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1、计算机图形学基础华东理工大学计算机系华东理工大学计算机系 谢晓玲谢晓玲习题习题7.4/P227o7.4 7.4 将图将图7-407-40中物体中物体ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH进行如下变换的变进行如下变换的变换矩阵,写出复合变换后图形各顶点的规范化齐换矩阵,写出复合变换后图形各顶点的规范化齐次坐标,并画出复合变换后的图形。次坐标,并画出复合变换后的图形。平移,使点平移,使点C C与点与点p(1,-1,0)p(1,-1,0)重合。重合。绕绕z z轴旋转轴旋转6060。解:解:T1=T(0,-2,0)= 1 0 0 0T1=T(0,-2,0)= 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

2、0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 -2 0 1 0 -2 0 1 ABCDEFGH112-1P(1,-1,0)xyz图7-40T2=RT2=Rz z(60)= 1/2 3/2 0 0 (60)= 1/2 3/2 0 0 -3/2 1/2 0 0 -3/2 1/2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1T=T1T=T1T2=T(0,-2,0)RT2=T(0,-2,0)Rz z(60)(60)= 1/2 3/2 0 0 = 1/2 3/2 0 0 -3/2 1/2 0 0 -3/2 1/2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 -1 0 1 3 -1 0 1

3、ABCDEFGH112-1P(1,-1,0)xyzA 0 0 0 1A 0 0 0 1 3 3 -1 0 1 -1 0 1 B 1 0 0 1B 1 0 0 1 1/2+3 1/2+3 3/2-1 0 1 3/2-1 0 1 C 1 1 0 1 1/2+3/2 3/2-1/2 0 1C 1 1 0 1 1/2+3/2 3/2-1/2 0 1D 0 1 0 1 T = 3/2 -1/2 0 1D 0 1 0 1 T = 3/2 -1/2 0 1E 0 0 2 1 3 E 0 0 2 1 3 -1 2 1 -1 2 1 F 1 0 2 1 1/2+3 3/2-1 2 1 F 1 0 2 1 1/2

4、+3 3/2-1 2 1 G 1 1 2 1G 1 1 2 1 1/2+3/2 3/2-1/2 2 1 1/2+3/2 3/2-1/2 2 1 H 0 1 2 1 H 0 1 2 1 3/2 -1/2 2 1 3/2 -1/2 2 1 ABCDEFGH112-1P(1,-1,0)xyzDC四舍五入得:四舍五入得:A 2 -1 0 1A 2 -1 0 1 B 2 0 0 1B 2 0 0 1C 1 0 0 1 C 1 0 0 1 D 1 -1 0 1D 1 -1 0 1E 2 -1 2 1 E 2 -1 2 1 F 2 0 2 1 F 2 0 2 1 G 1 0 2 1G 1 0 2 1 H 1

5、 -1 2 1 H 1 -1 2 1 ABCDEFGH112-1P(1,-1,0)xyz图7-40AG112-1xyz-22BEFGH习题习题7.4/P227o7.4 7.4 将图将图7-407-40中物体中物体ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH进行如下变换的变进行如下变换的变换矩阵,写出复合变换后图形各顶点的规范化齐换矩阵,写出复合变换后图形各顶点的规范化齐次坐标,并画出复合变换后的图形。次坐标,并画出复合变换后的图形。平移,使点平移,使点C C与点与点p(1,-1,0)p(1,-1,0)重合。重合。相对于相对于点点p(1,-1,0)p(1,-1,0)绕绕z z轴旋转轴旋转6060。解:解:T

6、1=T(0,-2,0)T1=T(0,-2,0)T2=T(-1, 1,0)RT2=T(-1, 1,0)Rz z(60)T(1,-1,0)(60)T(1,-1,0)T=T1T=T1T2=T(0,-2,0)T(-1,1,0)RT2=T(0,-2,0)T(-1,1,0)Rz z(60)T(1,-1,0)(60)T(1,-1,0)ABCDEFGH112-1P(1,-1,0)xyz图7-40T=T(0,-2,0)T(-1,1,0)RT=T(0,-2,0)T(-1,1,0)Rz z(60)T(1,-1,0)(60)T(1,-1,0)= 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1/2 3/2 0 0 1 0 0 0=

