中国保险公司账户(英汉互译)

1、中国保险公司帐户目前，我国保险公司为客户提供的服务账户主要有人寿保险、财产保险、养老保险、资产管理、海外保险、另类投资及科研教育这几个方面。我国开办的保险险种有300多种，本文主要从保险划分的角度来介绍一下保险行业的主要产品。保险从大的方面来说分为社会保险和商业保险。对于社会保险又包括了养老保险、医疗保险、失业保险、工伤保险和生育保险。而对于商业保险，我国的分类方法是分成财产保险和人身保险（而在国外又一般分成寿险和非寿险）；财产保险又分为财产损失险、责任保险、信用保证保险三大类。（一)非人身保险 1.财产险 指保险人承保因火灾和其他自然灾害及意外事故引起的直接经济损失。险种

2、主要有企业财产保险、家庭财产保险、家庭财产两全保险（指只以所交费用的利息作保险费，保险期满退还全部本金的险种）、涉外财产保险、其他保险公司认为适合开设的财产险种。    2.货物运输保险 指保险人承保货物运输过程中自然灾害和意外事故引起的财产损失。险种主要有国内货物运输保险、国内航空运输保险、涉外（海、陆、空）货物运输保险、邮包保险、各种附加险和特约保险。3.运输工具保险 指保险人承保运输工具因遭受自然灾害和意外事故造成运输工具本身的损失和第三者责任。险种主要有汽车、机动车辆保险、船舶保险、飞机保险、其他运输工具保险。4.农业保险&#

3、160;指保险人承保种植业、养殖业、饲养业、捕捞业在生产过程中因自然灾害或意外事故而造成的损失。     5.工程保险指保险人承保中外合资企业、引进技术项目及与外贸有关的各专业工程的综合性危险所致损失，以及国内建筑和安装工程项目，险种主要有建筑工程一切险、安装工程一切险、机器损害保险、国内建筑、安装工程保险、船舶建造险、以及保险公司承保的其他工业险。6.责任保险 指保险人承保被保险人的民事损害赔偿责任的险种，主要有公众责任保险、第三者责任险、产品责任保险、雇主责任保险、职业责任保险等险种。 7.保证保险 指保险人承

4、保的信用保险，被保证人根据权利人的要求投保自己信用的保险是保证保险；权利人要求被保证人信用的保险是信用保险。包括合同保证保险、忠实保证保险、产品保证保险、商业信用保证保险、出口信用保险、投资（政治风险）保险。     （二）人身保险      1.按保险责任分类      按照保险责任的不同，人身保险可以分为人寿保险、人身意外伤害保险和健康保险。A.人寿保险 人寿即人的寿命，人寿保险是以被保险人的生命为保险际的，以被保险人生存或死亡为保

5、险事故的人身保险。在实务中，人们习惯把人寿保险分为定期寿险、终身寿险、两全保险和年金保险。人寿保险是人身保险中最重要的部分。B.人身意外伤害保险 人身意外伤害保险简称意外伤害保险。意外伤害是指在人们没有预见到或违背被保险人意愿的情况下，突然发生的外来致害物对被保险人身体明显、剧烈地侵害的客观事实。意外伤害保险是以被保险人因遭受意外伤害事故造成的死亡或伤残为保险事故的人身保险。在全部人身保险业务中，意外伤害保险所占比重不大，但由于保费相对低廉，只需支付少量保费就可获得高保障，投保简便，无需体检，所以承保人次较多，如旅行意外伤害保险、航空意外伤害保险等。C.健康保险 健康保险是

6、以被保险人的身体为保险标的，保证被保险人在疾病或意外事故所致伤害时的费用或损失获得补偿的一种人身保险，包括重大疾病保险、住院医疗保险、手术保险、意外伤害医疗保险、收入损失保险等。2.按保险期间分类 按照保险期间分类，人身保险可分为保险期间1年以上的长期业务和保险期间1年以下（含1年）的短期业务。其中，人寿保险中大多数业务为长期业务，如终身保险、两全保险、年金保险等，其保险期间长达十几年、几十年，甚至终身，同时，这类保险储蓄性也较强；而人身保险中的意外伤害保险和健康保险及人寿保险中的定期保险大多为短期业务，其保险期间为1年或几个月，同时，这类业务储蓄性较低，保单的现金价值较小。3.按承

