新编英语教程6-UnitFour

1、Unit FourText I The Lady, or the Tiger? (Part I) I. Library Work Gladiators (古罗马的斗士古罗马的斗士) were armed fighters performing for the public in ancient Rome. Throughout the history of ancient Rome, it remained fashionable to commemorate the dead with a gladiatorial fight. Gladiatorial gamesUnit FourThe

2、Lady, or the Tiger? Part IFrank R. StocktonI. Library WorkThe Roman Empire The Roman Empire included most of whatwould now be considered Western Europe. Theempire was conquered by theRoman Army anda Roman way of life was established in theseconquered countries. In Romes early years, the state lived

3、in fearof its more powerful neighbour, Carthage. TheI. Library Work Carthaginians were great traders in theMediterranean Sea and as the Romans wantedto expand into this trading zone, a clash wasinevitable. By 146 BC, the Romans were strongenough to capture the city of Carthage inNorthern Africa. Car

4、thage was burned to theground and all signs of the city were destroyedby the Romans as a sign that the power of theCarthaginians had disappeared forever.I. Library WorkAt its height under Trajan (98-117), the RomanEmpire included W. and S. Europe, north of theSahara (Africa), and SW Asia. The RomanE

5、mpire split permanently into East and West in395 AD. The Western Empire, with its capital atRome, fell in 476 AD as a result of internationaltroubles and barbarian invasions. I. Library WorkAfter the Western Empire fell, the EasternEmpire (or the Byzantine Empire) claimed theentire Roman world. The

6、Eastern Empire, whosecapital was Constantinople, formerly Byzantium,fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.I. Library Work2. Gladiator Gladiators were armed fighters performing forthe public in ancient Rome. Throughout thehistory of ancient Rome, it remained fashionableto commemorate the dead with a glad

7、iatorialfight. Gladiatorial games became so popularthat by the first century B.C. they were presented I. Library Workthroughout the Roman Empire many times ayear to celebrate holidays. Many Romansbelieved that gladiatorial contests promotedthe ideals of toughness and courage.I. Library Work3. Britis

8、h Policeman and JusticeThe Police Make an Arrest“Do you wish to say anything?” the sergeantsaid to Jim. “You are not obliged to say anythingunless you wish to do so. But whatever you saywill be taken down in writing and may be givenin evidence.” These are the words which every(1) policeman must use

9、before questioning I. Library Worka person accused of a crime. This caution tells the accused quite clearly that the police cannot (force) him to convict himself by what he says.II. Organization of the Text 1. A king who is a combination of enlightenment and barbarism (Paragraph 1) 2. The public are

10、na - the kings semi-barbaric method of administering justice (Paragraphs 2 6) 3. Authors comment of the public arena (Paragraphs 7 - 8)III. Key Points of the Text Paragraph 1 olden: (literary and old use) past; long ago 古时的，往昔的古时的，往昔的 E.g.: in the olden days 在古昔在古昔 in the olden times 在古代在古代 semi-bar

11、baric: half barbaric, partly barbaricParagraph 1 barbaric: (often derogatory) of or like (that of) a barbarian; very cruel 半开化半开化的，野蛮的的，野蛮的 polish: make less rough / more graceful; refine 使使(人、举止、仪表等人、举止、仪表等) 变得优雅；变得优雅；使升华使升华 E.g.: His manners need polishing. 他的他的举止欠优雅。举止欠优雅。Paragraph 1 sharpen: mak

12、e more sensitive 使敏锐；使敏锐；使敏捷使敏捷 E.g.: sharpen sb.s mind / wits 使某人头使某人头脑敏锐脑敏锐 large: exaggerating; insightful; generous, forgiving; (archaic) (of behavior) unbridled; (of language) vulgar, coarseParagraph 1 夸大的，浮夸的夸大的，浮夸的; 有远见的有远见的; (废废) (行为行为) 放放肆的；肆的； (言语等言语等) 粗俗的粗俗的 E.g.: large talk 大话大话 talk in

