牛津版八年级上册英语unit one

1、 八年级英语上册讲义Unit 1 Encyclopaedias百科全书【学习目标】1. 学习Unit1的重点单词、短语、句型。2. 复合不定代词的解析与运用。【难点、重点分析】（一）重点单词、短语1.Da Vinci was born in the countryside .达.芬奇出生在农村。Be born意为“出生”，其后可接地点或时间状语。接地点名词时用介词in，接时间名词时用on沪或in(具体到某一天用on；出生于某年/某月用in)。E g: Li Ming was born in England on May 8th,1995.2.His paintings are very fam

2、ous, and one, the Mona Lisa, is perhaps the most famous paintings in the world. Famous形容词，意为“著名的”，相当于well-known,可以作表语和定语。 She is a famous sports star in the world.她是一位世界闻名的体育明星。 辨析：be famous for 与be famous as be famous for因而闻名 eg：Hangzhou is famous for the West Lake.杭州因西湖而闻名。 Be famous as作为而著名 eg：He

3、 is famous as a singer.他作为一名歌唱家而著名。3.For example, his notebooks include some interesting drawings of flying machines.例如，他的笔记本里包含一些飞行器的有趣图画。 Include及物动词，意为“包含，包括”。 The price includes both your shirt and your trousers. 这个价格包含了你的衬衫和裤子。 拓展 including 是介词，意为“包括，包含在内”。 Ten member were present at the meetin

4、g, including myself.包含我在内的10个成员出席了会议4.Dinosaurs lived on Earth more than 60 million years before human beings .恐龙早于人类六千多万年就生活在地球上了。（1） more than 意为“超过；多于”，相当于over,反义词为less than,意为“少于”。They have more than a car.他们不止一辆汽车。 拓展：no more than（only）仅仅；不过 not more than不多于；不多于；不超过 （2）million“百万”，与具体的数字连勇士，不加s

5、,后面直接加复数名词。固定短语million Of意为“数百万的”，其后接可数名词的复数形式，不与具体数字连用。另 外，hundred, thousand和million的用法相同。 E g: Millions of people help him in the different ways.数百万人以不同的方式帮助他。 E g: there are about two thousand students in this school.5.Some dinosaurs were as small as chickens.有的恐龙和鸡一样小。Asas意为“与一样”，当两个比较对象在某个方面相同时

6、，用“as+形容词/副词原级+as”结构，表示”（A与B）一样“。The tree is as tall as that one.这棵树和那棵一样高。拓展：比较两个对象时，若一方不及另与一方，则用“not as/so+形容词/副词原级+as”机构，表“A不如B”。Our school is not big as yours6.Then, suddenly, they all died out.然后，他们突然都灭绝了。Die out意为“灭绝，消失”。 Eg： why did they die out? 为什么他们灭绝了？7.Nobody knows why.没有人知道其中原因。Nobody 不

7、定代词，意为“没有人“，相当于no one。Nobody作主语是，谓语动词要用单数形式。Eg：There was nobody in the room.房间里没有人。拓展：与nobody相关的不定代词：everybody 每个人；人人 somebody 某人 Anybody任何人；无论谁。Ex.1:短语翻译 1.在乡村 2.人类 3.灭绝 4.出生 5.超过，多余 6.著名的 7.没有人 7.百万人（二）难句分析1From an early age, he showed great intelligence and artistic ability.从很小的时候就表现出的才智和艺术才能。Sho

8、w此处用作及物动词，意为“表现，显示”。Show作动词时的常见含义有：（1）.出示，展示，显露，露出 eg: He showed me his photo to me. =He showed me his photo.他给我看了他的照片。 Eg：show me your ID card，please.请出示你的身份证。（2）.流露（感情等），表示，表现Eg：He showed great interest in science when he was young.他小的时候就对科学表现出了很大的兴趣。(3)教，告诉，说明，指点 Eg: he showed me the way on the m

9、ap. 他在地图上指出了那条路。 Ability名词，意为“才能，能力”。 表示“能干”时，多为不可数名词，表示“才能，才干”时，多用复数形式。 Eg: He is a man of many abilitity.他是个有个有能力的人。 He is a man of many abilities.他是个多才多艺的人。 I think he has the ability to do it. 我认为他有能力做这件事。 2.They were not very good, but they helped me think and dream.这些诗歌和图画不是很好，但它们帮我思考和梦想。 Help

