高考英语分词特殊结构

1、高考英语语法专题：英语分词常见的特殊用法一    “悬垂分词”问题分词(短语)有意义上的逻辑主语，它或是句子的主语，或者另有自己的主语，不然称这种分词为“悬垂分词”，这样的句子一般认为是不能接受或错误的。【例如】Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there are lots of mountains.(这句话听起来好象是那些山从窗户往外看。)Admired by everybody, dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier.(这句话听起来好象是信件被赞扬。)

2、Sitting under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.(这句话听上去好象是某种思想坐在树下。)关于“悬垂分词”这条语法规则也有例外情况。下面几种情况中的分词(短语)，不再认为它们是“悬垂分词”，即句子是正确的。1)有些分词(短语)可用来表示说话人的态度，看问题的角度，或者对所叙述的情况进行解释，它们便成了句子的独立成分，其逻辑主语也就不再是句子的主语。【例如】Strictly speaking, nobody is allowed in here.严格地讲，谁也不允许在这儿。(speaking的逻辑主语并不是nobody)J

3、udging from his accent, he must be from the South.从他的口音判断，他一定是南方人。(这句中不是he在“判断”)Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.总的来说，这本书没有问题。Taking all thingssintosconsideration, his work is a successful one.全面考虑起来，他的工作还是很成功的。经常这样用的分词(分词词组)有：frankly (broadly, generally, properly, strictly) speaking

4、, judging from(by),talking about,speaking of,looking at,takinginto consideration, put frankly, taken等。2)这样使用的有些分词，在句子中逐渐起到连词或介词的作用，便把它们视为连词或介词。【例如】Granting that he had the best intention, his conduct might work great mischief.就算他出于好意，他的行为也会引起极大不快。There were ten people in the room, including me.屋子里有十

5、个人，包括我在内。Provided that my expenses are paid, I will go.要是我的费用有人代付，我就去。经常这样使用的分词有：admitting (that), assuming (that), barring, concerning, presuming, granting, pending, excepting, failing, saving, supposing (that), touching, given, granted, provided(that)等。3)某些句子中作状语的分词的逻辑主语虽然不是句子的主语，但可能是句中的另外某一成分，对这样

6、的句子也不再认为是“悬垂分词”。【例如】Seeing her health sinking rapidly, alarm clutched the father"s heart. 她父亲看到她健康迅速恶化，很是惊慌。(分词seeing的逻辑主语当然不是alarm，但它包含在宾语heart的定语father"s之中。)His summer holidays were spent in the countryside, helping his father with farm work.他在乡下过暑假，帮助父亲干农活。(分词helping的逻辑主语包含在主语holidays的定

7、语his之中)以上句子之所以能被接受，是因为它们能清楚表达意思，不会引起误解，如第一句中alarm是抽象名词，不会误解为seeing的逻辑主语；第二句中主语holidays是无生命的名词，不可能误解为helping的逻辑主语。4)如果句子谓语是被动语态，分词的逻辑主语可以包含在by后面的动作执行者之中(有时这个执行者并未明确表示出来)。这样的句子也可以被接受，而非“悬垂分词”。【例如】Ideas can be expressed accurately and effectively, using simple sentences.用简单的句子可以准确有力地表达思想。Knowing as muc

8、h as you do, the situation is easily explained.像你这样了解情况，很容易解释这一形势。以上两句中的分词using和knowing的逻辑主语当然不是它们句子的主语ideas和situation，而是没有明确表达出来的express和explain两个动作的执行者。二    解析分词的独立结构在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词)，构成分词的独立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等

9、。【例如】The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it. (附加说明)She rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms. (伴随动作)Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand.(伴随动作)They being blind men, how could they see the elephants? ( =As they were blind men. ) (表示

10、原因)Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan.(表示原因) A force acting through a distance, work is done. (表示条件)Both bright side and dark side considered, you will have the confidence to overcome this difficulty. (表示条件)All flightsshavingsbeen cancelled because of the snowstorm, ma

11、ny passengers could do nothing but take the train. there be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构，作状语修饰主句，there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。【例如】There being nothing else to do, we went home. Thereshavingsbeen no rain, the plants withered. It being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to g

12、ive them another two days. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _on benches, chairs or boxes. (CET 4 2000,1)A)shavingsseated B) seating C) seated D)shavingsbeen seated本题考察的是with引导的分词的独立结构，seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思，所以用过去分词，答案为C。seat可以用于如下句中：He came in and was seated in the chair.

13、 Please come in and be seated. So many directors_, the board meeting had to be put off. (CET 4 2000,6)A) were absent B) being absent C) been absent D) had been absent本题考察的是分词的独立结构,主语与分词之间是主谓关系，因此选择B。三    现在分词的完成被动式现在分词的完成被动式表示分词的动作发生在谓语的行为之前，且动作由逻辑主语所承受(即与逻辑主语是被动关系)。【例如】Having been gi

14、ven such a good chance, he planned to work hard. Having been experimented several times, this new product will be putsintosmass production. All the compositionsshavingsbeen written and collected, the teacher dismissed the students. 四    现在分词被动式的用法在表示一个被动动作时，如果这个动作正在进行，或是与谓语表示的动作同