13、a large way 讲话夸张讲话夸张 a man with large ideas 高瞻远瞩的人高瞻远瞩的人 a large heart 宽厚的心宽厚的心 large tolerance 宽容宽容Paragraph 1 florid: (often derogatory) richly ornamented; having too much ornamentation 徇丽的，徇丽的，(过分过分) 华丽的华丽的 E.g.: florid language / architecture 华丽华丽的言辞的言辞 (建筑建筑) florid surrealism 浮华的超现实主义浮华的超现实主义P

14、aragraph 1 untrammeled: not hampered 不受阻碍的；不受阻碍的；不受束缚的不受束缚的 E.g.: the old untrammeled days 逍遥自逍遥自在的往昔在的往昔 trammel (n. & v.): fishing net or net for catching birds; (formal) prevent the free movement , action, or development of (someone or something) 渔网；鸟网；渔网；鸟网；束缚；妨碍；限制束缚；妨碍；限制Paragraph 1 E.g.:

15、be trammeled by societys prejudices 被社会偏见所束缚被社会偏见所束缚 trammels: (formal) something that trammels 拘束，束缚；妨碍；限制拘束，束缚；妨碍；限制 E.g.: Free yourself from the trammels of tradition. 把你自己从传统的束缚中解放出把你自己从传统的束缚中解放出来。来。Paragraph 1 become: befit, be suitable to 适合；同适合；同相称相称 E.g.: Her clothes become her. 她的衣服她的衣服穿在她身

16、上显得很匹配。穿在她身上显得很匹配。 It ill becomes you to complain. 发牢发牢骚同你的身份可不大相称。骚同你的身份可不大相称。Paragraph 1 He becomes his high office. 他的举止他的举止与他的高官身份相称。与他的高官身份相称。 Nothing in his life became him like leaving it. 他活着毫无意义，只配去死。他活着毫无意义，只配去死。Paragraph 1 exuberant: (of people and their behavior) overflowing with life an

17、d cheerful excitement; (of plants) growing plentifully; wild and excessive 生气勃勃的；热情洋溢的；茂盛的；生气勃勃的；热情洋溢的；茂盛的；繁茂的；极度的；过分的繁茂的；极度的；过分的 E.g.: Tom is an exuberant boy. His exuberant words filled us with hope.Paragraph 1 The exuberant foliage in the Botanical Garden is a great attraction to the visitors. an

18、 exuberant imagination 丰富的想象丰富的想象 receive an exuberant welcome 受到热受到热情洋溢的欢迎情洋溢的欢迎 be in exuberant confidence 信心十足信心十足 Paragraph 1 be in exuberant relief 大大地松了一口大大地松了一口气气 children in exuberant spirits 兴高采烈兴高采烈的孩子们的孩子们 a person of exuberant talent 才气横溢才气横溢的人的人 exuberant zeal 狂热狂热Paragraph 1 withal: (a

19、rchaic) besides; moreover; together with this 此外；而且此外；而且 What does the word “irresistible” modify? at will: as one wishes 任意，随意任意，随意 at ones own sweet will: 随心所欲地随心所欲地 E.g.: He comes and goes at his own sweet will. 他要来就来，要去就去。他要来就来，要去就去。Paragraph 1 be given to: be in the habit of (doing) something 有

20、有的癖好；有的癖好；有的倾向的倾向 E.g.: be given to lying 爱说谎爱说谎 be given to shyness 怯生怯生 be given to long walks 有长途散步的有长途散步的癖好癖好Paragraph 1 commune: (literary and poetic) exchange thoughts, ideas, or feelings 亲密交谈，谈心；（感情上）融为一体亲密交谈，谈心；（感情上）融为一体 E.g.: commune with each other 互相亲互相亲密交谈密交谈 Commune with nature, and you

21、ll feel refreshed. 陶醉在大自然中会使你身心焕陶醉在大自然中会使你身心焕然一新。然一新。Paragraph 1 his domestic and political system: his family and his country bland and genial: composed and gracious bland: showing no strong feelings; gentle or causal in manner; suave 和蔼和蔼的，温和的的，温和的Paragraph 1 E.g.: a bland manner 和蔼的态度和蔼的态度 genial

22、: kindly; good-tempered; pleasant; sociable 和蔼的；亲切的；友好的和蔼的；亲切的；友好的 E.g.: a genial old man 和蔼可亲的老人和蔼可亲的老人 hitch: a slight difficulty which causes a short delay 故障；突然停止；障碍故障；突然停止；障碍Paragraph 1 E.g.: There was s technical hitch (技术故技术故障障)somewhere, but I just couldnt put my finger on it. The performanc

23、e went off without a hitch (= very successfully). The plan is not without hitches. 这个计划不这个计划不无障碍。无障碍。 orb: heavenly body 天体天体Paragraph 1 Orb: jeweled ball with a cross on top carried by a king or queen as part of ceremonial dress （王位标志上的）宝球（王位标志上的）宝球（球顶饰有十字架，为国王礼服的一部分）（球顶饰有十字架，为国王礼服的一部分） Which sente

24、nce in the paragraph makes it clear that the king was a despotic ruler?Paragraph 2 arena: the middle part of a Roman amphitheater used for public sports and fights (古罗马圆形剧场中央的古罗马圆形剧场中央的) 角斗角斗场；表演场地场；表演场地 valor: (especially formal or literary) great bravery, especially in war 勇武，勇武，勇气勇气 E.g.: an act

25、of epic valor 壮烈的英勇行为壮烈的英勇行为Paragraph 3 assert oneself: act in such a way as to show ones power or authority 坚持自己坚持自己的权利（或意见）；迫使人们承认自己的的权利（或意见）；迫使人们承认自己的权利；显示自己的权威（或威力）权利；显示自己的权威（或威力） E.g.: Women began to assert themselves (显示出自己的力量显示出自己的力量)and demand equal pay for equal work in the middle of the ni

26、neteenth century.Paragraph 3 His headache was asserting itself. 他他的头痛发作了。的头痛发作了。 Justice will assert itself. 正义必然会得正义必然会得到伸张。到伸张。 rhapsody: (often plural with singular meaning) (sometimes derogatory) an expression of (too) great praise and wild excitement 狂热赞词；狂喜，狂欢狂热赞词；狂喜，狂欢Paragraph 3 E.g.: She we

27、nt into rhapsodies (a rhapsody) over the beauty of the scene. 她铺张扬厉地大谈那一胜景。她铺张扬厉地大谈那一胜景。 She experienced the rhapsody of first love. 她经历了初恋的热狂。她经历了初恋的热狂。Paragraph 3 amphitheater: oval or circular unroofed building with rows of seats rising in steps all round an open space, used for presenting entert

28、ainments 圆形剧场；竞圆形剧场；竞技场技场 gallery: grandstand 大看台大看台 poetic justice: an outcome in which vice is punished and virtue rewarded Paragraph 3 chance: the force that seems to make things happen without cause or reason; luck; good or bad fortune 机缘；命运；机缘；命运；幸运；侥幸幸运；侥幸 E.g.: Chance let her meet you here. 机

29、机缘让她在这儿和你相见。缘让她在这儿和你相见。 leave it to chance 听其自然听其自然Paragraph 3 He will leave nothing to chance in his planning. 他在设计中不存任何侥幸之心。他在设计中不存任何侥幸之心。 Paragraph 4 Why could the arena be justifiably called “the kings arena”? Though the form of the arena was a borrowing, the purpose it was made to serve in this

30、 particular kingdom emanated solely from the brain of the king.Paragraph 4 from afar: from a great distance 从远处从远处 E.g.: come from afar 从远处来从远处来 friends from afar 远方来的朋友远方来的朋友 I saw him from afar. 我从远处看到了他。我从远处看到了他。 emanate from: (formal) (especially of something nonmaterial) come out fromParagraph

31、4 E.g.: A feeling of sympathy emanated from her when she saw a disabled child move along with difficulty. Fragrance emanates from flowers. 花花朵散发芬芳。朵散发芬芳。 Much of the criticism against him emanated from his political opponents. 对他的抨击大都来自他的政敌。对他的抨击大都来自他的政敌。 Paragraph 4 barleycorn: a grain of barley 大麦

32、粒；大大麦粒；大麦麦; 旧时长度单位（旧时长度单位（=1/3英寸）英寸） every inch: completely; in all ways 在各在各方面；完全，彻底方面；完全，彻底 E.g.: He looked every inch the famed actor. 他看上去完全是一副名演员的派头。他看上去完全是一副名演员的派头。Paragraph 4 allegiance: loyalty, faith, and dutiful support to a king, country, idea, etc. 忠忠诚，效忠诚，效忠 E.g.: swear full allegiance

33、to the nation 宣誓赤胆效忠祖国宣誓赤胆效忠祖国 an oath of allegiance to the King 对君对君主效忠的誓言主效忠的誓言Paragraph 4 owe allegiance to the Communist Party 矢矢志忠于共产党志忠于共产党 His brand allegiances are divided. 他并不专他并不专门使用某一商标的商品。门使用某一商标的商品。 know: be governed / influenced by 受受支配；支配；受受影响影响 E.g.: Her joy knew no bounds. 她无限欢欣。她无限

34、欢欣。 Paragraph 4 than (conj.): (used after else, other) except 除除(外外) E.g.: He did nothing else than smile. 他他仅微笑而已。仅微笑而已。 Your failure was due to nothing else than your own carelessness. 你的失败你的失败完全是由于你自己的粗心大意。完全是由于你自己的粗心大意。Paragraph 4 How else can we come than by train? 除了除了坐火车之外我们还可以坐什么来呢？坐火车之外我们还可

35、以坐什么来呢？ He could not have behaved otherwise than he did. 他本来只能这样行事。他本来只能这样行事。 She couldnt do otherwise than love him. 她惟有爱他。她惟有爱他。 He has been to every other province than Gansu. 除了甘肃之外，他到过每一个省。除了甘肃之外，他到过每一个省。Paragraph 4 ingraft: also engraft, implant; transplant 嫁接；移植嫁接；移植 E.g.: ingraft a new rose

36、on a wild rose 把新品种玫瑰的枝条嫁接在野玫瑰上把新品种玫瑰的枝条嫁接在野玫瑰上 Thrift is engrafted in his character. 节节俭已成了他的习性。俭已成了他的习性。 Paragraph 5 court: the officials, noblemen, servants, etc., who attend a king or queen (总称总称) 朝臣，侍臣朝臣，侍臣 E.g.: The court went into mourning when the kings uncle died. 王叔去世时，王叔去世时，宫廷上下都服丧。宫廷上下都服

37、丧。Paragraph 5 he was subject to no guidance or influence but that of the chance: he received no guidance or influence from anyone, but he was governed by chance, the unseen power which caused things to happenParagraph 5 be subject to: be dependent on, be controlled by 受支配受支配 E.g.: The project is sub

38、ject to the approval of the school board. 该项目需该项目需得到校董事会的批准。得到校董事会的批准。 All citizens are subject to the law of the country. 所有公民都必须遵守国家法所有公民都必须遵守国家法律。律。 Paragraph 5 All men are subject to death. 人总有人总有一死。一死。 Specifications are subject to variation without notice. 规格可有变动，规格可有变动，不再另行通知。不再另行通知。 aforemen

39、tioned: also aforesaid, (formal) said or named before or above 前面提到前面提到的，上述的（常用于法律文书）的，上述的（常用于法律文书）Paragraph 5 procure: (formal) obtain with difficulty or effort E.g.: After trying hard, he was able to procure two tickets for the grand opera. doleful: sad in a self-pitying way; causing or expressing

40、 unhappiness or low spirits 忧郁的；悲伤的；不高兴的忧郁的；悲伤的；不高兴的Paragraph 5 E.g.: a doleful face 愁苦的脸愁苦的脸 Dont be so doleful. 别这样垂头丧气。别这样垂头丧气。 a doleful cry 悲痛的喊声悲痛的喊声 wail: make a usually long cry or sound suggesting grief or pain 恸哭，嚎啕恸哭，嚎啕 E.g.: The baby wailed for his mother. 那那婴儿啼哭着要妈妈。婴儿啼哭着要妈妈。Paragraph 5

41、 The ships wailed dismally to one another. 几条船凄凉地互相鸣响汽笛。几条船凄凉地互相鸣响汽笛。 post: place someone on duty in a special place, especially as a guard 设置（岗哨等）设置（岗哨等） E.g.: post a sentry 设岗设岗 A nurse posted herself outside the door. 一一名护士守在门外。名护士守在门外。Paragraph 5 downcast: having or showing low spirits or sadnes

42、s; directed downwards 垂头丧气的，沮丧的；低垂的垂头丧气的，沮丧的；低垂的 E.g.: a downcast expression 垂头丧气的垂头丧气的表情表情 She sat there quietly with downcast eyes. 她两眼低垂静静地坐在那儿。她两眼低垂静静地坐在那儿。Paragraph 5 wend ones way: (formal and literary) move or travel over a distance, especially slowly; leave 行，走行，走 E.g.: wend ones way to a ta

43、ble 向桌子向桌子走去走去 wend (wended 或或 went): E.g.: wend to school 上学上学Paragraph 5 fair: (of a person) having pale skin and light hair; (of women) (especially old use) beautiful; attractive 白肤金发的；美白肤金发的；美丽的丽的 dire: dreadful, terrible 可怕的，悲惨的可怕的，悲惨的 E.g.: a dire calamity 可怕的灾难可怕的灾难 dire news 噩耗噩耗 Paragraph 6

44、 station: (archaic) social rank E.g.: people in humble stations 地位低地位低下的人们下的人们 be educated above ones station 受到受到高于本人地位的教育高于本人地位的教育 all stations of life 社会各阶层社会各阶层Paragraph 6 engage: (formal) bind oneself by a promise (用契约、诺言等用契约、诺言等) 约束约束 (自己自己)；使订婚；保证使订婚；保证 E.g.: He engaged himself as an apprenti

45、ce to a printer. 他签订合同当了他签订合同当了一名印刷学徒工。一名印刷学徒工。 He engaged himself not to call on his father for help. 他发誓不去请求父亲帮助。他发誓不去请求父亲帮助。Paragraph 6 My brother and she are engaged. 我我兄弟和她订婚了。兄弟和她订婚了。 his great scheme of retribution and reward: his great design or plan of punishing the guilty and rewarding the

46、 innocent retribution: (formal) deserved punishment 惩罚；（宗教）（来世）报惩罚；（宗教）（来世）报应应Paragraph 6 E.g.: divine retribution for evil deeds 恶恶行的天罚行的天罚 Retribution will quickly follow. 报应必报应必将随之降临。将随之降临。 exercises: (AmE) a set of events including speeches, giving of prizes, and various ceremonies 仪式；典礼；答仪式；典礼；

47、答辩，口试辩，口试Paragraph 6 E.g.: opening exercises 开幕仪式开幕仪式 commencement (或或 graduation) exercises 毕业典礼毕业典礼 air: tune, melody 曲调，旋律；乐曲曲调，旋律；乐曲 E.g.: an old Scottish air 一支古老的苏格一支古老的苏格兰曲调兰曲调Paragraph 6 epithalamic: celebrating a marriage epithalamium (plural: epithalamiums or epithalamia): song or poem cel

48、ebrating a marriage (献给新郎、新娘的献给新郎、新娘的) 新婚喜歌新婚喜歌或颂诗或颂诗 tread / trip a measure: (informal and archaic) dance (with someone)Paragraph 6 E.g.: The musicians had almost stopped playing by the time he gained the courage to ask if she would tread a measure with him. measure: dance (古古) (尤指缓慢而庄重的尤指缓慢而庄重的) 舞

49、蹈；舞步舞蹈；舞步 cheery: bright; gay; cheerful 兴高采烈的；兴高采烈的；活泼的；令人愉快的活泼的；令人愉快的Paragraph 6 E.g.: a cheery view of the countrys economy 对那个国家经济的乐观看法对那个国家经济的乐观看法 a cheery smile (greeting) 亲切的微笑亲切的微笑（问候）（问候） solemnize: perform (especially a marriage) with formal religious ceremony 隆重庆祝（或纪念）；为隆重庆祝（或纪念）；为举举行宗教仪式行

50、宗教仪式 Paragraph 6 E.g.: The marriage was solemnized in the cathedral. 婚礼在大教堂按宗教仪式举婚礼在大教堂按宗教仪式举行。行。 peal: the sound of loud ringing of bells; a loud long sound or number of sounds one after the other 响亮持久的声音；钟响亮持久的声音；钟乐乐 E.g.: peals of laughter (或或 mirth) 阵阵欢阵阵欢笑声笑声Paragraph 6 a peal of thunder 一声响雷一声

