英语语法——非谓语动词自主学习导学案

1、2012-2013学年第一学期高三英语导学案 编写人：代伟英 陈阳 审核人： 审批人： 编号： 使用时间： 2012.9.10 班级： 小组： 姓名： 组内评价学 案 装 订 线 英语语法非谓语动词自主学习导学案 【学习目标】1. 扎实掌握英语非谓语动词用法，提升自己的理解力。2. 自主学习，合作探究；学会分析与总结的方法，并能学以致用。3. 激情投入，疯狂记忆，体验学习的快乐。【使用说明及学法指导】1. 老师引领学生积极动脑思考，结合所学知识自主构建关于非谓语动词的知识体系。2. 探究总结疑难点并学以致用。 3. 分两阶段完成，每阶段完成时间40分钟。【分层说明】A层全部掌握本学案内容B层掌

2、握带及内容C层掌握带内容 【非谓语动词】一、概述及解题思路动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。他们没有语法主语，但可以有逻辑主语。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语言点，切不可记住几个条条框框就去乱套，在解答非谓语动词的题目时，一定要保持头脑冷静，必须遵循以下解题思路：1.解析句子结构，确定

3、设空在句子中充当的成分，如状语、定语、宾补2.找准相关的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系，即主动还是被动；3.搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的适当形式；4.将该选项置于空中，看能否做到字从意顺，或传达有效信息，完成交际任务。二、非谓语动词的作用及变化形式1. 词性及在句中的作用名称词性主语宾语表语定语补语状语动词不定式名词、形容词、副词动名词名词现在分词过去分词形容词、副词如：_(Being exposed / Exposed?) to the sun does harm to ones skin.2. 非谓语动词的变化形式动词不定式动名词现在分词过去分词一般式一般被动式完成

4、式完成被动式进行式无无3. 各种非谓语动词形式的否定式：(非谓语动词前加not)不定式否定式：_ Its wrong of you not to attend the meeting.动名词否定式：_分词否定式：_4. 特殊结构不定式复合结构：_It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest动名词复合结构：逻辑主语+动名词的各种变化形式I would appreciate your keeping it a secret.Toms being late made the teacher angry.分词独立

5、结构：逻辑主语（名词或代词）+分词的各种形式The field ploughed, he began to spread seed.There being no buses, we had to walk home.【考点一 不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点】一、下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, would like, pretend; offer, promise, choose, plan; ag

6、ree, ask/beg, help.She pretended not to see me when I passed by.We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.二、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy（想象，设想）; avoid, miss, ke

7、ep/keep on, practise; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape此外，insist on, be worth，give up，object/objection to，put off，keep on, leave off，think of, be/get used to, spend.in , cant stand 忍不住；feel like 想，欲lead to, be devoted to, stick to, get down

8、to, be addicted to, be accustomed to习惯于.The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.三、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。1 forget, remember, regret, stop

9、to do 忘了/ 记得/遗憾 /停下来去干 doing忘记 /记得 /后悔/ 停止干过 try, attempt to do 尽力做 doing 试着做，尝试 mean to do 打算做 doing 意味着 go on to do 继续做另一件事 doing 继续做同一件事 cant help to do 不能帮忙做 doing 禁不住做I remembered seeing him somewhere.我记得在什么地方见过他。（seeing早于remember发生）I remembered to see the film。我记得要看这部电影。（remember发生时，to see还未发生

10、）2. 在动词like, love, prefer接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。 如表示经常性的行为常用动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意；如果like, love, prefer前有would/should时， 后面则应接动词不定式作宾语。feel like 后接动名词作宾语。如：I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon. 3. 有的动词(如advise, allow, forbid, permit等)后虽然不能直接跟不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补足语。如：He advised buying a compu

11、ter. 他建议买台电脑。He advised her to buy a computer. 他建议她买台电脑4. 动名词的主动形式在demand, need, require, want, be worth, deserve等后面作宾语时，表示被动的意思。My shoes need mending.The following language points deserve mentioning.（应该提及；值得一提）This matter demands discussing.Your hair wants cutting.【考点二 不定式、分词作宾补用法要点】一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的

12、区别1. 感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice等和使役动词have 后面的宾补有四种形式，如：have + 宾语+ do/doing/done/being doneI heard her sing an English song just now. （主动，完成）I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.（主动，正在进行）I heard an English song being sung by a little g

