2010年中考英语阅读理解及其解题策略(精)

1、九年级专项复习阅读理解及其解题方法阅读理解能力的培养是中学英语学习的一 项重要任务，也是中考的一项重要内容。中考 阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分 析和判断力。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解 短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能做出正确 判断，然后根据试题的要求从A, B, C, D四个 选项中选出最佳答案或回答出所提问题等等。 要求阅读速度为每分钟40-50个词。阅读理解的阅读材料的选取一般遵循三个原则:1.阅读文章不少于三篇，阅读量在I, 000单词左右;2题材广泛，包括科普，社会，文化，政治，经济等;3体裁多样，包阔记叙文，说明文，应用文等；、中考阅读理解考査的主要内容此类考査主旨和大

2、意的题大多数针对段落（或短文）的主题，主题思想，标题或目的，其主要提问 方式是：(1) Which is the best title of the passage?(2) Which of the following is this passageabout?(3) In this passage the writer tries to tell usthat_ (4) The passage tells us that_ (5) This passage mainly talksabout_2.考査把握文章的事实和细节的能力。 此类考查事实和细考査掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力o节的题目大

3、多数是针对文章的 细节设计的，其主要提问方式是：(1) Which of the following is right?(2) Which of the following is not mentioned?(3) Which of the following is Not True in thepassage?(4) Choose the right order of this passage (5) From this passage we know_ 3.考査根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定 某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。其主要提问方式 是：(1)

4、 The word “ ” in the passage probablymeans_(2) The underlined word “It” in the passagerefers to_.(3) In this story the underlined word “ ”means_ .(4) Here “it” means_ 4考査对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章 各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。此类题目主要考査的是句与句之间，短语短之 间的逻辑关系，其主要提问方式是：(1) Many visitors come to the writercity to_.(2) Air po

5、llution is the most serious kind ofpollution because_ (3) Why did the writer get off the train two stopsbefore Vienna station?5.考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判 断的能力。此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生再 理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式 是：(1) We can guess the writer of the letter maybe a_ (2) We can infer from the text that_.(3) From

6、the letters wePe learned that ifsvery_to know something aboutAmerican social customs (4) From the story we can guess_ (5) What would be happy if?6.考査推断作者意图和态度的能力。 其主要提问方式是：(1) How did the writer feel at Vienna station?(2) The writer writes this text to_ (3) The writer believes that_ (4) The writer s

7、uggests that_ 二、阅读理解题的方法和技巧1.如何获取段落的主旨和大意？最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文 章)通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心 意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落 中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此， 理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。在一 篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的情况有三种：(1)主题句在段首或篇首。主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新 闻报道、说明文，议论文大都釆用先总述，后分述 的叙事方法。例如：2003年陕西省英语中考试题阅读材料B的第一 段：All living things on the e

8、arth need other livingthings to live Nothing lives alone Most animalsmust live in a group, and even a plant grows closetogether with others of the same kind Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eatsand the other is eaten Each kind of life eatsanother kind of life in order to live, and toget

9、herthey form a food chain（食物链） 。Some food chainsbecome broken up if one of the links disappears59 Which of the following do you think is thebest title for this passage?A Animals B Plants C Food Chains D LivingThinasl=i 1=1评析：找出主题句即第一句。这个句子概括了本段的中 心意思，“地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其它的生 物”o后面讲述了大量的事实，“大部分动物必须成群的 生活

10、，甚至一种植物也要和其它同类的植物靠在一起生长。有时一种生物杀死另一种生物，一种生物吃另一种生物， 而另一种生物被吃”。在列举了大量的事实之后，作者指 出：如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失，所有的食物都会 断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。根据主题句的意思，我们可以很容易判断:Food Chains（2）主题句在段末或篇末。用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于段末或 篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结 论。例如2002年陕西省中考试题阅读材料A的最后 一段：If you buy some well-made clothes, you

11、 cansave money because they can last longer. They lookgood even after they have been washed many times Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but itdoes not mean that they are always better made, orthey always fit better. In other words, some lessexpensive clothes look and fit better than moreexpen

