(2)Waysof developing paragraph

1、(2) Ways of Developing Paragraphs 3. Development by space Sample 1 Oxford is an exceptionally old university town, on the River Thames, about 60 miles from London. Oxfords center is the university; and all around the crossroads at the very heart of Oxford, Carfax, there are gray stone Colleges and o

2、ther university buildings. In the center you can also find interesting old pubs and paved passages. There are a lot of churches, and one or two really large and interesting buildings, such as the Ashmolean Museum, the “round library”, the Bodleian and the Radcliffe Camera, with its domed roof. Like

3、all English towns, there are parks, and one, “the Parks”, is the leafy home of university cricket in the summer months. As you leave the center and go towards the outskirts of Oxford you can see industrial estates and a car factory in one direction; and in another, attractive suburbs. There is, in f

4、act, quite a lot of industry in Oxford. -First, it is important to decide where we stand when we start our description -Secondly, we learn how the author concentrates on the major features of the place, and ignores the minor ones, even if they are also quite colorful and interesting - Lastly, descri

5、ptions of places are often in the present tense. Pick out all the expressions in the above sample that show the spatial orientation in describing Oxford. Oxford is an exceptionally old university town, on the River Thames, about 60 miles from London. Oxfords center is the university; and all around

6、the crossroads at the very heart of Oxford, Carfax, there are gray stone Colleges and other university buildings. In the center you can also find interesting old pubs and paved passages. There are a lot of churches, and one or two really large and interesting buildings, such as the Ashmolean Museum,

7、 the “round library”, the Bodleian and the Radcliffe Camera, with its domed roof. Like all English towns, there are parks, and one, “the Parks”, is the leafy home of university cricket in the summer months. As you leave the center and go towards the outskirts of Oxford you can see industrial estates

8、 and a car factory in one direction; and in another, attractive suburbs. There is, in fact, quite a lot of industry in Oxford. Underline all the features of the place described in this paragraph. Oxford is an exceptionally old university town, on the River Thames, about 60 miles from London. Oxfords

9、 center is the university; and all around the crossroads at the very heart of Oxford, Carfax, there are gray stone Colleges and other university buildings. In the center you can also find interesting old pubs and paved passages. There are a lot of churches, and one or two really large and interestin

10、g buildings, such as the Ashmolean Museum, the “round library”, the Bodleian and the Radcliffe Camera, with its domed roof. Like all English towns, there are parks, and one, “the Parks”, is the leafy home of university cricket in the summer months. As you leave the center and go towards the outskirt

11、s of Oxford you can see industrial estates and a car factory in one direction; and in another, attractive suburbs. There is, in fact, quite a lot of industry in Oxford. Read samples on textbook. The organization of descriptive paragraphs: 1. the topic sentence Generally, in the topic sentence, we ma

12、ke clear the space order or location; that is from what perspective we plan to describe it. 2. the supporting details Details may be arranged in certain order, such as from right to left, near to far, up to down, north to south, side to side, center to side, and so on. 3. concluding sentenceIt can r

13、estate the topic sentence, make comment of the description or be omitted. 4. Development by example or generalization Make analysis of sample paragraph on page 93.Study the following paragraph about ones experience in high school. Discuss with your neighbor to see how the writer introduces examples.

14、 My experience in the high school years is pleasant and memorable. I have spent many years studying in that school and know exactly what to expect from every situation. In the school, I have made some very good friends whom I hope always to stay close to. At school our concerns are the same: the dif

15、ficulty of a maths problem, the impossibility of grammar, and the freedom of the recess period. I love and respect my teachers. They have become not only instructors in school, but also trusted and valued guides through life. I will miss the counseling of my teachers.Organization of example paragrap

16、hs a. General- to specific pattern It starts with a topic sentence. Then details are given to back up the opening statement. Sample paragraph on page 94. b. Specific to general pattern The details are mentioned first, and the general statement , which may be the topic sentence, comes at the end of t

17、he paragraph, summarizing the points in the development, restating the topic sentence, giving a suggestion, a prediction or raising a question. (Sample on page 95) Details or examples are usually arranged in climactic order: the least important comes first, followed by others in order of increasing

18、importance. (Sample on page 96) Make use of the following details and write a paragraph of your own. You may need to supply a topic sentence to your paragraph. Exchange your paragraph with your neighbor and compare the two paragraphs to see what you can learn from each other.Topic: About plants1. In

19、 big modern cities, we have parks full of trees, bushes and flowers.2. Architects always try to design houses with room for some grass and a garden.3. In every city apartment you are sure to find some green houseplants growing in pots or freshly cut flowers in a vase.4. Flowers have sweet smells, be

20、autiful colors and lovely shapes.5. When the wind blows, we can hear the leaves in the trees and watch the branches swing from side to side.6. In spring, we can see the buds on the trees open and become colorful blossom.5. Development by comparison and contrast Organization of comparison and contras

21、t paragraph a. The topic sentence In a comparison or contrast paragraph, usually, the topic sentence tells the two things to be compared or contrasted. b. Patterns of organization 1) Block comparison or block contrast (subject-by-subject pattern)-One thing is examined thoroughly and then the other i

22、s examined. 2) Alternating comparison or alternating contrast (point-by-point pattern)-The two things are examined point by point at the same time. c. Concluding sentence The conclusion is usually a restatement of the topic sentence or a summary of the points compared or contrasted in the developmen

23、t of the paragraph. Analogy (See sample on page 100)-As a special form of comparison, analogy is finding a striking likeness between unlike things. It is especially helpful in explaining abstract ideas.Assignments for class: Exercise 1 & Exercise 2Exercise 1: Make use of the following details an

24、d write a paragraph of your own. You may need to supply a topic sentence to your paragraph. Exchange your paragraph with your neighbor and compare the two paragraphs to see what you can learn from each other.Topic: About plants1. In big modern cities, we have parks full of trees, bushes and flowers.

25、2. Architects always try to design houses with room for some grass and a garden.3. In every city apartment you are sure to find some green houseplants growing in pots or freshly cut flowers in a vase.4. Flowers have sweet smells, beautiful colors and lovely shapes.5. When the wind blows, we can hear

26、 the leaves in the trees and watch the branches swing from side to side.6. In spring, we can see the buds on the trees open and become colorful blossom.Exercise 2: Read the following comparison and contrast paragraphs, discuss the organizations of them. (1) Life in a big city has become more and mor

27、e difficult for people to cope with. In a big city, stress is caused by daily having to contend with crowds of people and restricted space. Travel in rush hours can be a real headache. Pollution of various kinds is the result of industrialization. Cars spew toxic fumes into the atmosphere. Noise bellows out from every side. All these factors add to the pressure of daily existence in a big town. In contrast, life in a country village is much more attractive. Here the pace of life is gentle. There is