Chapter 1 Great Britain 英国历史

1、The U.KChapter 1Geographical features and the People General Introduction The British Isles are situated in the northwest part of the Europe. The total land area of the United Kingdom is 244,820sq.km The coastline runs 12,429km General Introduction The British Isles are situated in the northwest par

2、t of the Europe. The total land area of the United Kingdom is 244,820sq.km The coastline runs 12,429km British Empire (100 years ago) About 100 years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had 1/4 of the worlds people and 1/4 of the worlds land area. It had colon

3、ies in North America, Asia, Africa and Australia. Commonwealth (1931) Reason for British Empire changed into a Commonwealth: the two world wars greatly weakened BThe empire maintains links through a loose organizationCommonwealth of Nations. The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of

4、independent sovereign states, most of which were once governed by the United Kingdom and are its former colonies. It was formerly known as the British Commonwealth (or British Commonwealth of Nations), and many still call it by that name, either for historical reasons or to distinguish it from the m

5、any other commonwealth around the world. e.g. Canada Australia New Zealand(53 members)Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations I. Different Names for Britain and its PartsII. Geographical FeaturesIII. Climate and Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The abbreviated form

6、UKIt is simply called Britain or, wrongly, English.Flag of UKThe National Emblem of UK Different Names for Britain and its P Different Names for Britain and its PartsEnglandScotlandWalesNorthern Ireland Great Britain Ireland hundreds of small onesThe UKGreat BritainThe British Isles:Union Jack (Flag

7、)- “Jack” in the dictionary also means “ships flag flown to show nationality”England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section. Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. - Capital: Edinburgh. Wales is in the west of Great Britain. - Capital: CardiffNorthern

8、Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. - Capital: Belfast.Four Political DII. Geographical Features1. LocationAdvantage: No part of Britain is very far from the coast and it provides a valuable resource. The British coast is long and has good, deep harbors. Sea routes extend far inland, providing c

9、heap Tilting: - Rising in North-West causes highlands - Sinking in South-East causes lowlands Spectacular mountain scenery 2. General F Capital: London Location: most of the southern two-thirds of the island Geography: fertile plains and gentle hills. - Lake District northwest. - Yorkshire moors nor

10、theast. The Thames the best-known The Severn the longest river EA flatland country, also called Lowland zonePennines: the backbone of EnglandHighly urbanized - 80% of population living in cities - only 2% working in agriculture - Physically largest with largest populationDominance in: size/ culture/

11、 economy - take England for UK ELake Districta scenic spot in North West EnglandA popular holiday destinationbeing famous for its lakes and its mountains its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth and other The Lake DYorkshire An important river in Britain

12、: River Thames the second longest river in the United Kingdom and the longest river entirely in Englandbest known for flowing through central Londonits strategic position at the center of many events in British history a major leisure area supporting tourism and pleasure outings as well as the sport

13、s of rowing, sailing.a special appeal to writers, artists, musicians and film-makers and is well represented in the arts many riverside attractions: London Eye, tower of London, House of Parliament, The Severn 220 miles,354 Scotlandthe 2nd largest of the 4 nations most rugged part of UK, the most co

14、nfident of its own identityPhysical features: -in the north: the Highlands (mountains and lakes) -in the south: the Southern Uplands (mountains and lakes) -in the middle: the lowland zone (Middle Valley)with 3/4 of the GlasgowEdinburghCapital: Edinburgh- east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated

15、by its great castle on a high rock largest city: Glasgow - in the west of Lowland zone Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from 15th centurySThe highlands in Scotland：sparsely populated, with many mountain ranges dominating the region, and including the highest

16、 mountain in the British Isles, Ben NevisThe film: Brave Heart Ben Nevis-the highest peak1 343 meters high (the highest mountain in Britain)Loch NAirth castleA 14th century castle , a spa and a Scottish castle accommodation , one of the most popular places for Scottish castle weddings. Stirling cast

17、leabout 30 miles from Glasgow and 40 miles from Edinburgh A long history, an important fortification and the site of many sieges and battles, standing out for its imposing location and storied history 苏格兰是什么？是威士忌，是高尔夫，是尼斯湖怪兽，是如泣如苏格兰是什么？是威士忌，是高尔夫，是尼斯湖怪兽，是如泣如诉的风笛。诉的风笛。 苏格兰位于英国的北部，三面环海，北、西与大西洋交界，苏格兰位于英

