专题七动词的时态和语态

1、动词的时态和语态时态动词的四种“时” 动词的四个“体” 动词的两种“态”：现在时、过去时、将来时、过去将来时 ：一般体、进行体、完成体、完成进行体 ：主动语态、被动语态时态与语态类型的问题：先定“时” ，再定“体” ，最后定“态”一. 一般体（一）一般现在时1. 表示经常或反复发生的动作I find it hard to cooperate with those who always stick to their own opinion.2. 表示现在的情况或状态Some homeless people are mentally ill and have no one to look afte

2、r them.3. 表示永恒的真理The sun rises in the east.Light travels more quickly than sound.4. 用在由 when, as soon as, if, unless 等引导的时间、条件、让步状语从句中用现在时代替将 来时- What would you do if it rains tomorrow?- We have to carry it on, since we 've got everything ready. （条件状语从句） Send my regards to your lovely wife when

3、you write home. （时间状语从句） Whatever you say, I will not change my mind. （让步状语从句）5. 某些动词的一般现在时可以表示计划、安排将要做的事情，此种用法常常用于火车时刻、 飞机时刻、电影开演、作息安排等时刻表上。We must hurry up. The first class begins at 8 o 'clock.Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 takes off at 18:20.6. 用于 here、 there 开头的倒装句中，一般现在时表示正在发

4、生的动作或存在态There goes the bell. （铃响了） Here comes the bus. （公交车来了）（二）一般过去时1. 表示过去某一具体时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常用时间状语just now 、an hour ago, then, at that time, yesterday 等I went to my aunt 's house just now.2. 表示过去时间内经常或习惯性的动作或状态I used to go to that park with my brother when we were young.3. 用于时间、条件、让步状语从句中，代替过

5、去将来时 Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home.4. 在口语中， want, hope, wonder, wish, think 等词可用一般过去时表示一种现在的委婉语气 或者一种试探性的态度I wanted to ask if I could borrow your bike. 我想问问能否借用一下你的自行车。We hoped you could give us some help. 我们希望你能帮助我们。（三）一般将来时1. “will +动词原形 ” 可以用

6、来表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势，或者叙述某种真理 Oil will float on water. 油会浮在水上。 Fish will die without water.鱼离开水会死。2. “ will （won 't） ”可用来叙述目前的习惯 She will listen to records alone in her room for hour. 她经常在独自一人在房间听几个小时的唱片。3. “will shall + 动词原形”常常含有临时决定的意思（英国第一人称用shall,其他人称用 will;美国各种人称都用 will ）-Did you tell Julia the

7、result? 你告诉 Julia 结果了吗？- Oh, no, I forget. I will call her now. 噢，没，我给忘了。我现在就去给她打电话。4. “be going to +动词原形”表示计划、打算要做某事；还可以表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行的推断He is going to speak on TV this evening. 他计划今晚在电视上讲话。 Look at the black clouds. It 's going to rain. 看那些乌云，快要下雨了。 注意： be going to 结构还可以用于条件状语从句中表示将来，但是 will s

8、hall+动词原形则 不可以。If you are going to come to my house, you 'd better phone me first. 如果你要来我家，最好先打电话。5. be about to+ 动词原形 be on the point of doing + 动名词 表示在立即的将来做某事，因此该 结构不与表示将来的具体的时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词 when 引出的分句连用 The train is about to start. 火车就要开了。The plane is on the point of taking off. 飞机马上就要起飞了。 注

9、意： be not about to “不愿意 ”He is not about to do that again. 他不愿意再做那件事了。6. 一些移动性动词，如 come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start 等，其现在进行时表示按计划、安 排近期将要发生的动作I'm leaving for Beijing next month. 我打算下个月去北京。8.be to+ 动词原形 可以表示“按计划、安排”要做的事；可以表示应该要做某事或者义务； 可以表示 “想要、打算”做某事When are you to leave for home?你什么时候回家？（表