7、保方式分类 按照承保方式分类，人身保险可分为团体保险和个人保险。团体保险是指一张保单为某一单位的所有员工或其中的大多数员工（中国保险监督管理委员会规定至少75%以上的员工，且绝对人数不少于8人）提供保险保障的保险。团体保险又可分为团体人寿保险、团体年金保险、团体健康保险等。个人保险是指一张保险单中只为一个人或一个家庭提供保障的保险。 4.按是否分红分类 按是否分红分类，人寿保险可以分为分红保险和不分红保险。分红保险是指保险公司将其实际经营成果优于保守定价假设的盈余，按一定比例向保单持有人分配的人寿保险。这种保单最初设计仅限于相互保险公司签发，但现在股份制保险公司也

8、可采用。一般来说，在分红保险保费计算中，预定利率、预定死亡率及预定费用率的假设较为保守，均附加了较大的安全系数，因而保费相对较高，公司理应将其实际经济成果优于保守假设的盈余以红利的方式返还一部分给保单持有人。而在不分红保单中，所附安全系数较小，因为这种保单的成本结余不能事后退还保单持有人；同时为业务竞争的需要，保险的计算必须反映提供保险的实际成本。因此，不分红保险的正常利润，仅以红利分配给股东或提存准备金。 Chinese insurance companies accountsChina's insurance companies to provide customers

9、with service account principal life insurance, property insurance, endowment insurance, asset management, insurance, alternative investments and overseas scientific research and education in these areas. My insurance is offered by the more than 300 kinds of paper from the Insurance Division to intro

10、duce the insurance industry in terms of the main product. Insurance from a bigger perspective into social security and commercial insurance. For social insurance includes old-age insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, industrial injury insurance and maternity insurance. As for commerc

11、ial insurance, our classifications are divided between property insurance and life insurance (and abroad are generally classified into life and non-life insurance); property is made up of property insurance, liability insurance, credit insurance for three broad categories. (A) non-life insurance 1.

12、property insurance underwriting refers to the insurer because of fires and other natural disasters and accidents caused direct economic losses.Main business property insurance, household insurance and property insurance, endowment insurance of family property (refers only to the cost of interest on

13、the premium refund the full principal amount of the insurance the insurance expires), foreign property and casualty insurance, other insurance company sees fit to offer property insurance. 2. cargo insurance refers to the insurer to cover the goods during transportation of property damage caused by

14、natural disasters and accidents. Coverage mainly in domestic cargo transportation insurance, domestic air transport insurance, foreign (air, sea and land) cargo transportation insurance, parcel insurance, additional insurance and contractual insurance. 3. means of transport insurance means the insur

15、er underwriting tools carriage due to natural disasters and accidents resulting in loss of transport itself and third party liability. Insurance are mainly cars, motor vehicle insurance, marine insurance, aircraft insurance, by other means of transport insurance. 4. agricultural insurance refers to

16、the insurer for crop cultivation, aquiculture, husbandry and fishing industry during the process of production losses caused by natural disasters or accidents. 5. Engineering insurance underwriting refers to the insurer related to foreign trade and Sino-foreign joint ventures, technology projects an

17、d loss of professional engineering of integrated risk and domestic construction and installation projects, main contractors all risks insurance, erection all risks insurance, domestic construction, machine damage, install engineering insurance, marine insurance, as well as other industrial risks ins

18、urance. 6. liability insurance underwriting refers to the insurer to the insured's civil liability insurance, including public liability insurance, third party liability insurance, product liability insurance, employers liability insurance, professional liability insurance coverage. 7. guarantee

19、 insurance underwriting refers to the insurer's credit insurance guarantor credit insurance cover according to the request of the right holder are guaranteed insurance owner asked to be guarantors of credit insurance, credit insurance.Including contract guarantee insurance, fidelity guarantee in