10、 sb. (to) do sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”，help后作宾补的不定式带to 不带to均可，又是本结构与help sb. with sth.意思相同。 Eg：He often helps me (to) study English.= He often helps me with my English. 他经常帮助我学英语。 拓展：(1).help oneself to随便吃些 Eg：Help yourselves to some fish, children.孩子们，随便吃些鱼吧。 ( 2).cant help doing禁不住做 Eg：She cant help laughin

11、g.她禁不住笑了。3 . Landy wanted something to make people come to his fruit shop, so he built the Big Banana. 兰迪想通过某种东西吸引人们来他的水果店，所以他建了大香蕉。 Make sb. Do sth. 意为“使/让某人做某事”，make 在此处是使役动词，后跟不带to的动词不定式作宾补。 Eg：The boss made me work twelve hours a day.老板让我每天工作十二小时。 拓展：最常见的使役动词有have, make let和get,都表示“使/让”之意，其后都可跟复

12、合宾语。但have, make, let后用动词不定式作宾补时不带to;而get后用动词不定式做宾补时带 to。 Eg：I will have /make/let him go instead of me. =I will get him to go instead of me. 我将让他替我去。 Ex.2:翻译句子1. 在遇到难题是，他的行动表现出他解决难题的决心。 2. 看到他滑稽的摸样，我禁不住笑了。 3. 我的朋友经常在我有困难的时候帮助我。 4. 他丢失了他的钥匙，这使在待在寒冷中等待他的妻子回来。5. 如果我们不保护这些动物的话，他们甚至会灭绝。6. 他从小就表现出超常的智慧和艺术

13、才能。(三)学习语法不定代词：不明确指代某个（些）人；某个（些）事物的代词叫做不定代词。要点精讲：要点1 常见的不定代词 功能在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语和同位语 分类 肯定性both, all, many, much, one, other, each, either, other(s), the other(s),a few, a little, someone, somebody, something, somewhere, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 否定性No, neither, none, , nobody, nothing, few,

14、 little要点2 复合不定代词 -one -body -thing Some- someone somebody something Any- anyone anybody anything Every- everyone everybody everything No- No one/none nobody nothing复合不定代词用法详解复合不定代词是由some-，any-，no-，every-加上-one，-body，-thing等所组成的不定代词。复合不定代词包括 something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, n

15、othing, nobody, no one, everything, everybody, everyone 等十二个。这些复合代词具有名词性质，在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语。使用时注意以下几点：一、复合不定代词的指代对象(1)、含-body和-one的复合代词只用来指人，含-body的复合不定代词与含-one的复合不定代词在功能和意义上完全相同，可以互换。只是用-body时显得较通俗些，多用于口语中，用-one时显得较文雅些，更常见于正式场合及书面语中。如：Someone/Somebody is crying in the next room.有人在隔壁房间哭。No one

16、/Nobody is stupid. 没有谁是愚蠢的。(2)、含-thing的复合不定代词只用来指事物。如：Are you going to buy anything?你会去买东西吗？I can hear nothing but your vioce. 我只听到了你的声音。二、复合不定代词的属格(1)、含-one和-body等指人的复合代词可有-'s属格形式。如：Everybody's business is nobody's business.大家的事情没人管。Is this anybody's seat? 这儿有人坐吗？（2）、含-one和-body等指人的

17、复合代词后跟else时，-'s属格应加在else之后。如：Can you remember someone else's name? 你还记得其他人的姓名吗？(3)、含-thing等指事物的复合不定代词没有-'s属格形式。三、复合不定代词的数 (1)、复合不定代词都具有单数的含义，因此通常被看成是单数第三人称。当它们充当句子的主语时，其后的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Is everyone here today? 今天，大家都到齐了吗？Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。(2)、当要

18、对一群人讲话时，可使用以复合不定代词作主语的祈使句，句中的动词用原形。如：Nobody move！= Don' anybody move！ 都别动！Everyone lie down! 统统趴下！ 四、复合不定代词的替代问题由于复合不定代词都具有单数的含义，所以在正规的英语中用来替代它们的代词也应该是单数形式。(1)、含-one和-body等指人的复合代词，其代词应该是he/she, him/her,其-'s属格形式的代词应该是his/her, his/hers。如：Everyone has his/her own words. 每个人都有他（她）自己的说辞。但是，这样一来就会

19、因为性别的差异而使得在代词的运用上具有不确定性，所以为了避免这种别扭的情况，我们一般都是用they/them/their/theirs,尤其是在口语中以及非正式场合下。如：No one gave you a ticket, did they? 没人给你票，是吗？Someone came in, but I didn't know who they were. 有人进来了，但我不知道是谁。（2）、含-thing等指事物的复合不定代词，不会因性别上的差异而使得在代词的运用上产 生不确定性，因此我们就使用it。如：Something goes wrong, doesn't it?出问

20、题了，是吗？五、复合不定代词的定语复合不定代词的定语必须后置，即放在复合不定代词的后面。如：Can you tell something interesting? 你能讲些有趣的事情吗？Is there anybody important here? 这儿有大人物吗？Would you like something to eat? 要来些吃的东西吗？六、含some-和any-的复合不定代词间的用法区别由some-和any-所构成的复合不定代词（即something和anything；someone和anyone；somebody和anybody）之间的区别跟some和any的区别一样。（1）、

21、something，someone，somebody通常用于肯定句中，而anything，anyone，anybody 一般用于否定句，疑问句或条件状语从句中。如： He found something strange but interesting.他发现了一些奇怪但却有趣的事情。Do you have anything to say ？你有话要说吗？I can't meet anybody on the island. 在岛上，我没遇见任何人。（2）、在表示请求、邀请、提建议等带有委婉语气的疑问句，和希望得到对方肯定答复的疑问句，以及表示反问的问句中，也用somethin

22、g，someone，somebody等复合不定代词。如:Would you like something to eat？要些吃的东西吗？Isn't there something wrong with you? 难道你没问题吗？（3）、当anything表示"任何事（物），无论何事（物）"，anyone，anybody表示"无论谁，任何人"等意义时，它们也可以用于肯定句中。如：Anything is OK. 什么都行。Anybody knows the answer.任何人都知道答案。七、复合不定代词的否定（1）、"not every-

23、"表示的是部分否定，意为"并非都，不都"。例如：Not everything will go well. 并非一切都会那么顺利。The teacher didn't call everyone's name. 老师并没有点所有人的名。(2)、"not any-"和no-均表示全否定。例如：He listened, but heard nothing.他听了听，但什么也没听到。= He listened, but didn't hear anything.You haven't called anyone/anyb

24、ody up, have you? 你没给谁打过电话，是吗？= You have called no one/nobody up, have you?八、复合不定代词作名词复合不定代词可以充当名词用，表示".的事情（东西或人）"。(1)、someone/somebody, anyone/anybody的意义是"重要人物，大人物"，everyone/everybody意为"最重要的人"，no one/nobody则意指"无关紧要的人，小人物"。例如：(2)、something，anything的意义是"重要

25、事情（东西）"，everything表示"最重要的事情（东西）"，nothing则指"毫无趣味的事情，无关紧要的东西"。九、合与分的区别问题(1)、 someone，anyone，everyone都只能指人，且不和介词of连用；some one，any one，every one则既可指人又可指物，可与介词of连用。例如：Anyone should be polite to every one of them.任何人都要礼貌对待他们中的每一个人。-Which toy would you like? -Any one is OK. -你要那个玩具

26、？-随便。(2)、no one（=nobody）"没有人"，只用来指人，通常不和介词of连用；none"没有一个"，既可以用来指人也可用来指物。例如：No one can do it better. 没有人能做得更好。None of these questions is easy, and none of us can even answer any one of them.这些问题没有一个是容易的，我们中没有一个人能答出其中的一题。回答who引导的特殊疑问句时用no one；回答how many引导的特殊疑问句时用none。例如：-Who was la

27、te ? -No one. -谁迟到了？-谁也没有迟到。-How many pigs do you keep? -None. -你养几头猪？-一头也没养。【Ex.3】单项选择1He can't hear you, because there is _ noise hereAvery muchBtoo muchCmuch tooDso many2_ name is Han Meimai. AHerselfBHersCSheDHer3All of us were invited, but _ of us cameAneitherBnoneCboth4The weather in Shang

28、hai is different from _ ABaotouBBaotou weatherCthat in BaotouDthose of Baotou5There isn't _ water in the cup.AanyBmanyCsomeDthe6-Is this _ pen? -No, _ is on my desk.Ayour; myByours; myCyour; mineDyours; mine7The bottle is empty. There is _ in it.AanythingBsomethingCnothing8-Look! We have _ sugar

29、. -Really? Let's go and buy some.AfewBa fewClittleDa little9There isn't _ milk in the fridge. You'd better buy some.AnoBanyCsome10-“There isn't _ water here. Could you get _ for me?”-“All ringht.”A some; someBany; anyCsome; anyDany; someUnit 1 单元测试一单项选择1Today, _ trees are still being

30、 cut down somewhere in the world.Amuch tooBtoo muchCmany tooDtoo many2There are lots of English books here, and _ of them is easy to understand.AbothBallCeveryDeach3Is the shirt on the bed _ ?AyoursByourCyou4Mr Green taught _ English last year.AourBweCus5These sweaters are too small for me. Please s

31、how me _ one.AotherBothersCthe othersDanother6Mary can't go with us. _ has to look after _ mother at home.AShe; hisBShe; herCHe; herDHe; His7There isn't _ paper in the box. Will you go and get _ for me?Aany; someBany; anyCsome; someDsome; any8I often help _ .Ahe or sheBhis and herChim and he

32、rDhis and hers9There are some trees on _ side of the street.AbothBallCeitherDevery10“Which of the two dictionaries do you like better?”“I like _ , because they're not useful.”AbothBeitherCallDneither11They were all very tired, but _ of them would stop to take a rest.AanyBsomeCnoneDneither12There

33、 were _ people and noise in the park last Sunday.Amany; muchBmuch; muchCmuch; manyDmany; many13_ of them has a dictionary and _ one of them can look up words in the dictionary.AEach; everyBEvery; eachCEach; eachDEvery; every14Please keep together. We want _ of you to get lost.AnoneBsomeCmanyDany15Th

34、ere is _ water here; but there are quite _ empty glasses. Alittle; a fewBfew; littleCfew; a fewDlittle; a little16The skirt is _ . She made it _ .Ahers; herselfBher; herselfCherself; hersDherself; her17“Haven't you forgotten _ ?”“ _ ,oh, I forgot my bag.”Aanything; Excuse meBsomething; Excuse me

35、Csomething; PardonDeverything; Pardon18Be quiet! I have _ to tell you.Aimportant anythingBanything importantCimportant somethingDsomething important19My father is very busy with his work. He has _ time to do the housework.AlittleBfewCa littleDa few20- _ of the boys in Class Four are playing games.-_

36、.AAllBEachCThe bothDNone21The boy promised _ mother never to lie to _ again.Ahis; himBher; herCher; himDhis; her22“Would you like some milk in your tea?”“Yes, just _ .”AmuchBa littleCa fewDlittle23_ school is much larger than _ .ATheir; ourBTheir; ours CTheirs; oursDTheirs; our24Put it down, Richard

37、. You mustn't read _ letter. Aanyone's else'sBanyone's elseCanyone else'sDanyone else25He found _ very interesting to ride a horse. AthisBthatCitDwhich26Han Meimei, what about _ to eat?AeverythingBsomethingCnothingDanything27_ office is much smaller than _ .AOurs; yours BOur; you

38、rsCTheirs; ourDYour; their28“Help _ to some meat, Mary,”my aunt said to me.AthemselvesBourselvesCyourselfDhimself29There are twenty teachers in this gradeEight of them are women teachers and _ are men teachers.Athe otherBthe othersCothersDother30Though they had cleaned the floor, there was still _ w

39、ater on it.AlittleBa littleCfewDa few 二语法填空：阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，给每道题选出最佳选项。Once a lion（狮子） saw a fine young horse and wanted to eat it. But the horse was very 1 and he could not catch her. Then the lion had an 2 . He told the 3 that he was a good 4 and could do something for them. The horse w

