分词的功能和独立主格结构

1、现在分词和过去分词的意义区别特征对应示例现在分词表示正在进行的动作；过去分词表示已经完成的动作。i found him singing in the room.i found the world changed.boiling water （正在开的水）boiled water （已烧开的水，可能已凉了）现在分词表示主动的意思，说修饰的人或物事分词动作的执行者；过去分词表示被动的意义，说修饰的人或物事分词动作的承受者。an exciting film (一部激动人心的电影)the excited audience （激动地观众）the boss had the workers working

2、all day long.she had her hair cut yesterday.现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态现在分词主动语态被动语态doing（一般式）being done（一般式）having done（完成式）having been done（完成式）过去分词过去分词只有一种形式done分词的功能功能规则对应示例作表语现在分词通常表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词通常表示主语所处的状态。用作表语的分词几乎相当于形容词，可有比较级，可被very等副词修饰，表示“很”或“非常”的概念。这类分词有 amusing, amused, charming, disappointing, disa

3、ppointed, interesting, interested, encouraging, encouraged, convincing, convinced, surprising, surprised等。the explanation sounds very convincing. im convinced of his intelligence. 我深信他的智慧。 he is astonished at my success.有些过去分词作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构，但两者有区别：作表语时，过去分词相当于形容词，表示状态，某些分词前可用very修饰；作被动语态时，过去分词是全句

4、谓语中的主要动词，某些分词前可用much修饰。i was very surprised to see little jimmy run so fast in the game.the top of the house is covered by snow.某些以物作主语的动词，其现在分词也可表示被动意义。the house is building. preparations are making.过去分词用在一些固定结构中： as is well-known, china is a fast-developing country. it is reported that the weather

5、 in the north is very cold. it is said that he has been abroad.作定语单个分词作定语时，往往放在所修饰名词的前面。are there any living things on the moon?单个分词作定语时也可放在所修饰词的后面。make sentences with the phrases given.there are a lot of people talking loudly.分词可以构成合成词作定语，放在所修饰词的前面。an easy-going professor, hand-make shoes.分词短语作定语一般

6、放在所修饰词的后面，作后置定语。do you know the man sitting there?分词短语可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，它与句子的其他部分用逗号分开，可译成并列句。the film rise the red lanterns, directed by zhang yimou and starring gong li, tells the story of a rich family.电影大红灯笼高高挂由张艺谋导演，巩俐主演，该片讲述的是一户大户人家的故事。作宾语补足语分词在see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, lo

7、ok at, listen to, have, set, catch, keep, leave等后面，既可用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式(省略to)构成复合宾语。用现在分词时，表示动作正在发生，还未结束；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作全部过程结束了。现在分词表示动作的重复性，不定式表示动作的一次性。i felt the bus shaking terribly.our teacher had us doing maths exercises for two hours.i often heard him singing the french song.i heard him sing

8、 the french song.作主语补足语含有分词作为宾语补足语的句子变为被动结构时，主动结构中的宾语变成了主语，原作为宾语补足语的分词变为了主语补足语。用现在分词时，表示动作正在发生，还未结束；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作全部过程结束了。现在分词表示动作的重复性，不定式表示动作的一次性。he was often heard singing the french songs.the flood is reported controlled.he was once heard to song the french song.现在分词（短语）作状语现在分词短语作状语时，通常表示主语正在进

9、行的另一动作，用来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬；说表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作或状态同时发生或几乎同时发生。现在分词作状语时可置于句首，也可置于句末，但表示结果时常置于句末，表示条件时可置于句首或句末。talking and laughing, the children walked one by one into the classroom,.morris lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.(1)表示时间，相当于when引导的时间状语从句。如果两个动作（分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作）同时发生，多用when或

10、while加分词这种结构；如分词表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前，分词需用完成式。hearing the exciting news, the boy jumped for joy.what else are you doing while reading this?having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.(2)表示原因not knowing her address, i might as well telephone her to come over.（3）表示结果the fire lasted nea