18、国的北部，三面环海，北、西与大西洋交界，东临北海，南端则以索尔威湾、契维特高地及特韦德河和英格东临北海，南端则以索尔威湾、契维特高地及特韦德河和英格兰为界，面积兰为界，面积77,000多平方公里。苏格兰地形分为高地区与低多平方公里。苏格兰地形分为高地区与低地区两部分。爱丁堡市和格拉斯哥市以南为河谷平原与丘陵地地区两部分。爱丁堡市和格拉斯哥市以南为河谷平原与丘陵地带，称之为低地区；以北则是冰河时期所造成的山脉与湖泊，带，称之为低地区；以北则是冰河时期所造成的山脉与湖泊，称之为高地区。苏格兰高地是一片风光旖旎的山岳地，英国最称之为高地区。苏格兰高地是一片风光旖旎的山岳地，英国最高的君帕底斯山就耸立

19、在这群山之中。这里峰谷交错，山峰上高的君帕底斯山就耸立在这群山之中。这里峰谷交错，山峰上林木郁郁葱葱，峡谷中野草茂盛，无数大大小小的湖泊星罗棋林木郁郁葱葱，峡谷中野草茂盛，无数大大小小的湖泊星罗棋布，其中的尼斯湖以湖中怪物而闻名遐迩。布，其中的尼斯湖以湖中怪物而闻名遐迩。 苏格兰纬度高，年平均气温为苏格兰纬度高，年平均气温为9.3度。最冷的度。最冷的12月平均气温月平均气温为为2.3度；最热的度；最热的8月平均气温为月平均气温为16.7度。苏格兰西部较东部多度。苏格兰西部较东部多雨，如西部的格拉斯哥年降雨量大约是东部的爱丁堡年降雨量雨，如西部的格拉斯哥年降雨量大约是东部的爱丁堡年降雨量的两倍。

20、苏格兰人口有的两倍。苏格兰人口有512万多人，人口密度为每平方公里万多人，人口密度为每平方公里67人。第一大城市格拉斯哥有人。第一大城市格拉斯哥有70万多人，是苏格兰的工业重镇；万多人，是苏格兰的工业重镇；第二大城市为爱丁堡市第二大城市为爱丁堡市,号称北方雅典，人口号称北方雅典，人口50多万，是苏格兰多万，是苏格兰自治政府所在地，也是苏格兰的政治、经济、文化中心。自治政府所在地，也是苏格兰的政治、经济、文化中心。 Wales Capital: Cardiff, Geography: hills and mountains, coastal resorts Attract foreign inv

21、estment from Japan and U.S, etc. new industries to replace coal and steel Smallest on the British mainland; close to central England; hilly and rugged Retains a powerful sense of difference from England Retains its own language; 19% population speaking Gaelic威尔士，不若苏格兰拥有强烈的独立政治意识，也缺少英格兰的强势风格。进入威尔士，不要

22、轻易怀疑你的英文能力，因为在这里英文不够标准，反而是种由然而生的亲切感。因为威尔士居民拥有完全不同于英语的地名、发音和地标(看到它的字母长度，恐怕就连道地的英格兰都不禁皱起眉头)。而这一切的唯一解释，就是因为威尔士多为凯尔特人(Celt)后裔；威尔士人(the Welsh)原意是陌生人或外国人之意，这也是英格兰的盎格鲁 撒克逊人赋予异族的称呼WSmallest among the four nations in BritainMostly rural, low hills, beautiful lake in the south-west, rugged coastline Northern

23、INorthern Ireland This is a land of beautiful scenery and rich culture. However, it is also a land of troubles with its political problems.Belfast Belfast - St Annes Cathedral Belfast - City Hall Belfast - Leaning Albert Memorial This is the old style armored police vehicle which was a common sight

24、in Northern Ireland during the troublesThe new image of the police now sees a more high visible image with the old grey Landrovers painted white. They are still heavily armoured. This is a picture of British army armored vehicles on patrol in Northern Ireland. You often see these when there is stree

25、t disturbances in Belfast and other areas. Here the British army are patrolling the South Armagh area of Northern Ireland. Ten years after the IRA called a ceasefire its still unsafe in this area. Sinn Fein Members Celebrate Election VictoryThe image of Sinn FinStormont ParliamentStormontSinn Fein E