20、surance, guarantee insurance, credit insurance, export credit insurance, investment (political risks) insurance. (B) life insurance 1. According to different classification in accordance with insurance liability insurance, life insurance includes life insurance, personal accident insurance and healt

21、h insurance. A. life insurance life insurance is life expectancy, life insurance is based on the life of the insured as insurance, the life or death of the insured for the insured's life insurance policy. In practice, people used to include term life insurance, whole life insurance, endowment li

22、fe insurance and annuities. Life insurance life insurance is the most important part. B. personal accident insurance personal accident insurance accidental injury insurance for short. Accident refers to the people did not foresee or contrary to the wishes of the insured's case, sudden onset of o

23、bvious external cause damage to insured person's body, violently against the objective fact. Accident insurance is based on the insured person as a result of accidental injury resulting in death or disability for an insured's life insurance. In all in the life insurance business, share of ac

24、cidental injury insurance are unlikely, but due to the relatively low premiums, just pay a small premium to get high security cover is simple and without a medical examination, so underwriting discharges, such as travel accident insurance, aviation accident insurance, and so on. C. health insurance

25、health insurance is based on the body of the insured for the insured, guaranteed insured caused by sickness or accident injury compensation for expenses or losses when a life insurance policy, including critical illness insurance, hospitalization insurance, surgery insurance, accident insurance, ins

26、urance for loss of revenue. 2. insurance period classification of classification in accordance with the period of insurance, life insurance during more than 1 year can be divided into long-term business and insurance period less than 1 year (1 year) of short-term business. Which, life insurance in t

27、he most business for long-term business, as lifelong insurance, and both insurance, and annuity insurance, its insurance during up more than 10 years, and for decades years, even lifelong, while, this class insurance savings sex also strong; and life insurance in the of accident hurt insurance and h

28、ealth insurance and the life insurance in the of regularly insurance mostly for short-term business, its insurance during for 1 years or several months, while, this class business savings sex lower, policy of cash value smaller. 3.classification by underwriting classification according to underwriti

29、ng, insurance and personal insurance life insurance policy can be divided into groups. Group insurance is an insurance policy for a unit of all or most of these staff (China insurance regulatory Commission rules, at least 75% per cent of staff, and absolutely no fewer than 8 people) provided insuran

30、ce coverage. Group insurance can be divided into groups, group health insurance, life insurance and group annuity insurance. Only personal insurance is an insurance policy for the protection of a person or a family's insurance. 4. classification by classification according to whether dividends,

31、life can be divided into dividends and dividend insurance. Bonus insurance refers to the insurance company and actual operating results than conservatively priced supposed surplus, according to the certain proportion allocated to policyholders in life insurance. This policy was originally issued des

32、igns are only limited to mutual insurance companies, now joint-stock insurance company also can be used. In General, participating insurance premium calculation, predetermined interest rates, mortality rates and booking fees reservations rates assumptions more conservative, attach a greater safety f

33、actor, and premiums are relatively high, the company would make its real economic outcomes than the conservative assumption that forms part of the surplus to dividend to policyholders. When there are no participating policies, the accompanying safety factor less because the cost of such a policy can

34、not refund the policyholder after the balance; and competition for business needs, insurance calculations must reflect the actual cost of providing insurance. Therefore, dividend insurance for normal profit reserve for dividends distributed to shareholders or the deposit only.中国保险业特征（一）保险业的一般特征 

35、;我国的保险业务具有险种多、数据量大，保险条款变化大以及保险业务网点分散、数据保存时间长等特征。1.保险险种多、数据量大 保险业务按保险对象不同分为财产保险、责任保险、人身保险和财产与责任综合保险。目前，我国已开办的保险险种达300多种。2.保险条款变化大 随着我国保险业务的不断发展，尤其是近几年保险业务更是发展迅速，随着与保险业相关的一些经济政策和经济环境的变化，保险条款一直处于不断的变化和完善过程中，造 成了业务可变性大、规范性差。这种复杂多变的业务需求使得传统的手工处理方式无法适应，更无法及时满足客户的要求。3.网点分散、数据保存时间长 保险业务的