10、示计划、安排）You are to report it to the police. 你应该报警。 （表示应该做某事，或义务） If we are to be there before ten, we 'll have to go now. 如果我们要在十点前到那里，我们现在 就得走。（表示想要）In such dry weather the flowers will have to be watered if they are to survive. 在如此干旱的季节，花要想活就得浇。（四）一般过去将来时 过去将来从过去某时看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。1. “would sho

11、uld+ 动词原形”（ should 主要用于英国英语中的第一人称） He said he would come to see me. 他说他会来看我。2. “ was were to + 动词原形 ”可表示过去计划，也可表示“后来结果、注定”的含义； was were to have done 表示计划没有实现She said she was to take up the position. 她说她要接受那个职位。She said she was to have taken up the position, but later changed her mind. 她说她本来想接受这个职位，但

12、后来改变了注意。3. “ was were going to do ”可表示过去的打算，也可表示没有实现的动作。 He was going to leave when you arrived. 你到了他就打算离开。We are going to have a sports meeting last week, but it rained.我们原本打算上周举行运动会，但下雨了。4. “ was were about to do ”表示过去某时看来即将要发生的事。 He paused, and looked slightly troubled by what he was about to say

13、. 他停顿了一下，看起来像是为即将要说的话感到有一点为难。二. 进行体（一）现在进行时1. 表示说话时正在进行的动作，常与时间状语now 、 at this moment 等连用She is doing some cleaning now.2. 表示目前一段时间内正在进行的时间，但说话时未必在做，常与these days、 this week 等连用We are making model planes these days. 这些天我们在做飞机模型。3. 表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作， 往往含有赞赏、 厌恶、遗憾等情绪， 常与 always, continually, constantly,

14、forever, all the time 等连用He is always thinking of others first.他总是先想到他人。He is always making the same mistake. 他总是犯相同的错误。（二）过去进行时1. 表示在过去某个时间点发生的动作或事情I was sleeping at this time last time. 我昨晚的这个时候正在睡觉。2. 表示过去某个时间段内持续发生的动作或事情，常常跟the whole morning, all day, fromnine to ten, while, when 等We were watchi

15、ng TV from seven o 'clock to nine o 'clock last night. 昨晚我们从七点到九点一直在看电视。I first met Lisa three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at that time. 我第一次见 Lisa 是三年前。她那时在一家收音机商店工作。-You were out when I dropped in at your house. 我走访你家时，你没在。-Oh, I was waiting for a friend in the airport. 哦，我那

16、时正在机场等一个朋友。I don 't think Jim saw me; he was just staring into space. 我想吉姆没看见我；他那时正在凝视天空。3. 在复合从句中，从句和主句的动作都是延续性或同时进行，主从句都要用进行时 While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading newspaper.He was cleaning his car, while I was cooking.（三）将来进行时1. will shall+ be+ doing 表示将来某一时刻正在进行或持续的动作 At this time

17、 tomorrow morning we 'll be flying over the Atlantic.2. 将来进行时不带意愿色彩，表示“纯粹的将来”或强调持续性 Professor Li will be giving another talk at the same time next week. （表示已经决定了的将来的 事，不带有李教授的个人意愿）It 's raining. I hope it won 't be raining tomorrow. （强调下雨动作的持续性）3. 用将来进行时客气地询问别人的打算。Will you be having dinn

18、er at home this evening? 你今晚要在家吃饭吗？4. 进行时也可以与 be going to 连用I'm going to be working all day tomorrow, so I won 't have time to buy mother ' s present. 注意：有些动词不用于进行时态1. 感觉类： look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear2. 情感类： like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear, adore 等3. 心态类： wish, hope

19、, want, need, believe, understand, agree, know remember, forget 等4. 存在状态类： appear, lie, remain, belong, have 等三. 完成体（一）现在完成时1. 表示过去的行为对现在产生的影响， 常与时间状语 already, yet, by now, just （刚刚），before （当副词用时）等连用He has turned off the light. （灯现在已经关了）The concert has started.（演唱会正在进行）I have already seen the film.

