英语学习pptChspter3GovernmentandtheCommonwealth

1、constitutional monarchy parliamentary democracy political parties constitutiongovernment election the commonwealthiiiiiiivvcontentcontent 1. political system(1) what is the political system in the united kingdom?constitutional monarchy(2) who is the head of state?a king or a queen 2. constitutional

2、monarchy(1)what is meant by constitutional monarchy?the sovereign reigns, but does not rule. 统而不治统而不治(2) could you explain it in detail?a. his or her majestys power is limited by the constitution-a formality. b. the real power is invested with elective government. political system in britainv britis

3、h constitution is made up of: statute law (成文法成文法) made by parliament common law (判例法判例法) decided by judges, their decisions in cases being arrived at after considering the customs and practices of the people involved. conventions(习惯法习惯法) has evolved through decisions in actual trials european union

4、 lawwhat are the primary sources of british law?no written constitution constitutionihouse of commons (political)legislatureparliamentmonarch(non-political)executive judiciary (non-political)house of lords(semi-political)prime minister & cabinet (political)ministers & civil service(non-polit

5、ical) house of lordscourt of appeal basic structure of uk central governmentgovernmentiilegislatureparliament the crown the house of lords the houseof commons buckingham palace queenqueenqueen elizabeth iiborn: april 21, 1926queen since june 2, 1953 queen elizabeth ii is a “constitutional monarch” a

6、lthough she is officially the head of state, the country is actually run by the government and led by the prime minister.official titles elizabeth ii, by the grace of god, of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and of her other realms and territories queen, head of the commonwea

7、lth, defender of the faith 上帝神佑，大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合上帝神佑，大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和王国以及她的其他领土和领地的女王，领地的女王，英联邦元首，英联邦元首，国教保护者伊莉莎白二世国教保护者伊莉莎白二世 why do the british people still have a great affection for the queen? the role of the monarch l head of the executive, the judiciary; an integral part of the legislature, t

8、he commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the church of englandl summons, prorogues and dissolves parliament.l gives royal assent to bills passed by parliament.l appoints the prime minister, ministers, and important officials and officers.l presides the great state

9、functions l gives many important honors and awards.l concludes treaties and declares war.l remits (free someone from a punishment) all or part of the sentence passed on a criminal by granting a royal pardon.from buckingham to westminster the state opening of parliament wednesday november 26, 2003que

10、enread pages 33 - 381. what is the role of the house of lords?2. what is the role of the house of commons?composition of parliamenthouse of lordsthe upper househouse of commonsthe lower housemembers695 lordslords spiritual lords temporal ( life peers hereditary peers ) president: the lord chancellor

11、659 mpsuniversal suffrageconstituency (mps seat)five yearschairman: speakerthe house of lords the house of commonsthe title of nobility公爵公爵 duke / duchess 侯爵侯爵 marquis / marchioness 伯爵伯爵 earl (count) / countess 子爵子爵 viscount / viscountess 男爵男爵 baron / baroness l roles cl receiving no salary but enjo

12、y a small allowancel non-electedl few attending the parliament sittingsl representing their own interestl receiving salaryl electedl representing the public interest of the electoratel most mps belong to a particular party v the upper house reformsreduce the number of seats from 705 to 666 (mar. 1,

13、2004)final court of appealsupreme courtthe house of lords meets in a lavishly decorated chamber in the palace of westminsterwhat goes on in the housel three major functionsto pass laws, bills and acts of parliamentto scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government to influence the f

14、uture government policyv 646 members of parliament, known as “mps” for short, who represent the 646 geographical areas / constituenciesthe house of commons making new lawswhite papersthrough3-readings1 first reading introduction of billssecond reading debatethird reading formal presentation of final

15、 formcommittee stage detailed discussion & amendment report stage amendments presented2house of lordssame stages as in the house of commons3monarch for royal assent and signature4act of parliament entered on the stature-book as lawthe executive1the cabinet23civil servants4the prime ministerprivy

16、 councilthe prime minister the prime ministerpowerful leader the leader of the majority party head of the government decides ministers (minister of defense, the foreign secretary, and the chancellor of the exchequer ) reorganize the government official residence: no. 10 downing street supreme decisi

17、on-making body 1. who presides over the cabinet?the prime minister.2. who compose the cabinet?the most senior ministers compose the cabinet. 3. what principle does the cabinet follow in decision making? ministers are responsible collectively to parliament for all cabinet decisions. the cabinetthe ca

18、binet meets weekly at no. 10 downing street collective responsibility (resignation) ministers responsible (accountable) for their particular department the official opposition (shadow cabinet): the largest minority party in the house of commonsprivy council 枢密院枢密院 a body of advisors （the kings advis

19、ory institution in history ） current and former cabinet members and important public figures its main duty is to give advicegovernment department & the civil service ministerial responsibility scottish office minister for scottish affairs the ministry of defense minister of defense the treasury

20、chancellor of the exchequer civil servants(1) civil servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination.(2) change of government do not involve changes in department staff, who continue to carry out the duties whichever part is in power. government department & the civil service two branche

21、s of lawcivil law defines and enforces the duties or obligations of persons to one anothercriminal law defines and enforces the obligations of persons to society as a wholeenglish judgesthe judiciarythe judiciarycounty courtmagistrates court(jps, stipendiary magistrates)crown courthigh court(qbd, cc

22、d, fd)court of appealcourt of appealhouse of lordsthe court systemcivil branchcriminalbranchthe judiciarythe judiciarylord chancellorlord chancellorkenneth clarkecriminal proceedingscriminal proceedingstrials by jurywhat do you know about the jury system in uk?(1) what is the role of the jury?in cri

23、minal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence, but the jury decides the issue of guilty or innocence.(2) who makes up of the jury and how is the jury formed?a. ordinary, independent citizens summoned by the court: 12 in england, wales and northern ireland, and 15 in scotland.b. people between the

24、age of 18 and 70 (65 in scotland) whose names appear on the electoral register are liable for jury service and their names are chosen at random. the jury systemthe jury system12 ordinary people a verdictlawyerslawyersbarristerssolicitorspolice police londons metropolitan police force is directly und

25、er the control of home secretary. scotland yard bobbypolitical partiespolitical partiesiii the conservative party the labor party the liberal democrats overall introduction what are the major british political parties？ whose interests do they represent?cavaliersroundheadsthe toriesthe whigsconservat

26、ive party liberal partylabor partycomparative description on the two major parties:main partiesmain partiesthe conservative partythe labour party the liberal demacrats right wing partyc. vs. lc. vs. llonger history holding more traditional capitalist ideas emphasizes on private interests upper &

27、middle classespolicies: privatisation based on trade unions middle & lower classes took power after wwii political conception & policy: -social equality -social welfare -nationalisationleft wing party margaret thatcher (1979-1990)the iron lady privatized state-owned industries and promoted a

28、 more competitive spirit in britains economy reduced old age pensions, shortened the period of unemployment benefits, and cut child benefits curbed the power of the trade unionsthe conservative partythe conservative party recent prime ministers from the lefttony blair (1997-2006) “third way” made th

29、e bank of england independent (separate politics and economic policy) put an emphasis on the minimum wage and supplementing low incomes the labor partythe labor party gordon brown (june 27, 2007) every 5 years constituencies vote of no confidence iv election the procedure of general elections 4321counting votes check and cast votes electoral campaign distribute voting cards hung parliament in a two-party parliamentary system of government, a hung parliament occurs when neither major political party has a