BackgroundofCriticalRealism(批判现实主义的背景)

1、Background of Critical Realism Contents1. Social Background2. Ideological Background 3. Economic and Political Background Social Backgrounda. The foundmental contradiction: the struggle between the workers and capitalists(the disparity between the poor and the rich)b. The working class were striving

2、 for the basic right and better living and working conditions. Many workers movements broke out, such as Chartist Movement (1836-1848)c. The British bourgeoisie strengthened its policy of colonial expansion in all parts of the world Ideological Background The rapid development of science and technol

3、ogy, new inventions and discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology and anthropology drastically shook peoples religious convictions and brought amazing changes to the country.Darwins The Origin of the Species 1859 Cell Theory Energy Transformation Biological Evolution Economic and Political Backgrou

4、nda. After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political power from the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soon geared up.c. Large amounts of profit were accumulated both from expanding its foreign trade markets and from exploitin

5、g its huge-sized colonies. b. During the next twenty years, with the Industrial Revolution in full swing, the nation was well ahead of others in development.Charles DickensCharles Dickens1812-1870His epitaphHe was a sympathizer to the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of

6、Englands greatest writers is lost to the world.“他是贫穷、受苦与被压迫人民的同情者；他的去世令世界失去了一位伟大的英国作家。” Main ContentsI. Life II. Literary WorksIII. Analysis of Oliver TwistIV. Analysis of David Copperfield. Life Born in Portsmouth, England on Feb. 7, 1812Only had a few years of private education at William Giless S

7、chool, in Chatham before his father was imprisonedWhen he was 12,he worked in a factory putting labels on bottles of shoe polish,helping sopport his family.After his father was paroled (假释),he attended the Wellinton House Academy in North London Dickens lived here in 1817-1822In 1830,he met his firs

8、t love,Maria Beadnell.This courtship ended with Marias pareants disapproval.In 1836, he married Catherine Thomson Hogarth,and had 10 children.In 1858 ,he divorced Catherine and then lived secretly with an actress Ellen TernenPoets CornerCharles Dickens dies by stroke on June 9, 1870 and he was burie

9、d at Westminster Abbey in the Poets Corner.Literary WorksDickens literary creation can be divided into three periods:The First PeriodThe Second PeriodThe Third Period The First Period1836 Sketches by Boz 博兹随笔 1837 The Pickwick Papers 匹克威克外传1837-1838 Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿 1838-1839 Nicholas Nickleby 尼古拉斯

10、.尼科尔贝 1840 The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店 1841 Barnaby Rudge 巴纳比.卢杰 The Second Period 1842 American Notes 美国札记 1843 Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁.瞿述传 1843 A Christmas Carol 圣诞欢歌（圣诞故事集） 1844 The Chimes 钟声（圣诞故事集） 1845 The Cricket 1846 Dombey and Son 董贝父子 1849 David Copperfield 大卫.科波菲尔The Third Period1852 Bleak Ho

11、use 荒凉山庄 1853 Hard Times 艰难时世 1854 Little Dorrit 小杜丽 1859 A Tale of Two Cities 双城记 1860 Great Expectations 远大前程1864 Our Mutual Friend 我们共同的朋友 1870 Edwin Drood Analysis of Oliver TwistThis novel tells the story of Dickens life at the blacking factory.Taken from the movie Oliver TwistOliver Twist the

12、Hero, an orphan boy, an illegitimate son of a lady and gentleman. He is an innocent, gentle, virtuous (善良的善良的), and pure child who grow up in a workhouse (孤儿院孤儿院). Fagin the notorious (声名狼籍的声名狼籍的) Jewish fence and thief-trainer. Monks Mysterious half-brother of Olivers, a vicious (邪恶的邪恶的) man. Sikes

13、 a member of Fagins gang, a thief.Major Characters: Nancy Sikes concubine (姘妇姘妇), a victim of Fagin. She gives her life for Oliver when Sikes murders her for revealing Monks plots. Mr. Brownlow a well-off erudite gentlemen who served as Olivers first benefactor. Friend of Olivers parents Agnes Flemi

14、ng and Mr. Leeford. Mrs. Maylie - adoptive “Aunt” of Rose. A kind, wealthy older woman. Rose -Agnes Flemings sister, raised by Mrs. Maylie. A beautiful, compassionate, and forgiving young womanThe ThemeThrough the story of the poor orphan boy, Oliver Twist, Dickens launches a fierce (猛烈的猛烈的) attack

15、at the cruelty and hypocrisy of the ruling class and calls for sympathy and help for the unfortunate and helpless children. Analysis of David Copperfield.The unhappy period in his youth was turned into his favourite, and most autobiographical novel, David Copperfield. David Copperfield, a novel base

16、d on his early life experiences, is Dickens satisfied reminiscence of his life way and literature reappearance of his personal history. Like Dickens, David works as a child, pasting labels onto bottles. David also becomes first a law clerk, then a reporter, and finally a successful novelist. Mr. Mic

17、awber is a satirical version of Dickenss father, a likable man who can never scrape together the money he needs. Many of the secondary characters spring from Dickenss experiences as a young man in financial distress in London. So we can see that Dickens liked this novel very much. No wonder Dickens

18、wrote, “of all my books I like this the best; like many fond parents I have a favorite child and his name is David Copperfield”. David Copperfield, the strong-willed young man who relied on himself suffered a lot and at last became a successful novelist like Dickens. Through the description of David Coperfield, Charles Dickens made a fierce and harsh attack u