20、 （我已经知道了这部电影的内容）2. 表示一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在， （也许还将持续下去） ，表示从过去延续到现在并 包括现在在内的一段时间， 常与时间状语 lately, recently, in the last past few days years, since then, up to now, so far 等连用In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown.I have written 8 books so far.3. 在“最高级 +名词”或“ It This is+ the fir

21、st second time ”之后的定语从句中，谓语动词 常用现在完成时This is the first time that I have come here.This is the best tea that I have ever drunk.4. 瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语，若要接表示一段时间的状 语，需要做一些相应的变化。但是瞬间动词的否定式可以接表示一段时间的状语。He has been dead for 3 years. = He died 3 years ago.（二）过去完成时1. 一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生（即表示过去的过去）

22、，那么发生在前的动作就要用过去完成时She had learned some English before she came to the institute.2. 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有“byuntil before by the end of + 表示过去的某一时间”By then he had learned English for 3 years.Until then he had known nothing about it yet.3. 表示愿望、打算的一类词，如 hope, expect, mean, intend, want,

23、suppose 等，其过去完成时 表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意愿I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. 我本希望在上海多看看。I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment. 我本想帮你，但当时太忙了。I had thought you would come the next day. 我原以为你第二天会来。4. 用于某些固定句型中1）Hardly Scarcely Barely. had done when ; No sooner had done than“一 就” 在这个结构中， whe

24、n 和 than 引导的从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用部分倒装 语序。Hardly No sooner had I got home when than the rain poured done. 我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre. 我们刚开动，汽车的轮胎就漏气了。2）it was had been+ 一段时间 +since 从句。 Since 从句的时态用过去完成时It was ten years since we had such a wonderful time. 我们十年没有那么高兴

25、过了。3）That It This was the first second time + that 从句。 That 从句的谓语动词要用过去完成 时It was the third time that he had made the same mistake. 这是他第三次犯同样的错误。（三）将来完成时结构为 will shall+ have done, 表示到将来某个时候为止，某事已经完成，常与“by、 before+将来的某个时间”或加状语从句连用。By this time of next year, all of you will have become college student

26、s. 到明年的这个时候，你们都将成为大学生。On her next birthday, Ann will have been married for twenty years. 到她的下个生日，安就将结婚 20 年了。-Tony is planning to buy a car. Tony 正在打算买一辆车。-I know. By next month, he will have saved enough money for a used one. 我知道。到下个月，他就攒够了买一辆二手车的钱了。四. 完成进行体（一）现在完成进行时Have has+ been doing ，表示动作从过去某一

27、时间开始进行，一直持续到现在，可能还要继 续下去，并且特别强调动作还在进行。Now that she is out of a job, Lucy has been considering back to school, but she hasn't decidedyet.既然失业了，露西就一直在考虑重返校园，但还没有决定。He has been learned English for 6 years. 他已经学习了六年的英语了。It has been raining for 3 days. 雨已经下了三天了。 注意：现在完成时和现在完成进行时的差别：1）.has have been d

28、oing 表示动作从过去某一时间开始进行， 一直持续到现在， 可能还要继 续下去，通常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如for hours, since 1990 等。现在完成进行时更强调动作的持续性、暂时性和未完成性-Hi, Tracy, you look tired. 嗨， Tracy，你看起来很累。-I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day. 我是累了。我一整天都在刷客厅。 （强调动作持续性）The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the progra

29、m since 9 o 'clock. 从九点开始经历就一直在给员工讲如何改进这个项目。2.现在完成进行时表示此动作仍在进行，而现在完成时则表示动作到说话时已经结束They have been preparing for the meeting. 他们一直在为会议做准备。 （强调动作的未完成性） They have prepared for the meeting. 他们为会议做好了准备。 （动作已经完成） 3.现在完成进行时可以特别用来表示比较短暂的动作和情况；现在完成时暗示比较长久的情况She's been lying in bed all day. 她一整天都躺在床上。

