心理学PsychologicalLearningBehavior概要

1、learningn learning: any relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge produced by experiencen classical conditioning:aka: pavlovian cond; respondent cond.n discovered in early 1900's by ivan pavlov, a russian physiologistn pavlov's procedure consisted of 3 phases:n phase 1 (before con

2、ditioning)n food in mouthð salivationn ring a bell ð no salivationn phase 2 (the process of conditioning): n ring bell + place food in mouth (repeat several times)n phase 3 (after conditioning): n ring bell (without food) ð salivationucs (food) ucr (salivation)cs (bell) cr (salivation

3、)n do salivating dogs have anything to do with your life?n e.g., acquisition of phobias and conditioned emotional responsesn freud: n cc model:ucs (dog bite) ucr (fear)cs (sight of dog) cr (fear)n vicarious conditioning-association that derives from hearing or seeing other's reactionsucs (snake

4、bite) ucr (fear)cs (sight of snake) cr (fear)n post-traumatic stress disordern person experiences very frightening eventn later anything that resembles event causes fear reactionucs ucr (fear)cs cr (fear)n stimulus generalization: stimuli similar to cs may also trigger a crn but cr gets weaker to st

5、imuli that are less and less similar to original cs n conditioned responses over timen repeated pairings of a cs and ucs strengthen the crn repeated nonpairings (cs without ucs) gradually weaken the crn so how should one treat disorders like phobias and ptsd?n spontaneous recovery: n what are the tr

6、eatment implications of spont. recovery?n classical conditioning is selectiven preparedness theory: humans are predisposed to develop some phobias and not othersn why? n conditioned taste aversion (garcia et al.)n practical application of taste aversion: sheep herders ucs ucrcs crn operant condition

7、ing (oc)aka: instrumental cond., skinnerian cond.n operant conditioning=a form of learning in which behaviors come to be controlled by their consequencesn oc and cc are differentn cc: behavior controlled by stimulus (or event) that precedes itn oc: behavior controlled by stimulus (or event) that fol

8、lows itn edward thordike's dissertation question:n did animals learn by "a flash of insight“ ?-or-n did animals learn by “trial and error” ?n law of effect=the consequences (effects) of a response determine whether the tendency to perform it is strengthened or weakenedn operant conditioning

9、: basic principlesn acquisition of a behaviorn shaping: rf of closer and closer matches (successive approximations) to the desired responsen chaining: linked series of actions that lead to rfn discrimination: learning which particular responses are rewarded (animal attends to "discriminative st

10、imuli")n operant conditioning is selectiven instinctive drift (breland & breland, 1961)n applications: moving from rats to peoplen behavior modificationn cognitive factors in learningn traditional "black box" view: n contrary evidence:n classical cond. n cs works best when it prec

11、edes ucs and serves a signaling functionnnnnn contiguity or predictive value? (rescorla, 1978)n conclusion: n blocking (kamin, 1969)n why?n operant cond. n latent learning (tolman et al., 1930) n traditional: reward increases the probability of desired responses (maze learning)n tolman: n ran 3 grps

12、 of rats in mazen grp 1: receive rf throughoutn grp 2: receive no rf throughoutn grp 3: receive no rf for 10 days, then get rf starting on day 11n conclusion: n insight learning (wolfgang köhler)n involves 3 stagesn 1. trial and error activity (e.g., tries shorter stick)n 2. period of study and

13、 reflectionn 3. insight-generated solutionn observational learning (bandura)n bandura's classic study: n 2 gps of childrenn grp 1: watch film of adult model aggressing towards bobo dolln grp 2: watch neutral filmn afterwards, children taken to room containing bobo dolln grp 1: n grp 2: n support for black box theory?n banduras follow-up study:n effects of rewarding the aggressor (bandura)n nursery school boys/girls divided into 4 groups1. no model 2.