40、as 5 ， She understood 6 the lion wanted to do. So one day when the lion was near the horse，she told him that there was 7 wrong with one of her feet and asked him to look it 8 . Of course， the lion was very glad to do so. Then the horse raised（抬起 ） one of his legs from the ground 9 the lion looked at

41、 her foot， she kicked him on the 10 . The lion fell to the ground. The horse laughed and ran away.1. A. beautiful B. young C. careful2. A. idea B. way C. answer3. A. friends B. animals C. birds4. A. doctor B. nurse C. teacher5. A. sad B. afraid C. clever6. A. what B. how C. where7. A. nothing B. som

42、ething C. anything8. A. after B. over C. for9. A. Before B. After C. When10. A. head B. legs C. hands三完型填空1. Gail and her dog, Sam, are standing at the street corner. They're waiting for the cars to go by. They want to go 41 the street. She is waiting for Sam to decide when they should cross.42

43、blind people use special, trained( 受过训练的) dogs to help them tell when and where they would go. But not every dog can do 43 . A dog for the blind must be clever. The dog must be 44 at a special school. He is taught to walk 45 the trainer's legs.  He is taught to walk 46 h

44、is trainer does.The blind 47 goes to the school too. He practices with the dog. He holds the leather belt(皮带) around the dog's neck tightly(紧紧地). 48 he feels the dog's movements and knows when and where to 49 .At the street corner Sam doesn't watch the 50 It's not because h

45、e's careless. It's just because dogs can't 51 red lights from green ones. He is trained to watch the cars, and tell 52 the time is for him and Gail to cross.Sam is 53 to Gail. He does her seeing for her. He keeps her 54 danger. But Sam is not only Gail's 

46、;55 . He's her best friend, too.41.   A.  through        B.  over           C.  across              D.  past42.

47、   A. Any            B.  All             C.  No              D. Some43.   A. one  

48、60;          B. it            C. these          D. those44.   A.  told            B. 

49、 asked         C.  trained         D.  helped45.   A. close to          B.  far from        C.  in front of

50、60;     D.  behind46. A.  faster than          B.  slower than C. not so fast as           D. as fast as47.   A.  man      &#

51、160;  B,  person              C.  child         D.  woman48.   A.  In this way    B.  By the way C. On the way    D. Along th

52、e way49.   A. jump          B.   run             C.  walk        D.  drive50.   A.  people    &

53、#160;         B.  policemen         C.  traffic lights     D.  cars51. A. speak           B.  talk     &#

54、160;      C.  say             D.  tell52.   A.  when          B.  what          C.  where&

55、#160;        D.  which53.   A.  polite          B.  kind           C.  important         D.  fr

56、iendly54.   A.  in             B.  out of         C.  with           D.  inside55.   A.  eyes  

57、          B.  ears            C.  hands         D.  feet四阅读理解 A Peter King, 15, Marry King, 13, went to see a doctor. Peter had a bad cold, so th

58、e doctor gave him some pills（药丸）to take. Marry had a cough, so the doctor gave her some cough medicine. These are the words on the bottle of the medicine： Cough Medicine Shake（摇动）well before use. Take three daily after meals Dose（用量）：a dults 2 teaspoonfuls children 814 1teaspoonful children 47 1/2 t

59、easpoonful Not suitable for children below the age of 4. Store in a cold place. Use before Aug . 200341. Mary should take in a day. A. 2 teaspoonfuls B. 3 teaspoonfuls C. 4 teaspoonfuls D. 1 teaspoonful42. The medicine should be kept in . A. a refrigerator B. hot water C. any place D. the sun43. Mar

60、y should before she takes some.A.shake the medicine well B.eat her meals C.shake the medicine gently D.drink something44. People aged cannot take this medicine. A. 4.5 B. 13 C. 5 D. 245. Mary or her mother should the medicine left after Aug. 2003. A. throw away B. take two times C. stop to take D. take 3 times moreB Have you ever been ill? When you are ill, you must be unhappy because your body becomes hot, and there are pains（痛苦）all over your body. You dont want to work. You stay in bed, feeling very sad. What makes us ill? It is germs（细菌）. Germs are everywhere. They are