26、xplain the terms The United KingdomBritish EmpireThe “backbone of England”Climate and Weather A maritime type of climate: rainy, changeable and unpredictable rarely rises above 32 in summer or falls below 10 in winter. Mild winters and cool maritime climate plenty of rainfall prevailing south-west w

27、inds and west wind North Atlantic Drift(北大西洋暖流) Humidity & fogThe climate of UKPopulation The total population: about 62 000 000 (2009) Highly urbanized: 80% living in cities and 20% living in the countryside The most densely populated area: England The least populated area: Northern Ireland Com

28、position : English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Welsh 1.9%, Irish 2.4%, Northern Irish 1.8%, Immigrants 2.8%. The official language: English The People The population of the U.K. consists of the English(80%), the Welsh, the Scottish and the Irish. In Wales many people speak Welsh (1/4); in Scotland about 8

29、0,000 people in the Highlands possess their own Gaelic English Origin: Anglo-Saxons. language: 1) southern: BBC 2) Northern: broader It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the English people and the English language were Scots Origin: Celts. (Scots are proud th

30、at the English never conquered them.) Language: - Gaelic, old Celtic language of the Scots: it is still heard in the Highlands and the Western Isles and their names beginning with M, Mac, Mc, which means “son of” in Gaelic; - English; Character: - said to be serious, cautious, thrifty; - in fact the

31、y are hospitable, generous, Welsh Origin: Celts. Language: - Welsh, an ancient Celtic language: 1% people only speak Welsh, it was given equality with English for all official use in Wales in 1965 - English. Character: emotional, cheerful. Culture: Eisteddfodau (威尔斯诗人音乐家大会) / National Eisteddfod, wi

32、th an purpose to keep the welsh language and culture Irish Origin: Scots and English Protestants. Problem: there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. Language: - Irish or E

33、rse, a form of Gaelic: official first language of the Republic of Ireland; - English: second. Character: charm, vivacity, beauty Immigrants Origin: West Indies, India and Pakistan. Discrimination: Usually the colored immigrants have to take the lowest paid jobs, and when there is unemployment they a

34、re usually the first to be Major cities London Edinburgh Liverpool Cardiff BLondon Founded by the Romans around AD 50-the city of Londinium London (metropolis; London region and the Greater London) - the City of London (the West End and the East End) - the City of Westminster(political center: Bucki

35、ngham Palace, Parliament, White Hall, and No.10 Downing Street)London -seat of government-center of culture-business center- industrial center-largest population-home to all media-galleries, theatres, museums-combining functions of New York, Washington &Los Angeles-One of the four leading cities

36、 in the world: New York,Paris, TBig Ben is the nickname for the great bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London, and is often extended to refer to the clock or the clock tower as well. Big Ben is the largest four-faced chiming clock and the third-tallest free-standing

37、 clock tower in the London EyeThe largest Ferris wheel in Europe (a height of 135 meters)The most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom Tower of London (sent to the Tower)Official name: Her Majestys Royal Palace and Fortress, The Tower of LondonBuilt by William the Conqueror in 1078P

38、rimary function: Fortress, a royal palace, a prison (for high status and royal prisoners, e.g Ann Boleyn and Elizabeth I ), a palace of execution and torture, armory, a zoo, a mint, an observatory Westminster Abbeythe traditional palace of coronation and burial site for monarchs of Commonwealth real

39、ms Tower Bridge An iconic symbol of London Carries motor vehicles, cyclists, pedestrians Crosses Thames Total length: 244 meters Opened 30 June 1894 Tower Bridge(Waterloo Bridge)Edinburgh the capital city of Scotland economic center of Scotland a tourist city (second only to London in U.K.) a cultur

40、al city，holding an international festival of music and the arts every year Edinburgh Military Tattoo (an annual military parade)Edinburgh castle The symbol of Edinburgh situated on a mound of volcanic rock one of Scotlands oldest castles, unequalled in the whole of the British Isles a remarkable for

41、tress, the historical interest and former royal residence, visited annually by approximately one million people No visit to Edinburgh is complete without a visit to Edinburgh Castle Edinburgh CLiverpool The second largest port of England A metropolitan Cardiff The capital city of Wales A port Belfast The capital of Northern Ireland An industrial seaportthe wheel of BelfastBelfast city Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the British monarch. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It h