7、 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1/2 3/2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 -3/2 1/2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 -3/2 1/2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 -2 0 1 -1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 -1 0 1 0 -2 0 1 -1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 -1 0 1 = 1/2 3/2 0 0 = 1/2 3/2 0 0 -3/2 1/2 0 0 -3/2 1/2 0 0 0

8、 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 (1+3)/2 -(3+3)/2 0 1 (1+3)/2 -(3+3)/2 0 1ABCDEFGH112-1P(1,-1,0)xyzT=T(0,-2,0)T(-1,1,0)RT=T(0,-2,0)T(-1,1,0)Rz z(60)T(1,-1,0)(60)T(1,-1,0) = 1/2 3/2 0 0 = 1/2 3/2 0 0 -3/2 1/2 0 0 -3/2 1/2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 (1+3)/2 -(3+3)/2 0 1 (1+3)/2 -(3+3)/2 0 1A 0 0 0 1A 0 0 0 1 (1+3)/2 -(3+3)/2

9、0 1 (1+3)/2 -(3+3)/2 0 1 B 1 0 0 1B 1 0 0 1 1+3/2 1+3/2 -3/2 0 1 -3/2 0 1 C 1 1 0 1 1 -1 0 1C 1 1 0 1 1 -1 0 1D 0 1 0 1 T = 1/2 -1-3/2 0 1D 0 1 0 1 T = 1/2 -1-3/2 0 1E 0 0 2 1 (1+3)/2 -(3+3)/2 2 1 E 0 0 2 1 (1+3)/2 -(3+3)/2 2 1 F 1 0 2 1 1+3/2 F 1 0 2 1 1+3/2 -3/2 2 1 -3/2 2 1 G 1 1 2 1G 1 1 2 1 1 -

10、1 2 1 1 -1 2 1 H 0 1 2 1 H 0 1 2 1 1/2 -1-3/2 2 1 1/2 -1-3/2 2 1 ABCDEFGH112-1P(1,-1,0)xyz四舍五入得:四舍五入得:A 1 -2 0 1A 1 -2 0 1 B 2 -1 0 1B 2 -1 0 1C 1 -1 0 1 C 1 -1 0 1 D 0 -2 0 1D 0 -2 0 1E 1 -2 2 1 E 1 -2 2 1 F 2 -1 2 1 F 2 -1 2 1 G 1 -1 2 1G 1 -1 2 1 H 1 -2 2 1 H 1 -2 2 1 ABCDEFGH112-1P(1,-1,0)xyz图7-

11、40AG112-1xyz-22BCDEFGH习题习题7.5/P228o7.5 7.5 将图将图7-417-41中四面体中四面体ABCDABCD进行如下变换的变换进行如下变换的变换矩阵,写出复合变换后图形各顶点的规范化齐次矩阵,写出复合变换后图形各顶点的规范化齐次坐标,并画出复合变换后的图形。坐标,并画出复合变换后的图形。关于关于P P点整体放大点整体放大2 2倍。倍。关于关于y y轴进行对称变换。轴进行对称变换。解:解:T1=T(-2,2,-2)S(2)T(2,-2,2)T1=T(-2,2,-2)S(2)T(2,-2,2)T2=TT2=TF Fy y()()T=T(-2,2,-2)S(2)T(

12、2,-2,2)TT=T(-2,2,-2)S(2)T(2,-2,2)TF Fy y()()A(2,0,0)B(2,1,0)C(0,1,0)D(1,1,1)P(2,-2,2)xyz图7-41 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0T= 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0T= 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 0 -2 2 -

13、2 1 0 0 0 1 2 -2 2 1 0 0 0 1 -2 2 -2 1 0 0 0 1 2 -2 2 1 0 0 0 1 -2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 = 0 2 0 0 = 0 2 0 0 0 0 -2 0 0 0 -2 02 2 2 12 2 2 1A 2 0 0 1 -2 2 2 1A 2 0 0 1 -2 2 2 1B 2 1 0 1 T= -2 4 2 1 B 2 1 0 1 T= -2 4 2 1 C 0 1 0 1 2 4 2 1C 0 1 0 1 2 4 2 1D 1 1 1 1 0 4 0 1D 1 1 1 1 0 4 0 1得得A A(-2,2,2)(-2,2,

14、2)、B B(-2,4,2)(-2,4,2)、C C(2,4,2)(2,4,2)、D D(0,4,0)(0,4,0)A(2,0,0)B(2,1,0)C(0,1,0)D(1,1,1)P(2,-2,2)xyzA(-2,2,2)B(-2,4,2)C(2,4,2)D(0,4,0)P(2,-2,2)xyzo7.6 7.6 假定直线假定直线ABAB的两个端点为的两个端点为A(0,0,0)A(0,0,0)和和B(2,2,2)B(2,2,2),试写出绕,试写出绕ABAB旋转旋转3030的三维复合变换的三维复合变换矩阵。矩阵。第一步,使得第一步,使得ABAB与与z z轴重合轴重合T TR Rx x:绕:绕x x

15、轴旋转轴旋转(45(45) )T TR Rx x(45(45)= 1 0 0 0)= 1 0 0 0 0 1/2 1/2 0 0 1/2 1/2 0 0 -1/2 1/2 0 0 -1/2 1/2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1B 2 2 2 1 TB 2 2 2 1 TR Rx x(45)= 2 0 22 1 B(45)= 2 0 22 1 B习题习题7.6/P228AB(2,2,2)xyzB(2,0,2B(2,0,22)2)T TR Ry y:绕:绕y y轴旋转轴旋转-AB=23AB=23sin(-)=-sin=-1/3sin(-)=-sin=-1/3 cos(-)=cos=2/3 c

16、os(-)=cos=2/3T TR Ry y(-)= 2/3 0 1/3 0(-)= 2/3 0 1/3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1/3 0 2/3 0 -1/3 0 2/3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1第二步,绕第二步,绕z z轴(轴(AB”AB”)旋转)旋转3030T TR Rz z(30)= 3/2 1/2 0 0(30)= 3/2 1/2 0 0 -1/2 3/2 0 0 -1/2 3/2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1-B(2,2,2)xyzB(2,0,2B(2,0,22)2)22222A A第三步,绕第三步,绕y y轴逆旋

17、转轴逆旋转-,绕,绕x x轴逆旋转轴逆旋转 T Tr ry y-1-1(-)= T(-)= Tr ry y() () = 2/3 0 -1/3 0 = 2/3 0 -1/3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1/3 0 2/3 0 1/3 0 2/3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 T TR Rx x-1-1 (45)= T(45)= TR Rx x(-45)(-45) = 1 0 0 0 = 1 0 0 0 0 1/2 -1/2 0 0 1/2 -1/2 0 0 1/2 1/2 0 0 1/2 1/2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1第四步,第四步,T=TT=TR Rx x(45)T

18、(45)TR Ry y(-)T(-)TR Rz z(30)T(30)Tr ry y-1-1(-)T(-)TR Rx x-1-1(45)(45)o7.7 7.7 试作出图试作出图7-417-41中四面体的三视图,平移矢量中四面体的三视图,平移矢量均为均为1 1,要求写出变换矩阵。,要求写出变换矩阵。V V主视图(主视图(xozxoz)T Tv v=T=Txozxoz= 1 0 0 0= 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1A 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 AA 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 AB 2 1 0 1TB 2

19、 1 0 1TXOZ XOZ = 2 0 0 1 B= 2 0 0 1 BC 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 CC 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 CD 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 DD 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 D习题习题7.7/P228A(2,0,0)B(2,1,0)C(0,1,0)D(1,1,1)P(2,-2,2)xyz图7-41xzA,BDC11VH H俯视图(俯视图(xoyxoy)T Tv v=T=TxoyxoyT TR Rx x(-90)T(0,0,-1) (-90)T(0,0,-1) = 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 = 1 0 0 0 = 1 0 0

20、 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 = 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 1 0 0 -1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 1 0 0 -1 1A 2 0 0 1 2 0 -1 1 AA 2 0 0 1 2 0 -1 1 AB 2 1 0 1TB 2 1 0 1Tv v = 2 0 -2

21、 1 B= 2 0 -2 1 BC 0 1 0 1 0 0 -2 1 CC 0 1 0 1 0 0 -2 1 CD 1 1 1 1 1 0 -2 1 DD 1 1 1 1 1 0 -2 1 Dx-2A,BC-1ABCD1HzW W侧视图(侧视图(yozyoz)T Tv v=T=TyozyozT TR Rz z(90)T(-1,0,0) (90)T(-1,0,0) = 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1

