2020年高三英语语法讲解及练习题：介词

1、重难点分析介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成 介词短语，在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其他人、物、事件等之间的关系。介 词短语在句中可作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。一、介词从结构上分类一览表介词的分类简单介词只有单独一个词的介词:after, at, on, in, during, since, till/until 等（时间介词）；across, over, through, past, near, to, above 等（方位介词）；by, for, down, from, ot off, behind, below, beneath

2、, beside, between, beyond, up, with, about, against, along among, around 等复合由两个单一词合成的介词：into, inside, onto, outside, throughout, towards, upon,介词within, without 等形容词、分词或副词+介词:according to, away from, down to, inside of, near to,opposite to? owing to 等短语连词+介词：as for, as tof because of 等介词介词+介词（又称双重介词

3、）：from among, from behind, from under, till after 等介词 + 名词+介词:by means of, in front of5 in spite of, on account of, with regard to 等名词+介词:thanks to由其分词concerning 关于，con sideri ng 鉴于，in eluding 包括，regardi ng 关于他词形容词或副like像，near接近，opposite在对面，unlike不像,round围绕，类转词next和接邻用连词than tt, but除了之外名词despite不管、不

4、顾-X主要介词的区别1. 表示时间的at, in, onat 表示片刻的时间。如：at 8 a.m.o 常用词组有:at dawn, at dusk, at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the moment, at Christmas, at New Year 等。in 表示一段时间。女口 : in the moming/afternoon/evening, in October, in 2008, in the 21st century, in summer, in the past, in the

5、 future? in five days 等。on 指具体的或特定的日子。如:on Monday, on Christmas Eve, on May Day, on a warm morning, on September 12th, on that day 等。2. 表示时间的for, since与fromfor后接时间段的名词词组，表示行为状态持续了多久。如：Mr. Brown lived in that little village for nearly thirty years.布朗先生在那个小山村住了 差不 多30年。since后接过去某一时间点，表示“自从以来：常与现在完成时、现

6、在完成进行时连用。 如：We haven't seen each other since 2005.自从2005年以来 我们彼此没见过面。from“自起可与多种时态连用。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today.我希望从今天早晨开始锻炼身体。3. 表示时间的in与afterin+时间段,般用于将来时。如:We will be back in three days.我们将在3天后回来。after+时间段，一般用于过去时。如：After two months, he returned.两个月后，他回来7o注意:after+时间点，可用于过去时和

7、将来时。如：After seven, the rain began to fall.七点后开始下雨。We w川leave after lunch.我们将在午饭后动身。4. 表示方位的in, on与toin表示“在内”。如:Beijing is in the north of China.北京位于华北。on指"与接壤、在河/江畔"。如:North Korea lies on the east of China.朝鲜与中国的 东部接壤。to指在境外某方向，只强调方向。如:Japan lies to the east of China.日本在中国的东方。5. 表示“在上”的on与

8、inon只表示在某物的表面上。如：There is a book on the piece of paper.有一本书在这页纸上。There is a mark on your skirt.你裙子上有一块斑。in表示占去某物的一部分。如：There is an interesting article in the newspaper.扌艮纟氏上有一篇有趣的文章。He dug a hole in the wall.他在墙上挖了一个洞。6. 表示“穿过啲through, across与overthrough指从内部穿过；across则指表面上的横穿；over指从上方过去、跨越。如：The elep

9、hant can't go through the gate大象不能从门里穿过。I help the blind man across the road.我帮助那位盲人过马路。He climbed over the wall.他从墙上爬了过去。7. in the end, at the end of 与 by the end ofin the end意为“最后、终于”，与at last, finally同义。如:In the end they reached a safe place.最后，他们终于到达了一个安全的地方。at the end of表示“在末尾、到尽头：既可指时间或位置,

10、也可指物体。如：At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.马路的尽头有一个漂亮的花园。They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.他们决定在这个周末举 行一个英语晚会。by the end of意为“到末为止”，只能指时间。常用于完成时，也用于将来时。如:By the end of the holiday. I had spent all my money.至!|假期结束时,我已经花光了 自己所 有的钱。By the end of the week, yo

11、u will have a clear idea of what your eating habits are.至ij这周末 你便会清楚自己的饮食习惯了。8. between 与 amongbetween 般表示两者之间。如：You are to sit between your father and me.你就坐在我和你父亲之间吧°among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如：The girl quickly disappeared among the crowd.那个女孩很快就消失在人群之中。注意：有时虽然是三个以上的人或事物，但如果强调两两相互间的关系，仍用betweeno 如：Ag

12、reements were made between the different countries.不同国家之间达成了协议。在谈事物间的差别时，总是用betweeno如：They don't know the difference between wheat, oats and barley. 他们不知道小麦、燕麦与大麦之间的区别。9. besides, but, except 与 except forbesides指“除了还有"，与in addition to/apart from/aside from同义。作连接副词时, 意为"此外"。如:Two f

13、oreign teachers were present at the meeting besides Smith.除了史密斯 之外，还有两名外籍教师出席了会议。but 作介词时，意为“除了(之外)"，常用在 no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything, no 等 词和其他疑问词后面。如:Who but a fool would do such a thing?除了傻瓜谁会做这样的事？except与except for都意为“除外：两者一般都不能位于句首。但except后接的词同 整体词(主语)一般是同类，指在同类的整体中除去一个部分。except f