12、sive clothes 评析：这段文章前面列举了两件事实：如果你买一些制作优良的衣服，你会省钱，因为这些衣服能穿 得时间长一些。即使他们洗了很多次，仍然看起来很好。有时有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味着这些衣服做得更好。最后一句话是对这两个事实的概括：有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看, 更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。(3)无主题句有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该 怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思 往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个 问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中 心意思。请看

13、2004年江西省中考试题阅读理解A:Killer bees started in Brazil 1957 A scientistin Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey（蜂蜜）.So he put forty-six African bees with someBrazilian bees The bees bred（繁殖）and made anew kind of bees But the new bees were amistake They didnt want to make more honey.They wanted to attack

14、 Then, by accident,twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with theBrazilian bees outside Scientists could not control（控制）the problem The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil toVenezuela Then they went to Central America Now they are in North America They travel about390 miles a year. Each gr

15、oup of bees grows fourtimes a year This means one million new groupsevery five years Why are people afraid of killer bees?People are afraid for two reasons First, thebees sting（叮）many more times than usual bees Killer bees can sting sixty times a minutenonstop for two hours Second, killer beesattack

16、 in groups Four hundred bee stings cankill a person Already several hundred people are dead.Now killer bees are in Texas In a few yearsthey will reach all over the United States People can do nothing but wait潼在这篇短文的后面就出了一道这样的阅读理耀题：59 The best title of the passage is_ A How to make more honey B Kille

17、r beesC A foolish scientistD How to feed killer bees评析：这篇短文就没有主题句，那末怎样来确定它的中 心意思呢？按照上面的说明，我们可以得出每一段的大就：第一段讲的是“killer bees的产生。 第二段讲的是killer bees”的急剧增加。第三段讲的是人们害怕“killer bees-的原因。 第四段讲的是“killer bees-已经杀死的人数和将来的 状况。从这几段的大意可以看出这篇文章自始至终都是 围绕“killer bees-这一中心展开的。换句话说，killer bees-就是这篇文章的主题。 |=;2.如何根据上下文猜测词

18、义？ 猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题 中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词，只有在一定的 上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文（context）,正如英语辞典所解释的，其作用就是帮助 确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们 可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从 已知推求 未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不 熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以从三个方面 来考虑：1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2）运用语法知识进行语法分析。3）依靠常识和经验做出判断。（1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理猜测义： 例 X甘肃省2002年中考英语试题阅读材料B:A

19、 bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful.It gives us some interesting phrases（短 语）.Oneis “ to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as“to tell a secret”. Now when someone lets out（泄漏）a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”短文后面有一个理解题目:John “lets the cat out of the bag” means heA makes ev

20、eryone know a secretB the woman bout a catC buys a cat in the bagD sells the cat in the bag 1=1评析：在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着 后面就给出解释It isthe same as “to tell a secret”.例2：2004年北京市海淀区中考试题阅读材料As they go around town, the police help people Sometimes they find lost children. The

21、y take the childrenhome. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it rightaway. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to aplace in town. The police can always tell the people whichway to go. They know all the streets and roads well.文章后面有这样一道题：53. In the text, “put an end to means “_1A

22、. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly评析： 根据文章所提供的情景， 如果警察看到有人 在打架，他们肯定会去制止。因为制止打架斗殴是警察 的职责。例3：福州市2004年中考英语试题的阅读材料There is a place on our earth where hot water andsteam come up under the ground It is on a largeisland in the Pacific Ocean The island is NorthIsland in New Zealand 文章后面有这样一道题:What does the word “

23、steam” mean in Chinese?潼A 自来水B.大气C.冰川D.蒸汽D评析：从语法上看，steam和hot water是并列关系,我们就以断定这两种东西是相关的，是同一类第物质。在所给第四个选项中只有“蒸汽”有这种可能。 3.如何确定细节和事实？在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考査细节和事实 的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特 点：(1)凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可 以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。 这一部分 可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句 子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。( (2)干扰项往往是 主体思想与细节混杂，正确答

24、案细节和非正确答案的细节 混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细 节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要 排除干扰项。请看2003年陕西省中考英语试题阅读理解 题第48小j What do plants make food from? They make foodfrom_ .A. sunlight, water and things in the soil and airB water, sunlight and things in the soilC water and things in the soil and air D water,sunlight and