51、响雷 the peal of victory 胜利的钟声胜利的钟声 hurrah: also hooray and hurray, a shout of joy or approval (表示高兴、满意、鼓表示高兴、满意、鼓励等的呼喊声励等的呼喊声) 好哇；万岁；叫好声；欢呼好哇；万岁；叫好声；欢呼声声 strew (strewed, strewn): scatter 撒，散撒，散播；使散落播；使散落Paragraph 6 E.g.: They strewed seeds in the garden. 他们在园子里播种。他们在园子里播种。 The boy strewed his clothes

52、 all over the room. 这男孩把衣服扔得满房间都是。这男孩把衣服扔得满房间都是。Paragraph 7 tribunal: a court of justice with powers to settle certain types of dispute (被授权解决某被授权解决某种纠纷的种纠纷的) 特别法庭特别法庭; 裁决，公断裁决，公断 E.g.: the Hague Tribunal 海牙国际仲裁法庭海牙国际仲裁法庭 go on trial before a military tribunal 在军事在军事法庭上受审法庭上受审 the tribunal of public

53、 opinion 舆论的公断舆论的公断 Paragraph 7 determinate: final 确定的；决定的确定的；决定的 Do you agree with the masses of people there that the kings way of administering justice was fair because the accused had the whole matter in his own hands? If not, can you help the thinking part of the community by finding a charge a

54、gainst the unfairness of the plan?Paragraph 7 Definitely not. The “sentence” of such “trials” was not based on the guilt or innocence of the accused but on sheer luck.Paragraph 8 a hilarious wedding: a jubilant wedding, a joyful wedding hilarious: joyous, jubilant 兴高采烈的；兴高采烈的；欢闹的，狂欢的欢闹的，狂欢的; 引人发笑的引人

55、发笑的 E.g.: We had a hilarious time at our Alumni Reunion the other day.Paragraph 8 She was far from hilarious. 她很不高兴。她很不高兴。 a hilarious party 欢闹的聚会欢闹的聚会 a hilarious story 逗噱的故事逗噱的故事 hilarity n. What was it that made the “trials” in the arena so appealing to the people? The element of uncertainty.Para

56、graph 8 lent an interest to the occasion: added an interest to the occasion; made the occasion more interesting lend: give as an additional quality 给给予；添加；提供予；添加；提供 E.g.: The performance of the trio lent great excitement to the party.Paragraph 8 Fear lent speed to my limbs. 恐惧使我加快恐惧使我加快了脚步。了脚步。 A fi

57、re lends cheer to a room. 炉火给房间增炉火给房间增添生气。添生气。 could bring no charge of unfairness against this plan: could not accuse the semi-barbaric king (who thought out the plan) of unfair treatment of the accused personParagraph 8 charge: accusation; an official statement saying that someone is responsible f

58、or a crime E.g.: He was arrested on a charge of graft and corruption. The police brought a charge of graft and corruption against him.Paragraph 8 Does the word “masses” used in the story have any special connotation? Yes, it does. It has the connotation of an ignorant and unthinking multitude, as co

59、ntrasted with the “thinking part of the community”.IV. Translation in Workbook 61. 这些大学一年级学生都充满青春活力。这些大学一年级学生都充满青春活力。(exuberant) The freshmen are all youthfully exuberant.2. 他的态度平静，脸上的表情不可解读。他的态度平静，脸上的表情不可解读。(bland) His attitude was bland and his expression was unreadable.3. 我中学的女校长是一位性格温和的年轻女子。我中学的

60、女校长是一位性格温和的年轻女子。(genial) The headmistress of my middle school was a genial young lady.IV. Translation in Workbook 64. 这位哲学家在思索，这是不是历史的必由之路？这位哲学家在思索，这是不是历史的必由之路？ The philosopher is pondering on whether this is the inevitable course of events in history.5. 这部电影是由海明威的一部小说改编而成的。这部电影是由海明威的一部小说改编而成的。 (adapt)