13、irl when I passed by her room yesterday. （被动，正在进行）I want to have my hair cut. （被动，完成或没有一定的时间性）2. leave后接非谓语动词做宾补时，意为“使处于某种状态”。 sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事（宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的主动关系，表示动作正在进行）leave sth. undone 留下某事未做（宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的被动关系，表示被动和完成。一般以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched为多） sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事（不定式

14、含有将来的意味） sth. to be done 留下某事要做（不定式含有将来的意味）Its wrong of you to leave the machine running. （主动，正在进行）The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didnt taste delicious.（被动，完成）He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.（主动，将来）We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be se

15、ttled.（被动，将来）3. have, get后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have, get表示“使、让、叫”之意。1). have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做Ill have /get my bike repaired tomorrow.Tom had his leg broken while playing football.2). have sb./ sth. doing 使/让某人/某物持续地作某事（现在分词表主动，正在进行）get sb./sth. doing使某人/某物开始行动起来The captain got the soldier

16、s moving toward the front after a short rest.I wont have you speaking to your Dad like that.3). have sb. do sth. ；get sb. to do sth.使/让/叫某人去做某事Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.二、 注意下列结构中用不定式作主语补足语， 它们是：sb. be said/ believed/ known/ reported/ found/ considered等+不定式。如：He is said to have

17、gone abroad. (= It is said that he has gone abroad.)Heat is considered to be a form of energy. (=_)三、 不定式、分词作宾补小窍门下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to：它们是“五看三室两厅一感觉”-5看(look at, see, watch, notice, observe);3使(make, let, have); 2听(listen to, hear); 1感觉(feel)。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语（主语）补足语，此外find, catch, keep

18、, leave也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。I hate to see you leave so soon.Someone was heard to come up the stairs.At that time, I found him crying in the street.Im sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.He was caught stealing.【考点三 不定式、分词作定语用法要点】一、不定式作定语1 动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to

19、help him?2 作定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 3 用不定式作定语的几种情况表将来The car to be bought is for his sister.用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to get the gold medal in the Olympic Games.用来修饰的词是抽象名词时， 常见的有：ability, chance, i

20、dea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time等Do you have the ability to read and write in English?I have no chance to go sightseeing.二、分词作定语1分词作定语时其逻辑主语是分词所修饰限定的名词与逻辑主语的关系所表示的时间顺序应用的分词形式例句主动关系Vt.-doingI have never seen a more moving movie. （主动，表特征）被动关系正在进行Vt.

21、-being doneThe question being discussed is important to us.（被动，正在进行）被动关系已经完成Vt.-doneThings lost never come again.（被动，已经完成）正在进行Vi. -doingboiling water沸腾的水falling leaves正在下落的叶子已经完成，但不表被动Vi. -doneboiled water烧开过的水fallen leaves已经落下的叶子2不定式、分词被动形式作定语的区别to be done表示将来的被动动作being done表示正在进行的被动动作done表示已经完成的被动

22、动作the house to be built next month_the house being built now_the house built last year_1). Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one _ first is the library.A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired2). A great number of students _ said they were forced to practice the

23、piano.A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning【考点四 不定式、分词作状语用法要点】一、不定式作状语动词不定式通常可以作_1. 目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加_或_（以便或为了），但应注意_位于句首或句中均可，而_不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her Engli

24、sh. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. 2. 结果状语：常用于某种固定句式：_You are old enough to take care of yourself now.He was too excited to say a few words.They lived to see the liberation of their hometown. only to do sth多表达意料之外的结果。She went to Shanghai specially t

25、o see her brother, only to find that he had gone to Beijing a few days before. 她专程去上海看望她的兄弟，却发现他几天前去了北京。3. 原因状语：在某些形容词后，尤其是_后用不定式作原因状语。I am glad to see you.I am so sorry to hear that your mother is ill.二、分词作状语1. 分词做状语的基本原则分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与_保持一致。分词作状语时， 分词必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的_的关系，否则不能使用分词做状语2.分词作状语时其形式的选择形式