25、things in the soil评析：这一小题考査的就是文章的细节和事实。这 一细节和事实的表述在文章中可以直接找到：Plants are “factories”. They make food fromsunlight, water and things in the soil and air.4 如何进行推断？所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息， 推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分, 从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是 词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。中考英语试题中的推断题很多，包括的面也很大。 其类型主要有以下几种：(1)事实推断：这种推断常常针对某

26、一个或几个具体 细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在 文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤 其要悟出字里行间的意思。请看2002年南京市中考英语试题阅读理解第14小题According to the passage, which of thefollowing can you most possibly watch on TV?A.You often play football with your friends afterschool.B Your teacher has got a cold C A tiger in the city zoo has run out a

27、nd hasntbeen caught D The bike in front of your house is lost.在阅读材料中，有这样一段文字：Secondly, a news story has to be interestingand unusual. People dorft want to read storiesabout everyday life. As a result, many storiesare about some kind of danger and seem to be“bad news Q评析：根据这段文字，我们可以推断：电视报道的新闻故事硬是有趣的和

28、不平常的O( (2)逻辑推断这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景， 人物的表情， 动作和语言来推断出人物的 态度或感觉。(3)对作者的意图和态度的推断这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样 的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对, 还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂. 同情.冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色 彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此, 进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推 力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的 修饰语。Lefs have a tryThe undersea world is very be

29、autiful. Now more andmore people want to dive in the water to find the secretsthere Scuba diving is a new sport today It can take youinto a wonderful undersea world.You will find many strange animals in the sea. Someare as large as a school bus Many sea animals give outlight in the dark and some hav

30、e sharp teeth.During the day, there is enough light. Herezunder thesea, everything is blue and green When fish swim nearby,you can catch them with your hands. When you havebottles of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for along time. However, you cant dive too deep. And you mustbe very car

31、eful when you dive in deep water.The deep sea is not an easy place to live in. Its cold, andits dark, too. The deeper it is, the less sunlight there is.At about 3,000 feetzthere is no light at all. It is dark in thesea Many fishes have no eyes Some have big eyes. A fewhave eyes on one side Besides（除

32、了）the cold and darkness, deep-seaanimals face a third danger other animals Animals eat! They must find food to eat Manyanimals eat plants However, some Animals eat meat Thismeans these sea animals have animals have two big jobs They need to find animals as food, and they have to try notto become oth

33、er animals9meal.1 Why do people want to dive in the sea? BecauseA they want to catch fishB they want to find the secrets of the undersea world C the sea is deepD there are all kinds of plants in the sea2. In the daytime, when you dive in the sea, you_ A. can see everything green and blueB. carYt be

34、in dan gerC. can catch nothingD cant see anything clearly3. How many dan gers will animals meet in the deep sea?A. One. B Two. C Three D Four4. When you do scuba diving, you can_ A. stay in deep water for a long timeB. dive very, very deepC. live in deep water easilyD dive freely without any dangers

35、5. Which of the following is WRONG? A. One animals findssomething to eatzand it may be eaten by others B. At the depthof3,000 feet under the sea, many animals can find their way byhearing and feeling. C The deeper the sea is, the darker andcolder it is. D. At the depth of 3,000 feet under the sea, a

36、ll animalscan find their way by seeing 1. Bo这是一道考査细节和事实的题目。文章开头的第二句 明确说明了这一点。“现在越来越多的人想潜水，为的是寻 粉汾卞卅农鮒撅宓”2. Ao这是一道考查為节和事实的题目。文章第三段开头就 说明了这一事实。aDuring the day, there is enough light Here,under the sea, everything is blue and green.3. Co这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第5段说明了 这一问题：Besides（除了）the cold and darkness, de

37、ep-seaanimals face a third danger一other animals 4. Ao这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第三段有 这样一句话：When you have bottles of air on your back, you can stayin deep water for a long time 背着 空气瓶潜水就是scubadiving5 6 7 8 9o5 Do这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第四段有这样的叙述：At about 3,000 feet, there isno light at all. It is dark in the sea Many fisheshave no eyes.在3, 000米的深处，一点光线都没有，很多于都没有眼睛，他们怎麽能够通过A. walk bet