36、专设机构网点往往比较分散，可位于全市的各个地区，再加上目前大量直销员的推销网点使得业务覆盖面相当大。在这种情况下如果仅靠手工集中处理则根本无法实现对所有数据的及时采集和对所有投保户的及时出单处理。同时，保险业务的数据根据业务种类的不同，其保存期限也有所不同，而往往有大量数据的保存期相当长(如30年)，这样，对保险公司的业务处理机构来说数据保存的压力非常大，传统的方法也同样无法满足其要求。 （二）保险业的金融特征 保险与银行、证券并称为金融行业的三大支柱,是因为保险具有一般金融行业的特征。 1.保险与银行、证券都是以货币为存在形式 保费的收取和理赔的支出都

37、采用货币的形式,以货币为媒介而发生。保险标的的价值和潜在风险,以及保险利益也必须能够用货币来衡量。 2.保费的分散收取和集中使用具有资金融通的性质 样本基数足够大才能使得大数法则更准确地实现,保费从这足够大的基数中收取,再按照大数法则的精算结果支付到发生风险的个体,完成了资金融通的过程。 3.保险资金的运用具有投资性质 无论是财产保险还是人身保险,保险资金从积累到支付都会经历一段特定的时间,为了克服通货膨胀等因素的影响,实现保险资金的保值、增值,保险人必须通过对这部分资金的投资操作来确保将来的支付。保险行业有别于银行业和证券业，因为保险业具有其他金融行业

38、所不具备的特征： A.保险业中的货币仅仅实现了货币的购买职能和支付职能 投保人付出的保费是风险分散的精算结果,从保险原理上来讲,保险所提供的保障不会超过投保人损失的总量,即保费的总额;而银行业与证券业中的货币已经转化为资本,以获取增量的货币为目的,具有天然的增值性。可见同样是以货币为存在形式,货币在保险行业和其他金融行业运作的过程中所发挥的职能却是并不相同的。 B.保险只有融资的形式,而没有融资的内容 虽然保险人收取保费、集中运用表现出融资的形式,但是就内容而言保险的资金融通是一种互助共济的经济关系,是为了克服风险不确定性,通过分散和集中的融资形式而实现

39、保障的功能。而其他金融行业的融资行为,或直接(证券业)、或间接(银行业)地就是为了实现资本的增值。因此,保险的资金融通与银行业、证券形式相同,但内容是不同的。 C.保险资金运用的投资性质与银行、证券截然不同 保险资金运用是承保务的延续,是为了确保保险资金在一段时间之后能够不受通过膨胀等经济社会因素的影响,顺利实现对风险事故发生所造成的损失的赔付。并且,在确保资金运作安全的基础上,当保险资金运作的实际收入高于保费的时间价值时,这部分投资收益也应当回归到保险资金中去,用于增强保险的偿付能力和保障能力。而其他金融行业资金的投资性质是具有显著的扩张目的的。（三）保险行业发展的特征&

40、#160;在经济理论范畴中，根据以哪种要素为主的经济增长推动要素和投入要素之间的比例，可以组成不同的推动经济增长方式的要素组合方式。在宏观和产业层面上，有技术密集型经济增长方式、劳动密集型经济增长方式、资本密集型经济增长方式、知识密集型经济增长方式、自然资源密集型经济增长方式等。保险行业发展不同与工业制造行业的发展，从行业特点看，保险业首先属于金融服务行业。这是保险业发展的重要特点。 从未来发展看，随着保险业务的上升，在不断提取业务准备金的同时，增加盈利或继续增加资本投入以增强偿付能力都是必要的。其次，保险业是经营风险的特殊行业。而经营风险的基本原理之一就是大数法则。尤其是财产保险公