26、意义doing与句中主语构成逻辑上的_，与句中谓语动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生。having done与句中主语构成逻辑上的_，先于谓语动作发生。done与句中主语构成逻辑上的_。having been done与句中主语构成逻辑上的_，且先于谓语动作发生。3. 分词作状语的句法功能分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。Having been shown around the lab, we were led into a big hall. (时间)Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)The teach

27、er came into the lab, followed by some students.(伴随)Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)They worked day and night, finishing the work ahead of time.(结果)4. 独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking; frankly speaking坦白地说； considering/ takinginto

28、 consideration考虑到,supposing即使、如果， providing如果， assuming假使， given如果，provided that如果，admitting虽说、即使，compared to/with与相比，taken as a whole总的说来，simply stated说得简单些；judging from/by。Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.Given time, hell make a first-class tennis player.Considering your health, yo

29、ud better have a rest.To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.5.独立主格结构1）独立主格结构由“名词（代词）+分词/ 不定式/ 形容词/ 副词/ 介词短语”构成。这种结构在形式上与主句主语没有关系，其前的名词或代词起着逻辑主语的作用，因此被称为独立主格结构。Time permitting, well do another two exercises.The field ploughed, he began to spread seed.The exam to be held tomorrow, I couldnt go to

30、 the cinema.Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.There being no buses, we had to walk home.这类独立主格结构的意义相当于一个状语从句There being no buses, we had to walk home.(= Because there was no buses, we had to walk home.)No one being against it, we will adopt the proposal. (= Since no one is against i

31、t, we will adopt the proposal.)Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. (= As her shirt was caught on a nail, she could not move.)2) with+ 宾语 +分词/ 不定式/ 形容词/ 副词/ 介词短语，其中宾语起着逻辑主语的作用，叫做with的复合结构。With nothing to do, we went to the cinema.The street was quiet with no buses running.In came a man wi

32、th his hand tied back.He wore a shirt, with the neck open, showing his bare chest.With Mr. Smith away, weve got more room.【考点五 非谓语动词易混点】一、不定式与动名词的复合结构：1不定式的复合结构1). 由_即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the h

33、arvest2). 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.3)_：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a probl

34、em.As a teacher , he knows what to expect . 3. 动名词的复合结构构成：逻辑主语（形容词性的物主代词或名词的所有格形式）+动名词的各种变化形式，作宾语时逻辑主语可以用代词宾格或名词普通格来代替。The rain prevented his/ him coming. 下雨使他不能来。Excuse my/ me opening your letter by mistake. 原谅我不慎把你的信拆开。Its no use your telling me not to worry. 你告诉我别担心是没有用的。二、动词不定式的省略I. 在下列词组后面的不定式不

35、带to：would rather .than(宁愿也不), had better.(最好)，cant help but.(不得不), would rather.(宁愿)，cannot but.(不得不，必然)，may/might as well.(不妨)，let alone(更不用说)，Why / why notcant help but（只好）, cant but（只好）, cant choose but（只好） 如：Youd better return the books to the library on time. Otherwise, you will be fined. I can

36、t help but wish that nothing would go wrong.They had never seen such delicious food, let alone eat it.I cannot but agree to his terms.I cant choose but laugh.II. 使役动词 let, have, make，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel等后作宾补，省略to。注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。I saw him dance.

37、=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.III. 不定式符号to后的动词省略1. 为了避免重复，在hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, have to, used to, ought to等表示希望、愿望、打算作某事的动词后面出现与上文相同的不定式时，常保留不定式符号to，而把其他部分省略，但to后接的be, have, have been需要保留。 Sh

38、e lied to us because she had to.You may go with them if you hope to. He hasnt finished writing the report, but he ought to have. China is no longer what she used to be.2. 当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后充当宾语补足语时，为了避免重复，常保留不定式符号to，而把后面的动词省略，如：-Did

39、your husband give up smoking?-No. He was advised to, but he wouldnt listen.三、动词不定式的“主动表被动”动词不定式有主动式和被动式，即 “ to do和 to be done” 之分，但在实际使用中常有用主动形式表示被动含义的情况，比如：I have a lot of housework to do today.There are so many types of computers for you to choose from.I think English is not so hard to learn.上述三例中