22、0 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1A 2 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 AA 2 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 AB 2 1 0 1TB 2 1 0 1Tv v = -2 0 0 1 B= -2 0 0 1 BC 0 1 0 1 -2 0 0 1 CC 0 1 0 1 -2 0 0 1 CD 1 1 1 1 -2 0 1 1

23、 DD 1 1 1 1 -2 0 1 1 DxzAB,CD1WA(2,0,0)B(2,1,0)C(0,1,0)D(1,1,1)P(2,-2,2)xyz图7-41xz-2A,BDCAB,CD-11ABCD1VHWo7.8 7.8 试推导正轴测图的投影矩阵,并写出图试推导正轴测图的投影矩阵,并写出图7-417-41四四面体经过正等测变换或二测变换(面体经过正等测变换或二测变换(=30=30)后各顶)后各顶点的齐次坐标。点的齐次坐标。正轴测图的投影矩阵正轴测图的投影矩阵T=TT=TR Ry y(-)T(-)TR Rx x()T()Txoyxoy=cos- 0 -sin- 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

24、0 =cos- 0 -sin- 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 cos sin 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 cos sin 0 0 1 0 0 0 sin- 0 cos- 0 0 sin cos 0 0 0 0 sin- 0 cos- 0 0 sin cos 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 习题习题7.8/P228正轴测图的投影矩阵正轴测图的投影矩阵正等测的投影矩阵正等测的投影矩阵sin=cos=1/2;sin=1/3,cos=2/3sin=cos=1/2;sin=1/3

25、,cos=2/3T= 1/2 -1/6 0 0T= 1/2 -1/6 0 0 0 2/3 0 0 0 2/3 0 0 -1/2 -1/6 0 0 -1/2 -1/6 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1100000sincossin00cos000sinsincos pRxRyTTTT正等测的投影矩阵正等测的投影矩阵A 2 0 0 1 1/2 -1/6 0 0A 2 0 0 1 1/2 -1/6 0 0B 2 1 0 1 0 2/3 0 0 B 2 1 0 1 0 2/3 0 0 C 0 1 0 1 -1/2 -1/6 0 0 C 0 1 0 1 -1/2 -1/6 0 0 D 1 1 1

26、1 0 0 0 1 D 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 =2 -2/3 0 1=2 -2/3 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 2/3 0 1 0 2/3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1四舍五入得:四舍五入得:A(1,-1,0)A(1,-1,0)、 B(1,0,0)B(1,0,0)、 C(0,1,0)C(0,1,0)、 D(0,0,0)D(0,0,0)A(1,-1,0)B(1,0,0)C(0,1,0)D(0, 0,0)xy二测变换(二测变换(=30=30)的投影矩阵)的投影矩阵sin=cos=1/2;sin=1/2,cos=3/2sin=cos=1/2;sin=1/2,cos

27、=3/2T= 1/2 -1/22 0 0T= 1/2 -1/22 0 0 0 3/2 0 0 0 3/2 0 0 -1/2 -1/22 0 0 -1/2 -1/22 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1A 2 0 0 1 2 -1/2 0 1 AA 2 0 0 1 2 -1/2 0 1 AB 2 1 0 1TB 2 1 0 1T = 2 -1/2+3/2 0 1 B= 2 -1/2+3/2 0 1 BC 0 1 0 1 0 3/2 0 1 CC 0 1 0 1 0 3/2 0 1 CD 1 1 1 1 0 -1/2 0 1 DD 1 1 1 1 0 -1/2 0 1 D四舍五入得:四舍五入得

28、:A(1,-1,0),B(1,0,0),C(0,1,0)A(1,-1,0),B(1,0,0),C(0,1,0),D(0,-1,0)D(0,-1,0)B(1,0,0)C(0,1,0)D(0,-1,0)xyA(1,-1,0)o7.9 7.9 求图求图7-417-41四面体经过斜等测变换或斜二测变换四面体经过斜等测变换或斜二测变换(=30=30)后各顶点的齐次坐标。)后各顶点的齐次坐标。T= 1 T= 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 01 0 0 cot cotcoscos cot cotsinsin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 1斜等测(斜等测(cotcot=1=1、=3

29、0=30)的投影矩阵)的投影矩阵T= T= 1 1 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 1 0 01 0 0 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 1习题习题7.9/P228斜等测(斜等测(cotcot=1=1、=30=30)的投影矩阵)的投影矩阵A 2 0 0 1 A 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 01 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 A 2 0 0 1 AB 2 1 0 1 B 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 00 1 0 0 = 2 1 0 1 B= 2 1 0 1 BC 0 1 0 1 3/2 1/2C 0 1 0 1 3/2 1/2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

