Bone of skull and trunkruan2014(56)

1、The SkullFunctions of facial bones :Protect the brainHouse and protect the sense organs of smell, sight, and taste Provide the site of attachment for the facial muscles of expression and mastication muscles, which can act to facilitate eating, facial expression, breathing, and speech.Supply the fram

2、ework of the face, the sense organs, and the teethCranium & Facial Bones - Anterior ViewCranium & Facial Bones - Lateral ViewCranium & Facial Bones -Posterior ViewCranium & Facial Bones -Inferior ViewI. CraniumEight cranial bones one frontal, two parietal, two temporal, one occipital

3、, one sphenoid, and ethmoid.PARIETAL (2)OCCIPITAL (1)TEMPORAL (2)SPHENOID (1)FRONTAL (1) Pterion is the area that marks the junction between four bones: parietal temporal sphenoid bone frontal bonespterionPterion exterior viewMiddle MENINGEAL ARTERIESpterionClinical significance the weakest part of

4、the skull the middle meningeal artery runs beneath it on the inner side of the skull. A blow to the pterion may rupture the artery causing an epidural haematoma.Pterion interior viewFontanellaesFontanelles are soft spots on a babys head which, during birth, enable the bony plates of the skull to fle

5、x, allowing the childs head to pass through the birth canal. At birth there are 4 fontanellesAnterior fontanell - bregmaPosterior fontanelle - lambdaSphenoid fontanelle - pterionMastoid fontanelle III. Skull at BirthFontanellaes The sphenoidal and posterior fontanelles close during the first few mon

6、ths of life. The ossification of the bones of the skull causes the anterior fontanelle to close over by 18 to 24 months. The closures eventually form the sutures of the cranium. Fontanelles that are abnormally large (bulging fontanels )may indicate a medical condition. Normal fontanelabnormal fontan

7、elIV. Nasal meatus Four passages in the nasal cavity formed by the projection of the conchae: IV. Nasal meatus superior nasal meatus - lies between the superior and middle conchae. middle nasal meatus - lies between the middle and inferior conchae.IV. Nasal meatus inferior nasal meatus - lies below

8、the inferior concha. nasal meatus is the part of the nasal cavity between the conchae and the nasal septum.V. Paranasal sinusesParanasal sinuses are air-filled spaces, communicating with the nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull and face.V. Paranasal sinusesFrontal sinuses :situated behind the

9、 superciliary arches. open into the anterior part of the middle nasal meatus of the nasal cavity.V. Paranasal sinuses2. Ethmoidal sinuses : situated in the ethmoidal labyrinth.The anterior and middle groups open into the middle nasal meatus of the nasal cavity; the posterior group drains into the su

10、perior nasal meatus.IV. Paranasal sinuses3. Sphenoidal sinuses:Located within the body of the sphenoid boneopen forward into the sphenoethmoidal recess.IV. Paranasal sinuses4. Maxillary sinuses : the largest of the paranasal sinuses .open into the middle nasal meatus. OpenningsMiddle nasal conchaeOp

11、enningsIV. Paranasal sinusesWarm and moisten airLighten the skullEnhance voice resonance Frontal SinusEthmoid SinusFunctions:IV. Paranasal sinusesMaxillary SinusvertebraeribsternumCervicalThoracicLumbarSacrumCoccyxsternumribvertebrae The number of Vertebrae Number Child Adult Cervical vertebrae 7 7

12、Thoracic vertebrae 12 12 Lumbar vertebrae 5 5 Sacral vertebrae 5 1 Coccygeal vertebrae 4 1vertebraeBodyvertebral foramen (canal) pedicle Arch laminae process (7)spinous process (1)transverse process (2)articular process (4)I. General Features of Vertebrae II. II. Characteristics of Vertebrae in Each

13、 RegionCharacteristics of Vertebrae in Each Region 1. Cervical vertebrae Small body Transverse foramen(vertebral a.&v.) Bifucated transverse processes Bifid spines （except C1,C7） Horizontal articular facets C1 (atlas), C2 (axis), C7 with vertebra prominence. Cervical vertebrae Cervical vertebrae

14、 Vertebral a. Identify the cervical vertebrae from X-film ?Identify the cervical vertebrae from X-film ?atlanto-occipital joint allows the skull to move up and downatlanto-axial joint allows the upper neck to twist left and right.Cervical vertebrae 2. Thoracic vertebraeHeart-shaped body of the verte

15、braeCostal facets (2 on each side of their bodies and 1 on their transverse processes )Sloping spines Vertical articular facetsThoracic vertebraeThoracic Spine X-raysUnder3d image 3. Lumbar vertebrae3. Lumbar vertebraeLarge bodyHorizontal quadrilateral spines vertical articular facets Which part of

16、vertebrae?Which part of vertebrae?Formed by 5 fused vertebrae Apex-downwardBase- upward3 surfaces (ant.post. & lat.)Promontory Anterior sacral foramina4 . The sacrum4 . The sacrumAnterior viewThe sacrumThe sacrumMedian sacral crest Intermedial sacral crestLateral sacral crest Posterior sacral fo

17、raminaSacral canalSacral hiatusSacral cornu (horns)Auricular surfacePosterior viewIdentify the sacrum from X-film ?Identify the sacrum from X-film ? 5 The coccyx is the final segment of the ape vertebral column (tailbone). Comprising three to five separate or fused vertebrae (the coccygeal vertebrae

18、) below the sacrumIdentify the coccyx from X-film ?Identify the coccyx from X-film ? The long curved bones which form the rib cage. In most vertebrates, ribs surround the chest, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the chest cavity. Protect the lungs, heart, and ot

19、her internal organs of the thorax. III. Ribs (Costae)III. Ribs (Costae)The Thoracic Cage A bony and cartilaginous structure which surrounds the thoracic (chest) cavity Consists of 24 ribs, the sternum, costal cartilages, and the 12 thoracic vertebrae. True Ribs (7)False Ribs (8-10)The Thoracic CageF

20、loating Ribs (11-12)Structures of ribsPosterior viewAnterior viewTwo sulcus for subclavian v.& a. in 1st rib. Manubrium Manubrium Jugular notchJugular notch Sternal angleSternal angle Body Body Xiphoid process Xiphoid process IV. The Sternum The cervical curve: convex forward C1-T2 the least mar

21、ked of all the curves.2. The thoracic curve:concave forwardT2 T12Its most prominent point T7known as a tt curve. V. Curves of vertebral column3. The lumbar curve: T12 S1 convex anteriorly as a lordotic curve.4. The pelvic curve S1-Co concave forward and downward Primary curves: - Thoracic and sacral Secondary curves: