阅读理解题型及解题策略

1、阅读理解题型及解题策略廷锴中学 廖珠峰 彭思明一、阅读理解能力测试的要求（一）掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节;（二）既要理解具体的事实，也要理解抽象的概念;（三）既要理解字面意思，也要理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等;（四）既要理解某句、某段的意义，也要理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断;（五）既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。二、题型特点题材尽量多样化，包括日常生活、轶事传说、广告通知、报道、社会文化、史地、经济等。不同题材的文章应有不同的侧重点。天文史地、科普常识类，要留心事实和细节；人物传记、历史故事、幽默小品类，要

2、领会文章的主题、写作意图、人物性格和特征等；社会文化教育、政治经济类要注意观点和结论；风土人情、日常生活，要留意（西方）文化与习俗等；新闻报道广告海报类，要注意其独特的写作手法、事情的起因、经过、涉及的人物具体数字及作者的态度。三、解题思路思路一：“通读全文阅读问题重点查看”，即用“顺读法”。这种做法适合于大多数文章。对于篇章不算很长、问题和选项又不算少的题目，首先应该通读全文，理解大意，把握好文章脉络、重点信息、段落大意和中心思想。然后阅读问题及选项。最后，带着问题去重点查看，针对性地进行核实。这种做法的好处是：既快又稳，不至于漏掉某些信息，使你能紧扣中心思想，避免偏差。思路二：“阅读题干通

3、读全文细看选项重点查看”，即用“逆读法”。这种做法适合于长篇文章，因为，如果文章太长的话，里面往往有很多多余的信息。假如我们先读问题，我们就知道哪些信息与问题相关，哪些无关，使我们在通读文章时更具有针对性，遇到重要的地方我们要细致些，凡是多余的信息我们可以快速的跳过，加快阅读理解的速度。思路三：对于图表类文章或者是附有小标题的长篇文章，最好采用“浏览小标题阅读题干带着问题进行阅读”的方式，即用“跳读法”。四、各种题型归类与解题技巧1、主旨大意题主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章大意的能力，一般针对某一语段或某一语篇主题标题或目的设题，是阅读理解中最

4、常见的题型之一，测试阅读理解的基本能力：要求考生在理解全文后归纳文章要点，概括中心思想，掌握所读文章或段落的主旨大意，也就是文章或段落的中心思想。这种题型考查学生在语言水平上对文章的把握，考生需要具备归纳和概括的能力，是否具备分辨主题和细节、提纲挈领的能力是解题的关键。常见的设问形式：（1) What is the main subject/the best title of the passage/article/text? （2) Which of the following is the best title for the passage? （3) The title that bes

5、t expresses the main idea of the passage is _. （4) From the passage we know that _. （5) The main idea of this passage is _. （6) The passage is mainly about _. （7) Choose the best title for the passage. （8）Whats the purpose/attitude of ?（9）What topic is treated in this passage?（10）The best headline f

6、or the passage would be _.（11）Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in this passage?解题秘诀：关键在于抓住文章要旨。首先要找出文章的主题句。主题句可能在首句、尾句或首尾段。找出文章的主题句，也就明白文章要讲什么，再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。另外在许多文段中，没有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章所提供的事实细节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意，既不能以偏概全，要站在整篇文章的高度分析问题，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。概括文章大意的方法具体来说有以

7、下几种。读首句抓大意一个主题句通常是文章的开头，即“总起分述”型，开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想，在说明文、议论文、科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。因此，要寻找这类文章的主旨大意就需要研究文章的首句。例：Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarett

8、e smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?读尾句抓大意主题句也会出现在段尾，即“分述总起”型，作者

9、先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证，在表述细节后归纳要点，结论建议或结果，最后自然地得出结论，即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾得到体现，它是此段内容的结论。这种写作方法的特点是从个别到一般，有特殊性到共性。 例：Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hid

10、e his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance.读首尾段抓大意有些文章或段落的开头和结尾都有主题句，即“总起分述总起” 型，这种主题结构是为突出中心思想而使用两次点题的写作方法，这两个主题句在句子结构和用词上有所不同，而且在内容上，前句和后句也不重复。例：If you ask people to name the one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get ans

11、wers like "Shakespeare," "Samuel Johnson," and "Webster", but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English-William the Conqueror.Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major langua

12、ge groups. In the west-central region lived the Welsh, who spoke a Celtic language, and in the north lived the Scots, whose language, though not the same as Welsh, was also Celtic. In the rest of the country lived the Saxons, actually a mixture of Anglos, Saxons, and other Germanic and Nordic people

13、s, who spokwho spoke a e what we now call Anglo-Saxon(or Old English), a Germanic language. If this state of affairs had based, English today would be close to German.But this state of affairs did not last. In 1066 the Normans led by William defeated the Saxons and began their rule over England. For

14、 about a century, French became the official language of English while Old English became the language of peasants. As a result, English words of politics and the law come from French rather than German. In some cases, modern English even shows a distinction(区别) between upper-class French and lower-

15、class Anglo-Saxon in its words. We even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the

16、 eating.When Americans visit Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more "foreign than France because the German they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from English than French does. Few realize that the English language is actually Germanic in its beginnin

17、g and that the French influences are all the result of one an Frman's ambition.What is the subject discussed in the text?A. The history of Great Britain.B. The similarity between English and French.C. The rule of England by William the Conqueror.D. The French influences on the English language.从

18、段落中抓大意有些文章或段落的主题句居中。往往以一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。这类结构包括三个层次：引题主题思想解释或继续予以论证。从它的写作程序看，也可分为三部曲：归纳结论演绎，即给出一两个例证后，做出概括性的总结，再给予例证来证实其论点。例：If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” Ho

19、wever, when you go to the store ready to buy. You may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales ad

20、vertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.The paragraph could be entitled _.A. Buying A TV SetB. A Selling MethodC. Buyer BewareD. TV On Sale 归纳要点抓大意主题句隐含在全文中，没有明确的主题句，必须根据文章中的事实细节

21、，进行全考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。这种结构通常是叙述一件事的发展过程，或是陈述一系列同等重要的细节或事实。例：Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an e

22、xcellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Bos

23、ton College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.归纳各段段意抓大意有些文章无明显的主题句，只是暗示性地体现主题，这就需要我们在阅读过程中学会根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来归纳各段段意，然后综合各段段意得出主旨大意。例：Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(读写能力). With

24、their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs

25、to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs (READ).The Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often

26、 have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens department.Last November the two groups started “ Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25 children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading

27、 for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last class.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeat it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager. Example and success of the programWhat is mainly discusse

28、d in the text?A. Childrens reading difficulties. B. Advantages of raising dogs.C. Service in a public library. D. A special reading program.文章标题应短小精悍标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落思想的最精炼的表达形式。文章标题可以是单词、短语或是句子。标题可以帮助读者推断出文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，概括性强，精确性强。 如何选择文章的标题呢？一是在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑这句

29、话或者短语与文章主题有没有联系；二是看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何；三是要注意题目是过大还是过小；四是要避免以下三种错误：概括不够；过度概括；以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。例：Magellans men were the first to make the trip around the world. It took them more than two years to do so by ship. Magellans voyage was the first trip around the world.Magellan was from Portugal, but he sailed f

30、or the King of Spain. On September 20, 1519, he left Spain with five ships and 240 men. After passing the tip of South America, they reached the Pacific Ocean, on which they sailed more than one year. Very often they could not see a piece of land for months and they suffered greatly from the lack of

31、 food and fresh water. Many of them died of hunger and diseases. They even had to live on sawdust. Finally in April 1521, Magellan got to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed. His men fled and continued their voyage across the Indian Ocean. It was with the greatest difficulty that they passed

32、 the Cape of Good Hope. By the time they returned to Spain on December 21,1521, seven out of every eight men had died. The process of Magellans long difficult voyage（1. time 2. ships and people 3. route 4. Sufferings and difficulties: a. Lack of food and freshwater b. Hunger and diseases c. Deaths 5

33、. success）Magellans voyage proved that men could sail around the world and that our earth is but a huge ball. Magellans voyaged proved the earth is round.Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?A. Magellans deathB. Going Around The WorldC. The World Is RoundD. Magellan

34、s Voyage总之，在解主旨大意题时，要站在整篇文章的高度分析问题，切忌犯以偏概全、以点代面的错误。文章的标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式，它的特点是：短小精炼，涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小。2、事实细节题： 一般针对某个特定的细节而提出，难度较小，属浅层理解。考生通过通读全文后可直接找出答题依据。细节理解题有三种题型：纯细节题、计算题、细节推断题。三类题中细节推断题一般难度较大，考生要细细推敲。从最近几年的高考题看来细节理解题占了考题的一半左右。设题方式：单词替换 颠倒因果 扩大范围 常识判断 解题秘诀：1）通读全文，领悟大意，理解文章结构层次

35、及细节，特别注意以下几个方面：根据题干所提及的时间、地点、人物等回扣原文。特别注意： 五个w (who, which, when, where, what)， 一个h (how)以及其它特殊之处。根据设题顺序回扣原文所在语句，比较有效信息。如数字、日期、时间等。该对应词可能与关键词不同，但对应词所在的句子或句子部分极可能为包含解题信息的信息句。根据题干中的关键词或其同义词回扣原文（如名词、动词、形容词）。 回扣原文中的难句定位，一般来说，难句都是出题点。这时应注意文中的同位语，破折号，括号，省略号等。表示附加说明的词，如：by the way, besides, whats more, in

36、addition to, including to, as well as等。倒装句及加强语气的词，如above all, mainly, mostly, certainly, indeed等。2）选用排除法将四个答案与该句内容逐一对照后，排除不符合原文细节的选项，就会发现有一答案的信息与信息句的信息大致相同，则该答案为正确答案。例：The cold is the most common of mans ailments. Yet it stumped the medical authorities. Many of more terrible diseases have come under

37、 the control of modern man as the result of the knowledge gained in the lab of science research. Investigators have thought that the cold is usually caused by a virus. However, no method of studying this virus has been devised. The chimpanzee is the only animal to which the disease can be given expe

38、rimentally. The use of this animal is limited by its cost and by the fact that so many of the animals die of pneumonia during the experiments. This leaves for all practical purposes only human volunteers to be used in research projects. Many inmetes of prisons have helped in this work, but because o

39、f these limitations, research into the cause and cure of cold has progressed very slowly.Research into the cause and cure of colds has _.A. gone ahead very slowlyB. gone ahead very quicklyC. been very commonD. been impossible3、推理判断题这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理

40、。推理判断题主要针对短文的结论、隐含意义（寓意）、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作思路及目的等方面，要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，包括对事情的前因后果、人物的目的动机和性格特征、作者的倾向态度、语言中的语态和语气等进行推断，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。但考生应该明白，推断也应依据原文材料，并非凭空推断。该题型有时还可能会假设一种情况要求考生对原文中没有提到的情况进行推理想象，对题目中提出的各种可能性进行推敲，从而选出符合原文信息或作者愿意的最佳答案。设题方式：多角度设置干扰项只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当作间接推理。 看似从原文推断出来的结

41、论,然而实际上与原文不符,如因果倒置,手段变目的等。 根据考生已有的常识是正确的,但是却不是基于文章,一切以文章为准。 推理过头,引申过渡。常见的设问形式： We can infer(推断）/ conclude (得出结论）from the passage that _. It can be inferred / concluded (from the passage ) that _. The passage / story / author / paragraph implies, but does not directly state that _. The authors / writ

42、ers attitude（态度）towards is _. When the writer talks about., what he really means is that_. The passage/story suggests(暗示）that _ . From the passage we can tell / learn _ . The writer of the passage considers it _ Which of the following might / probably happened later ? What do you think would happen

43、(to) at the end of the story?解题秘诀：依据原文认真比较选项：读懂原文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容注意文章结构层次和逻辑关系，并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、社会常识，仔细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。（标志：关键词：infer imply）绝大多数推理题是原文意思的同义表达，正确答案与原文之间没有任何推理关系 做题时可以寻找四个选项中三错一对的关系 如果四个选项中有两个或两个以上的选项都是成立的推理步骤，那么与原文意思最接近、所用推理最少的选项即是正确答案 例：1. Did you ever hear a strange sound coming f

44、rom the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called "the deathwatch beetle." The sound of this beetle _.A. pleased people. B. surprised people. C. frightened pe

45、ople. D. excited people.2. It is said that people should take a lesson from the clock. The clock passes the time by keeping its hands busy. People who do what the clock does also pass the time by keeping their hands busy and not by sleeping the time away. You can tell that busy people:_A. act like c

46、locks. B. sleep the time away. C. don't do what clocks do. D. don't have hands.3. It is fun to turn over a big rock on the beach. Make sure you turn the rock back to the position it was in after you moved it. If you dont turn it back over, all the sea animals under it or clinging to（依附）the u

47、nderside will die.You can tell that rocks _.A. hurt sea animals B. protect sea animalsC. wont be found on beaches D. cant be found on beaches4 A month after Hurricace Katrina, I returned home in New Orleans. There lay my house, reduced to waist-high rains, smelly and dirty.Before the trip, Id had my

48、 car fixed. When the office employee of the garage was writing up the bill, she noticed my Louisiana license plate. “You from New Orleans?” she asked. I said I was, “No charge.” She said, and firmly shock her head when I reached for my wallet. The next day I went for a haircut, and the same thing ha

49、ppened. As my wife was studying in Florida, we decided to move there and tried to find a rental house that we could afford while also paying off a mortgage(抵押贷款) on our ruined house. We looked at many places, but none was satisfactory. Wed began to accept that wed have to live in extremely reduced c

50、ircumstances for a while, when I got a very curious e-mail from a James Kemmedy in California. Hed read some pieces Id written about our sufferings for state, the online magazine and wanted to give us (“no conditions attached”) a new house across the lake from New Orleans. It sounded a good to her r

51、eturn, but I replied, thinking him for his exceptional generosity, then we to go back. Then the University of Florida offered to let him house to me. While he want to England on his one year, paid leave. The rent was rather reasonable. I mentioned the poets offer to James Kemdedy, and the next day h

52、e sent a check covering our entire rent for eight months. Throughout this painful experience, the kindness of strangers back my faith in humanity. Its almost worth losing you wordy possessions to be reminded that people really when given had a channel.It can be inferred from the text that _.A. the a

53、uthors family was in financial difficultyB. rents were comparatively reasonable despite the disasterC. houses were difficult to find in the hurricane0stricken areaD. the mortgage on the ruined house was paid off by the bank原文材料第一段第二句They lay my house, reduced to waist-high ruins, smelly and dirty可推测

54、房子被暴雨冲毁。再有第三段第一句we decided to move and tried to find a rental house that we could afford while also paying off a mortgage on our ruined house可做出推理判断，作者因为需要支付银行贷款，在找便宜的房子，所以可以推断作者经济拮据。注意：1) 判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。2) 全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。3) 善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。总之，推理判断必须以事实为据，利用相关部分提供的背景

55、知识、正确的思维过程和严密的逻辑性进行推断。切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断。4、观点态度题该题型主要考察学生对文中的有关语句、要点、细节、观点等的理解能力。这种题要求在宏观把握文章的基础上，作出合理判断。这种题要求在宏观把握文章的基础上，选出作者对文章所谈问题的态度，而不是我们对某一问题的经验。这类题要求考生从文章的论述方法、语气和遣词造句中把握作者对人与事的好恶，了解作者的态度和情感；这类题目需要多注意文章开头、结尾等传达作者感情倾向的地方。每一篇文章都肯定包含作者的某种观点和态度，只不过有的直截了当，有的含而不露，有的通过所用词语的褒贬来体现，有的则需要通读全文，把握主旨才能领会。此类题可细分为作

56、者态度题（表明作者的好恶）和作者观点题（表明作者对某事物的观点）。设题方式：1）作者观点题According to the author，_.In the author's opinion，_.What is the author's opinion （idea） about _？How does the author feel about .?2）作者态度题What is the tone (mood) of the passage？The author's attitude towardsmight be summarized as (seems to be) _.

57、What is the author's attitude toward .?Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward .?The author's attitude toward . is _.The attitude of the author toward . can best be described as _.The author is most critical of _.注意：一般作者的态度分为三大类： 支持 (supporting)、赞同 (approving)、乐观 (optimistic)客观 (objective)、中立 (neutral) 反对 (opposed)、批评 (critical)、怀疑 (doubtful) 、悲观 (pessimistic)除此之外，没有其他的作者态度解题秘诀：理解文章、合理推断，切不可经验主义。找文中带有感情色彩的名次、动词、形容词、副词 根据作者举的例子判断 解题技巧：不要把自己的态度揉入其中，还要区分作者的态度还是作者