15、时发生，我们可以用现在分词的被动形式。【例如】The bridge being built now will be completed in three months.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.Being surrounded by the students, the teacher was answering questions one by one.If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-r

16、estraint as if I were the one _. (CET-4 1996,6) A) to correct B) correcting C)shavingscorrected D) being corrected句意为：如果我批评某个人，我会尽量保持幽默，自我控制，像批评自己一样。one为代词，后面的动词为其修饰成分，故用分词，而且one与correct之间是动宾关系，故用分词被动式，答案为D。 五     现在分词完成式的用法现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中，表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成。【例如】Having succ

17、eeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one. Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer game.Notshavingsmade adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the excurs

18、ion till next week.独立结构中也可以用现在分词的完成形式。【例如】His parentsshavingsdied, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.The guestsshavingsleft, they resumed their discussion. 六     现在分词和过去分词的用法及实例分析现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语

19、或逻辑主语等。1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。【例如】Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word. The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.

20、 Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention, the plants could grow better. He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother"s illness.分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。【例如】Notshavingsenough hands, we turned to

21、them for help.(we don"t have enough hands).Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were i

22、nspired/ inspire the working people)_the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6) A)shavingsbelieved B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，及分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此，应用现在分词，答案为B.No matter how frequently _, the works of

23、Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995,6) A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B._as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (CET-4 1996,1)A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be p

24、ublished本句中as引导的是让步状语从句，意思为：他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版，还是引起了关注，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为B.2)“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。【例如】When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.While waiting for the train, I had a lon

25、g talk with my sister about her work.Once recovered, he threw himselfsintoshis work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam.If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.3)分词作定语分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心

26、词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。【例如】We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.This is really an exhausting day to all of us!We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to t

27、ake a long walk along the beach the next day. More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack.As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established

28、in every town _50 households or more. (CET-4 1998,1) A)shavingsB) to have C) to have had D)shavingshad Town后面由分词做定语，而且town本身有50或以上人家，故town与分词间为主谓关系，应该用现在分词，答案为A。4)分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave,

29、set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。【例如】On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by. We should not leave him wondering what he should do.I am sorry to have kept you waiting fo

30、r such a long time. I caught him dozing off in class.过去分词可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge动词等后面作宾语补足语。【例如】After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken.Yo

31、u should keep her informed of what is going on here.The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination. 在动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。【例如】I saw Mr. White get off a bus.I saw Mr. White looki

32、ngsintosa shop window. Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.5)分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。【例如】The film“Pearl Harbor”is really exciting. I am excited about it.His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt di

33、sappointed at his response.分词特殊用法练习题(附答案)1) After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well boys_ to go to school. (CET-4 1997,1)A) to be encouraged B) been encouraged C) being encouraged D) be encouraged2) _,a man who expresses himself effe

34、ctively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. (CET-4 1997,6)A) Other things being equal B) Were other things equalC) To be equal to other things D) Other things to be equal3)All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. (CET-4 1998,6)A) considered

35、 B) be considered C) considering D)shavingsconsidered4) The house was very quiet, _as it was on the side of a mountain. (CET-4 1999,6)A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D)shavingsbeen isolated5) This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, _both wind-resistant and adapted to the same

36、 type of soil. (CET-4 1999,6)A) being B) been C) to be D)shavingsbeen6) Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _ in Cuba. (CET-4 2000,1)A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C)shavingscultivated D) cultivating7) _in this way, the situation doesn&qu

37、ot;t seem so disappointing. (CET-4 2000,1)A) To look B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at8) You will see this product _ wherever you go. (CET-4 2000,6)A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising9) _in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarshi

38、p totaling 21,000 dollars. (CET-4 2000,12)A) To be judged the best B)shavingsjudged the bestC) Judged the best D) Judging the best10) From the dates _ on the plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty.A) marking B)shavingsbeen marked C) marked D) to be marked11) She stood by the window,

39、_.A) thinking B) think C) thought D) thinks12) _ to meet anybody, he went in from the back door.A) Not wishing B) Wishing C) Not wished D) No wishing13) The editorial _ now will appear in tomorrow"s newspaper.A) writing B) to write C) being written D) write14) It _ now pretty late, we took our

40、things and retired to our room.A) is B) being C) turned D) got 15) _ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A) When compared B) While comparing C) Compare D) Comparing16) The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand _ a stick for support.A)

41、held B) holding C) being holding D) was holding17) _ three times in a row, the boxer decide to give up fighting. A)shavingsdefeated B) To have defeate C)shavingsbeen defeated D) To have been defeated18) _neglecting our education, my father sent me to school.A) Accused of B) Accusing of C) To be accu

42、sed of D) That he was accused of19) _ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf.A) He is remembered B) While being rememberedC) To be remembered D) Though remembered20) _ that they are fresh from university, the young people have done a goo

43、d job.A) Given B) Because C) Giving D) As21) _ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.A) If walking B) While walking C) Walking D) When one is walking22) I understood you were third-year students _ in English.A) who majors B) who major isC) have ma

44、jored D) majoring23) A cool rain was falling, _ with snow. A) mixed B) mixing C) to mix D)shavingsmixed24) _ by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender.A) Surrounded B) SurroundingC)shavingssurrounded D) To be surrounded25)_ equal educational opportunities, American Indians in the reservations remained backward and illiterate for a long time.A