14、or后接的词同整体词 (主语)不是同类的，指从整体中除去一个细节。如：The office is open every day except Sundays.除了星期曰这家公司每天都营业。His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.除了一些拼写错误，他的曰记写得还 不错。10. 表示用工具和手段的by, in与withby表用工M(by train/hand/land/e-mail-)手段(by reading)，其后的动词用动名词。如：by hand手工by this means用这种方法with表用有形的工具或身体某些器官(wi

15、th apencil/oureyes),其后的名词多被冠词、物主 代词修饰。如：They are writing with chalk.他们用粉笔写字。in表示用材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等。如：in English用英语in a low voice低声地；小声地11. as 与 likeas指身份、资格,意为“作为”。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(事实上是父亲) like意为灼象一样仁如:Let me speak to you like a father.(事实上不是父亲)12.表示“随着"的as与withas为连词，后接从句。

16、女 : As the day went on, the weather got worse.随着曰子一天天 过去，天气越来越糟了。with 为介词，后接名词或代词等。如:With spring coming on, the weather gets warmer.随 着春天的到来，天气越来越暖和了。考点练透一、单句填空用适当的介词填空。1(1)the night of May 4th, my good fnend left for Canada(2) night you can see the stars in the sky(3) a cold morning Marie was woken

17、 up by a loud noise(4) the morning she often has milk and some bread for breakfast(5) the 1970s we had a hard time2. (1) Kate is writinga friend of hers.(2) Kate is writinga piece ofpaper.(3) Kate is writingin blue ink.(4) Kate is writinga piece ofchalkontheblackboard(5) Kate is writing a letteran o

18、ld man who can先 write3. (1) We all passed the examthe end.(2) We had finished learning five booksthe end of last term.(3) We will hold a partythe end of this term4. (1) The applesthe tree are ripe(2) The birdsthe tree are singing merrily.(3) There is a map of Chinathe back wall.(4) There is a small

19、holethe wall.5. (1) China liesthe west of Japan. Canada liesthe north of USA.(3) Canada liesthe north of NorthAmerica.6. (1) He can do everythingcooking(2) He can speak two other IanguagesEnglish He did nothingwatched TV all day.(4) The road was emptyseveral cars at that time.7. (1) The man tned to

20、walkthe big rock(2) The man walkedthe road and got on a bus.(3) The man saw some beautiful birds when walkingthe woods.8. (1) There is no secretyou and me(2) You are the tallestmy trie nds.(3) There is a breakclasses.9. (1)time passed, things seemed to get worse.(2)time going by, he knows more and m

21、ore10. (1) He will leave for Koreathree days.(2) He went to Be帀ng and retumedthree days.(3) He will be back3 p.m.(4) He has lived in Paristhree years ago.(5) It kept raini ng heavilyMon dayWed nesday 二、语篇填空在括号内填入适当的介词。It was so nice an after noon that I decided to go for a little walk my new boots 一

22、 the ones I had seen advertised on TV 2 Mthe world's best boots". Well, 3theory? yes, they were very comfortable boots but I soon found that in fact they gave me blisters. I n gen eral I do enjoy walking but at that moment all I wan ted was rest and r efresh me n 匸 in other words, I needed

23、to sit down, have a drink and go home 4 the bus The last bus home was in half an hour and I was far 5 the bus stop so I would have to get there 6 a hurry. At last I got to the bus stop just in time 7 a drink at the pub before the bus came I limped to the bus stop in the hope 8 getting on. But I was

24、out of luck because the bus was full up 一 not eve n standi ng room! I knew I would n ever make it home on foot and I was 9 the point of returning to the pub to drown my sorrows when another bus came round the corner, completely empty丨 got on, sat by myself at the back and started to feel 10 peace wi

25、th the world again as I took off my boots!三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。With the rise of human civilization about 8,000 years ago and especially the In dustrial Revolution in the mid-1700s, human beings bega n to alter (改变)the surface, water, and atmosphere of the Earth .In doing so, 2 have

26、become active geological age nts, not un like other forces of ch a nge that influence the planet. As a result, Earth's immediate future depends, 3 a great extent, on the 4 (behave) of human beings. For example, _5 widespread use of fossil fuels is releasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse ga

27、ses into the atmosphere and 6 (threat) to warm the planet's surface This global warming could melt glaciers and the polar ice caps, 7 could flood coastlines around the world and many island n atio ns. In effect, the carb on dioxide that 8 (remove) from Earth's early atmosphere by the oceans

28、and by primitive plant and animal life, 9 subsequently (随后)buried as fossilized remains in sedimentary rock, is being released back into the atmosphere and isthreatening the10 (exist) of living things.助读词汇coastline n.海岸线primitive adj.原始的fossilized adj.石化的rise 出现atmosphere n.大气层release vt.释放glacier n.冰川the Industrial Revolution 工业革命fossil fuel化石燃料polar ice cap极地冰帽sedimentary rock 沉积岩active geological agents积极的地质作用者参考答案考点练透一、单句填空1. On; At; On; In; In 2 to; on; in; with; for 3. in; by; at 4. on; in; on; in 5. to; on; in 6. excep匸 besides; but; except for 7. over; across; through 8