30、（强调动作的暂时性）For centuries this village has lain at the foot of the mountain. 多少世纪以来， 这个村子就坐落在 山脚下。（强调动作的长期性）（二）过去完成进行时had been doing ，表示动作从过去某一时间开始进行，一直延续到另一时刻或动作，可能还 要继续下去The crazy fans had been waiting patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie stararrived. 那些疯狂的粉丝已经等了两个小时了，他们将会一直等到

31、那个电影明星到达。 When Alice came to, she did not know how long she had been lying there. 当爱丽丝苏醒过来的时候，她不知道自己已在那躺了多久。五. 时态的呼应问题（一）主将从现 主句表将来（一般将来时、祈使句、情态动词+动词原形），从句（包括时间、条件、让步状语从句）用现在时（一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时）1. 一般将来时1.一般现在时主句 2.祈使句从句时间状语从句 、条件状语从句、 让步状语从句3.情态动词 +动词原形2. 现在进行时）3. 现在完成时Whatever you say, I will not c

32、hange my mind. 无论你说什么，我都不会改变主意。 （让步状语从句）If she is still waiting, tell her to go home. 如果她还在等，告诉她让她回家。 （条件状语从句）I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work. 我一完成工作就和你一起走。 （时间状语从句）By the time you have finished this book, your meal will get cold. 等你看完这本书，你的饭就凉了。 -When shall we restart our busi

33、ness? 我们什么时候重新开始我们的生意？-Not until we have finished our plan.到我们完成计划后开始。（二）含宾语从句的句子的时态一致的情况1. 主句为现在时或将来时，宾语从句时态不受影响He says his father is was will be a teacher.2. 如果主句为过去时，从句应为过去的某种时态。但当宾语从句为永恒真理时，仍用一般现 在时This proved that the earth is round. 这证明地球是圆的。The teacher told us that the Yangtze River originate

34、s in Qinghai. 老师告诉我们长江发源于青海。 注意： 当主句为过去时， 宾语从句有明确的表示过去的时间状语时， 可不必用过去完成时而 用一般过去时。I knew he was born in 1991. 我知道他出生于 1991 年。（三）含有虚拟语气句子中的时态一致问题1. 在“（ should ought to could might needn 't would like to 等） have done sth, but ”句型中， but 后面的谓语动词需用一般过去时He should have turned up but he had an unexpected

35、visitor. 他本来应该会到场，可他那里来了一位不速之客。2. 在“ But for the fact that 从句，主句”中， that 从句的谓语动词的时态要根据主句谓语动词 所表示的时间而定。如：But for the fact that he is busy now, he would be here. 要不是他现在忙，他现在就在这里了。But for the fact that you were ill, I would have had you print the papers. 要不是你生病了， 我就让 你去打印这些文件了。that 从句中的谓语动词需用一般3.It is

36、(high) time + that 从句，意为“该到做某事的时间了” 过去时或者 should+ 动词原形It is time that we went to bed.我们该睡觉了。语态注意事项：一. 动词短语的被动语态，不能遗漏与动词连用的介词或副词 Good care must be taken of babies, particularly while they are ill. The old man was often laughed at.那老人常被嘲笑The plan will be given up.这个计划就要被放弃了。Bad habits have been done a

37、way with. 坏习惯已将被掉了。二. 含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态后形式为：主语+情态动词(not )+ be+ 动词的过去分词He must be prevented from going.必须阻止他去。The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 这项计划应尽早执行。三. “ get+过去分词”也可以表示被动Cleaning women in bid cities usually get paid by the hour. The patient got treated once a week.He fell

38、 off the car and got killed.四. 主动形式表示被动意义1.“系动词 look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep 等 +形容词 名词”构成系表结构 The steel feels cold. 钢摸起来很凉。His plan proved (to be) practical. 他的计划被证明很实用。 It has gone bad. 这个东西已经变质了。2.表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin, start, open, finish, stop, close, end, shut, run, move等read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, 等。这一类词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。 这件外套容易干。尼龙容易洗干净。 你的演讲读起来很好。 这个材料已经磨薄了。火柴擦不着。Work began at 7 o 'clock this morning. The shop closes at 6 pm every day.3. 表示主语的某种属性