引导的定语从句 “介词+whichwhomwhose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。 It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.*as引导的定语从句 as引导的定语从句主要用于“such.as”及“the same.as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。 Th

24、ese are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems) 状语从句*时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有： 1）when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。 We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here. 2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely).when,no sooner.than,each(every) time,the moment,immed

25、iately(that)等。 As soon as I sent an e-mail message,I received positive responses. *地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的连词是where,wherever. Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her. *原因、结果和目的状语从句 1）引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。 Considering that he is a fre

26、shman,we must say he is doing well. 2)引导结果状语从句的连词有：so.that,such.that ,so that,that,so等。 Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave. 3)引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等，从句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情态动词。 We got up early this morning so that we could

27、catch the first bus to the railway station. 条件和让步状语从句 1）引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。 As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data. 2)引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though,although,whether,even

28、 though,even if,no matter what(when,how.),whatever(whenever,wherever,however.)等。though,even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。 No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind. *方式状语从句 引导方式状语从句的连词有as,just as,as if,as though等。as if,as though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。

29、 The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him. 第三大考点：虚拟语气和情态动词1） 概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。2） 在条件句中的应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。真实条件句（不用虚拟）：真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中if是如果的意思。时态关系句型：条件从句主句 一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形If he come

30、s, he will bring his violin.在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。非真实条件句（用虚拟）：a. 同现在事实相反的假设。句型 ： 条件从句主句 一般过去时should( would) +动词原形 If they were here, they would help you.b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。句型： 条件从句 主句过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词 If she had worked h

31、arder, she would have succeeded.c. 表示对将来的假想句型： 条件从句 主句 一般过去时 should+ 动词原形 were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形 should+ 动词原形If you succeeded, everything would be all right.错综句：从句和主句时间不一致如果你（过去）听了我的话，你（现在）就会好的多了。If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.省略句：省略if， 把had，were， should 提前到句首，变成了倒装，句意不变。If I

32、 were you, I would study harder.Were I you, I would study harder.3) 虚拟语气在从句中的应用Wish表示愿望Wish现在用过去时Wish过去用过去完成时Wish将来would might could 加上do表示命令，建议，要求一类词的后面例如insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, require, request, demand, desire 等等.例如：We suggest that the meeting (should) be put off. 特殊：当sug

33、gest 表示暗示，表明的时候，当insist表示坚持认为的时候，以上情况不适用。当以上的动词变成名词，出现在表语从句或者同位语从句中时，要用虚拟。例如： My requirement is that we (should) think it over.在主语从句 It is +形容词+that 句型中，也要虚拟。例如： It is important that we should have a talk.其他的特殊句型需要用到虚拟的：It is high time/about time that .should do/did （ should 不能省略）If only 引导的感叹句。对现在的

34、情况感叹，用过去时对过去的情况感叹，用过去完成时If only I had seen him yesterday！As if /as though/even if/ even though 常用虚拟，与现在事实相反用过去时，与过去相反用过去完成时Would rather 加从句时，从句的动词用过去时或者过去完成时情态动词1、情态动词的特征情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，认为“可能、应当、必要”等等，但本身意义不完全，不能单独作谓语，必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。除ought, used, have后跟不定式外，其他情态动词一律跟动词原形。情态动词主要有：can/could, may/m

35、ight, must, ought to, used to, need, dare, shall/should, will/would, have to等。2、情态动词的变化形式（1）没有人称和数的变化（2）大部分情态动词有过去式（3）少部分情态动词没过去式或者说过去式与原形相同，used to 只有过去式形式（4）大多数情态动词后面还可跟动词的进行时、完成时和被动式形式3否定式和疑问式情态动词的否定式和疑问式同助动词。否定式是在情态动词后加not；疑问式是将情态动词提前到主语的前面。情态动词的基本用法一、 can, could1) 表示能力（体力、知识、技能）。Can you lift th

36、is heavy box?（体力）Mary can speak three languages.（知识）Can you skate?（技能）此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式；而be able to则有更多的时态。Ill not be able to come this afternoon.当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to，不能用Can。如：He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.2) 表示请求和允许。-Can I go n

37、ow? - Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。- Could I come to see you tomorrow? - Yes, you can. ( No, Im afraid not. )3) 表示客观可能性（客观原因形成的能力）。Theyve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.This hall can hold 500 people at least.4) 表示推测（惊讶、怀疑

38、、不相信的态度），用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。Can this be true?This cant be done by him.How can this be true?二、 may, might1) 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉，而不是过去式。否定回答时可用cant或mustnt，表示“不可以，禁止”。-Might/ May I smoke in this room? - No, you mustnt.- May/Might I take this book out of the room?- Yes, you can. (No, you cant / mustnt.