40、的不定式与其前面的名词之间都存有被动关系，但是都用了不定式的主动式表示被动意义。那么究竟在哪些情形下可用不定式的主动表示被动呢？1. 动词不定式的逻辑主语在句子中出现或暗含在句中，如：We have many difficulties to overcome.Give him some storybooks to read.They didnt think that a proper measure (for them) to take.He is not easy (for anyone) to persuade.With so many trees to plant, he got up

41、at 5 oclock the next morning.注意：若句子的主语并非不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式则必须用被动式，如：a. Ill go to New York. Have you anything to be taken to your wife there?b. I have no letter to be typed. Thank you all the same.c. “Have you any clothes to be washed, sir?” asked the maid.a句中take的逻辑主语为I而不是you ; b句中type的逻辑主语是you 而不是I；c句中w

42、ash的逻辑主语是 maid 而不是I。2. 在 sth. / sb. + adj. + to do 结构中， 若形容词为easy, difficult, hard, heavy, light, good, nice, pleasant, comfortable, fit, dangerous, interesting, important等，如：The river is dangerous to swim in.The box is too heavy for the boy to carry.The room is comfortable to live in.The problem is

43、 difficult to work out.当上述形容词在句中作宾语补足语，后接不定式时，不定式也用主动表被动，如： I found him easy to get along with.They dont think the game interesting to play.3. There be 句型中，用来修饰主语的不定式多用主动式，如：Theres nothing to do now. ( = We have nothing to do now)Theres nothing to see. ( = Theres nothing worth seeing )4. with复合结构中Wi

44、th all these jobs to do, I dont know if Ill have time to go out.四、 当动名词做主语时的特别结构1. 当动名词做主语时，有时用 it作形式主语，而把真正的主语动名词放到句尾，特别要注意如下结构：1). It is useless (no use, no good, no fun, no harm, a waste of time, a good pleasure) doing.2). It is a waste of time doing.3). It is worthwhile doing.如：It is a waste of

45、time discussing such matters with him. It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters. It is no use your complaining; the company wont do anything about it. It is useless speaking.光说是没有用的。2. 在there be no结构中，通常也用动名词作主语，如：There is no knowing what may happen tomorrow.3. 下列短语中的介词常常省略，因此后面要求接动名词。

46、spend time / money (in) be busy (in)lose no time (in) 不失时机（做某事） waste time (in) 浪费时间（做某事）have (no) difficulty (in) have (no) trouble (in)there is no point in(做某事）毫无意义 there is no use (in)（做某事）没有用there is no sense (in)（做某事）没有道理 end up (by) 以做某事）告终take turns (at) 轮流（做某事） bother (about)（因做某事）烦恼have fun

47、/a good time /a hard time/a wonderful time in doing sth.小试牛刀，成功体验1. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _as the plane was making a landing. A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating 2. Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth.A. run B. running C. being run D. to run3.

48、The old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked4. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year.A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed5. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of t

49、he year, _ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4.A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching6. He hurried to the stadium without supper, _the football match he had been longing to watch was cancelled.A. only to be told B. only telling C. only to tell D. only told7. The speaker raised

50、his voice but still couldnt make himself _.A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard8. -Do you feel like _ there or shall we take a bus?-Id like to walk. But since there isnt much time left, Id rather we _ a taxi.A. walking; hire B. to walk; hire C. to walk; hired D. walking; hired9. _ my teacher, afte

51、r all thirty years in Boston, was an unforgettable moment, _ I will always treasure.A. To meet; one B. To meet; it C. Meeting; it D. Meeting; one1. So many section managers _, the board meeting had to be put off until the next week.A. were absent B. to be absent C. had been absent D. being absent解析：

52、D两个句子之间有逗号隔开时，有四种表达形式：1）两个句子之间有并列连词；2）两个句子之间有从属连词；3）把其中一个句子改成非谓语动词的形式；4）改成独立主格结构的形式。若选A、C两项，则两个句子之间缺少连词；B项动词不定式一般作目的状语；D项现在分词作原因状语，符合题意。句意为：由于许多部门经理缺席，这次董事会议不得不延期到下周。2. _ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk解析：B因为a good form泛指一般性行为，所以用动名词作主语。3. Fishing is his favorite hobby, and_.A. hed like to collect coins as wellB. he feels like collecting coins, tooC. to collect coins is also his hobbyD. collecting coins also gives him great pleas