30、 C 0 1 0 1 CD 1 1 1 1 D 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 1+3/2 3/2 0 1 D 1+3/2 3/2 0 1 D四舍五入得:四舍五入得:A(2,0,0),B(2,1,0),C(0,1,0)A(2,0,0),B(2,1,0),C(0,1,0),D(2,1,0)D(2,1,0)B(2,1,0)C(0,1,0)D(2,1,0)xyA(2,0,0)斜二测(斜二测(cotcot=1/2=1/2、=30=30)的投影矩阵)的投影矩阵A 2 0 0 1 A 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 01 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 A 2 0 0 1 AB 2 1 0 1 B

31、2 1 0 1 0 1 0 00 1 0 0 = 2 1 0 1 B= 2 1 0 1 BC 0 1 0 1 3/4 1/4C 0 1 0 1 3/4 1/4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 C 0 1 0 1 CD 1 1 1 1 D 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 10 0 0 1 1+3/4 5/4 0 1 D 1+3/4 5/4 0 1 D四舍五入得:四舍五入得:A(2,0,0),B(2,1,0),C(0,1,0)A(2,0,0),B(2,1,0),C(0,1,0),D(1,1,0)D(1,1,0)B(2,1,0)C(0,1,0) D(1,1,0)xyA(2,0,0)o 7.10 7.10

32、 求图求图7-407-40中平面多面体经过二点透视变换后中平面多面体经过二点透视变换后各顶点的齐次坐标。给定各顶点的齐次坐标。给定p= -1p= -1,q=1q=1,r= -1r= -1,=30=30,l=n=1l=n=1,m= -1m= -1。二点透视二点透视 将顶点(将顶点(0,0,00,0,0)平移()平移(l,m,n)l,m,n) 绕绕y y轴旋转轴旋转角度(角度(9090 ) 二点透视变换二点透视变换1.1. 向向xoyxoy平面平面(z=0)(z=0)进行正投影变换进行正投影变换习题习题7.10/P228 1 0 0 0 cos 1 0 0 0 cos 0 sin 0 sin 0

33、1 0 0 p 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 p 1 0 0 0T= 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0T= 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -sin 0 0 0 0 -sin 0 0 coscos 0 0 0 1 r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 r 0 0 0 0 l l m n 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 m n 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 cos cos 0 0 pcos 0 0 pcos-rsin-rsin = 0 1 0 0= 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

34、0 0 0 psinpsin+rcos+rcos l lcos+ncos+nsinsin m 0 p( m 0 p(l lcos+nsin)+r(ncos-cos+nsin)+r(ncos-l lsin)+1sin)+1= = 3/2 0 0 (1-3)/23/2 0 0 (1-3)/2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1/2 0 0 -(1+3)/2 1/2 0 0 -(1+3)/2 (3+1)/2 -1 0 1-3 (3+1)/2 -1 0 1-3T= T= 3/2 0 0 (1-3)/23/2 0 0 (1-3)/2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1/2 0 0 -(1+3)/2 1/

35、2 0 0 -(1+3)/2 (3+1)/2 -1 0 1-3 (3+1)/2 -1 0 1-3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11.366 -1 0 -0.7321.366 -1 0 -0.732 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 12.232 -1 0 -1.0982.232 -1 0 -1.098 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 12.232 0 0 -1.0982.232 0 0 -1.098 0 1 0 1 T= 1.366 0 0 -0.732 0 1 0 1 T= 1.366 0 0 -0.732 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 12.366 -1 0 -3.4642.366 -1 0 -3.4

36、64 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 13.232 -1 0 -3.8303.232 -1 0 -3.830 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 13.232 0 0 -3.8303.232 0 0 -3.830 0 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 2.366 0 0 -3.4642.366 0 0 -3.464四舍五入得:四舍五入得: -2 1 0 1-2 1 0 1 -2 1 0 1 -2 1 0 1 -2 0 0 1 -2 0 0 1= -2 0 0 1 -2 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1得规范化坐标:得规范化坐标:A -1.866 1.366 0 1 A -1.866 1.366 0 1 B -2.03 0.91 0 1 B -2.03 0.91 0 1 C -2.03

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