41、司，按照大数法则的要求，自然有要求做大的冲动，通过增设分子机构扩大承保标的、增加业务量。否则无法分散其承保的风险，导致其亏损，或无法提高其抗风险的能力。所以，从多数国家和地区保险实践看，将公司做大是保险公司发展的基本特征。近多年来，日本财产公司市场集中度不断提高，保险公司已合并成三大集团，除了其他原因外，上述大数法则下做大和市场上表现出的垄断化的原因不能不算一个重要的原因。正是由于这特殊性，保险业是否适用于反垄断法是值得商榷的。Characteristics of China's insurance industry(I) General features of our country

42、's insurance business in the insurance industry with insurance, large amount of data, change of insurance clauses and insurance business network, data saving time and other features. 1. the insurance coverage, the amount of data were divided into the insurance business by insurance property insu

43、rance, liability insurance, life insurance, and property and liability insurance. At present, our country has completed over more than 300 kinds of insurance. 2. the insurance terms change with the development of China's insurance business, in particular the insurance business is developing rapi

44、dly in recent years, with some economic policies associated with the insurance industry and the changes in the economic environment, insurance has been in a process of continuous change and improvement, resulting in a large operational variability, standard deviation. This complex and changing busin

45、ess requirements make traditional manual approach is unable to adapt, much less meet customer requirements in a timely manner. 3. insurance business in decentralized networks, the data saved for a long time dedicated outlets tend to be more scattered and can reside in various places throughout the c

46、ity, plus many direct sellers selling outlets make considerable business coverage. In this case if only manual focus it is impossible to gather all data and timely order processing for all insured families. Meanwhile, the data according to the different types of business insurance business, and thei

47、r retention times are different, but often have a fairly long shelf lives for large amounts of data (for example, 30), thus, saves the data to the business processes of the insurance company agency under great pressure, the traditional method is also unable to meet their requirements. (B) the charac

48、teristics of financial insurance in the insurance industry and banking, securities and called the three pillars of the financial sector, because insurance has the General characteristics of the financial sector. 1. the banking, securities and insurance are based on the existing form of currency for

49、premiums received and claims expenses take the form of money, in money as a medium. Insured value and potential risks, and insurance interests must also be able to use money to measure. 2. decentralized collection and centralized use of the premium nature of the financing base large enough to make t

50、he sample more accurately the law of large numbers, this base large enough to collect premiums, in accordance with the law of large numbers of actuarial risk results are paid to individuals, through the process of financial intermediation.3. use of insurance funds with investment properties whether

51、property insurance or life insurance, the insurance fund from accumulated to pay for will experience a certain amount of time, in order to overcome the impact of inflation and other factors to realize value preservation and increment of the insurance fund, the insurer must pass the funds investment

52、operations to ensure that future payments. Insurance industry is different from yú banking and securities industry, because insurance has other financial industry by not has of features: A. insurance in the of currency just achieved has currency of purchased functions and paid functions policyh

53、olders pay of premium is risk dispersed of fine is results, from insurance principle shàng, insurance by provides of guarantees does not over policyholders loss of total, that premium of total; and banking and securities industry in the of currency has conversion for capital, to gets incrementa

54、l of currency for purposes, has natural of value-added sex. Visible is also in the form of currency, currency in the insurance industry and other financial industry plays in the process of function is not the same. B. only financing in the form of insurance, and although insurers finance charge a pr

55、emium, centralized application form funding, but in terms of content the financing of insurance is a mutual economic relations, is to overcome the risk of uncertainty, through decentralized and centralized form of financing and guarantee functions. Other financing activities in the financial sector,

56、 or directly (securities), or indirectly (the banking sector) is to achieve capital appreciation. Therefore, insurance, financing and banking, securities of the same, but the content is different. C. insurance investment banking, securities and investment property of distinct works in respect of the

57、 utilization of insurance funds is continuing, is to ensure that insurance funds over a period of time not under the influence of socio-economic factors such as inflation, smooth realization of risk pay for losses caused by the accident. And in ensuring the operational safety of funds on the basis o

58、f when the actual revenue is larger than the premium of insurance funds to operate the time value, this part of the return on investment should be returned to the insurance fund, to enhance the solvency of insurance and support capabilities. Investment of funds and other financial industry purpose nature has significant expansion. (C) the characteristics of the development of the insurance industry in areas of economic the