39、)用May I.？征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气，而用Can I.？在口语中更常见。2）用于祈使句，表示祝愿。May you succeed!3) 表示推测、可能性（不用于疑问句）。might不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比may小。1He may /might be very busy now.2Your mother may /might not know the truth.三、 must, have to1) 表示必须、必要。You must come in time.在回答引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用mustnt（禁止，不准），而用neednt, dont have to（不必）.

40、- Must we hand in our exercise books today?- Yes, you must.- No, you dont have to / you neednt.2) must是说话人的主观看法， 而have to则强调客观需要。Must只有一般现在时， have to 有更多的时态形式。1 he play isnt interesting, I really must go now.2 I had to work when I was your age.3) 表示推测、可能性（只用于肯定的陈述句）1 Youre Toms good friend, so you m

41、ust know what he likes best.2 Your mother must be waiting for you now.四、 dare, need1) dare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为dared。1 How dare you say Im unfair?2 He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he?3 If we dared not go there that day， we couldnt get the beautiful flowers.2) need 作情态动词

42、用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。1You neednt come so early.2. - Need I finish the work today?- Yes, you must. / No, you neednt.3) dare和 need作实义动词用时， 有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中，dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。1. I dare to swim across this river.2. He do

43、esnt dare (to) answer.3. He needs to finish his homework today.五、 shall, should1) shall 用于第一人称，征求对方的意见。What shall we do this evening?2) shall 用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。1. You shall fail if you dont work hard.(警告)2. He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺)3. He shall be punished.(威胁)六、 will,

44、would1) 表示请求、建议等，would更委婉。Will / Would you pass me the ball, please?2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。1. I will never do that again.2. They asked him if he would go abroad.3) would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式，且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。1. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.2. The wound would not heal

45、.4) 表示估计和猜想。It would be about ten oclock when she left home.七、 should, ought to1) should, ought to表示“应该”，ought to表示义务或责任，比should语气重。1. I should help her because she is in trouble.2. You ought to take care of the baby.2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用，但在疑问句中常用should。1. You should / ought to go to cla

46、ss right away.2. Should I open the window?3) 表示推测should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。1.He must be home by now. (断定他已到家)2.He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定)3. This is where the oil must be.(直爽)4. This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)八、 情态动词+不定式完成式（have done）1) can / could + have done在肯

47、定句中表示“本来可以做而实际上能做某事”，是虚拟语气；在疑问句或否定句中表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定, 表示推测。1. You could have done better, but you didnt try your best. （虚拟语气）2. He cant have been to that town.（推测）3. Can he have got the book?（推测）2) may / might +不定式完成式（have done）表示对过去行为的推测。不能用于疑问句中，没有虚拟语气的用法。Might所表示的可能性比may小。1. He may not have finishe

48、d the work .2. If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.3）must +不定式完成式（have done）用于肯定句中，表示对过去行为的推测。意为“一定、想必”。其疑问、否定形式用can，cant代替。参看1) can / could + have done表示推测。1. You must have seen the film Titanic.2. He must have been to Shanghai.4）should +不定式完成式（have done）用于肯定句中，表示对过去行为的推测。

49、He should have finished the work by now。表示“本应该做而实际上没有做某事”，其否定式表示某种行为本不该发生却发生了。可以与ought to +不定式完成式（have done）互换。1. You ought to / should have helped him. (but you didnt.)2. She shouldnt have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it.5) neednt +不定式完成式（have done）表示“本来不必做而实际上做了某事”。You neednt

50、have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.6) will +不定式完成式（have done）主要用于第二、三人称，表示对已完成的动作或事态的推测。He will have arrived by now.第四大考点：主谓一致一、语法一致原则 语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。 1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well

51、 is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is （are）

52、 helpful to you. 2. 由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers. 注意：（1）若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer and artist has come. （2）由an

53、d连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no， each， every more than a （an） ， many a （an）修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it. 3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with， together with， except， but， like， as well as， rather than， more than， no less than， besides， including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍

54、用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr. Green， together with his wife and children， has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She， like you and Tom， is very tall. 4. either， neither， each， every 或no +单数名词和由some， any， no， every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything

55、around us is matter. 注意：（1）在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is （are） interesting. （2）若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has （have） been to America. 5. 在定语从句时，关系代词that， who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard. 6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family， class， cr