11、rly a month, leaving nothing valuable.（4）表示条件working hard at your lessons, you are to succeed.（5）表示让步working hard as he was, he still couldnt succeed.（6）表示方式、伴随my parents wrote me a letter telling me to change my job.（7）表示程度。现在分词在习惯用法中可以作程度状语，译为“很、非常、极度”，如果换为very，句义无改变，只是语气较弱。mary is an amazing beau

12、tiful girl.it was freezing cold yesterday.(8)作评论性状语。有些惯用的现在分词在句子中可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。如generally speaking, strictly speaking（严格说来）, roughly speaking（大致说来）, broadly speaking（广义上说）, narrowly speaking（狭义上说0, judging from/by（由。判断）, considering（考虑到）, supposing（如果）, providing（如果

13、）等generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than bots.judging from her accent, she must come from arabian countries.supposing you can be here at 7 in the morning, i shall go to nanjing together with you.过去分词（短语）作状语过去分词短语作状语，用以说明动作发生的背景或情况。这类状语可放在句首、句末，或插在句中间。(when)asked about his f

14、amily, he make no answer.(1)表示时间lost in the forest, you should first of all remain where you are, waiting for help to come.（2）表示原因well brought up by his parents, the child learns fast, （3）表示条件given more time and money, we would have done the work better.（4）表示让步born in a rich family, he lived a simpl

15、e life.（5）表示方式或伴随followed by his wolf dog, the hunter walked slowly in the forest.现在分词和过去分词的比较类别规则对应示例二者可通用的情 况（1）作时间状语时，过去分词与“having been done”(其意义相当于一个时间状语)可以通用having been discussed many times, the problem was settled at last.discussed many times, the problem was settled at last. 经过多次讨论，这个问题最后终于得到

16、解决。having been cooked to a light brown color, the cake smells good.cooked to a light brown color, the cake smells good.(2)作原因状语时，过去分词与“being done”可以通用。being confined to bed, she needs to be waited on everything.confining to bed, she needs to be waited on everything.由于卧病在床，她什么事都需要人伺候。过去分词与现在分词被动结构的区

17、别（1）过去分词可以作前置定语，但现在分词被动结构不能可以说：a broken glass(碎玻璃杯); an uninvited guest（不速之客）; 不可以说：a being broken glass; a being uninvited guest.（2）作后置定语时，过去分词常表示被动动作发生在谓语动作之前，或者只表示被动关系，而“being done”表示该被动动作正在进行，或与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生。the problem, discussed at yesterdays meeting, was settled at last. 昨天会上讨论的那个问题最后终于得到解决。t

18、he problem being discussed now is difficult to settle. 正在讨论的这个问题很难解决。（3）在构成复合宾语时，过去分词强调的是动作已完成，现在分词的被动结构强调的是动作正在进行。ive never heard the word used in spoken english. 我从未听过这个词用在口语中。youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. 你会听到到处都在讨论这个问题。过去分词与现在分词主动式的比较意义不同：现在分词表示主的含义，而及物动词的过去分词表示被动的含义*少数不及物动词的过

19、去分词，无被动含义，这种过去分词称为主动过去分词，大部分为形容词。例如：advanced（先进的）, agreed（同意的）. assembled(集合的), determined（下决心的）, faded（凋谢的）, failed（失败的）, fallen（倒下来的）, grown（长大了的）, retired（退休的）.have you got some interesting books for children?the story written by a middle school student is popular in schools.动作不同：现在分词用作定语或表语时，说表示

20、的动作正在进行，尚未完成；过去分词说表示的动作已经完成。china is a fast developing country.what we usually rink is boiled water.独立主格结构独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上分词或讽刺短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常有逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。独立主格结构的特点特点对应例句其逻辑主语与

21、主句主语是不一致、独立存在的。lots of homework to do, i have to stay home all day.独立主格结构一般置于句首，也可置于句末或句中，有逗号将其与主句分开the bike broken, he had to take a taxi.they lived in a room on the third floor, its window facing the south.独立主格结构中being 和having been 常省略。all the doors (being) open, the air in the room is fresher.多数独

22、立主格结构可以用“with+宾语+宾语补足语”结构替代。the last bus having gone, we had to walk home.with the last bus having gone, we had to walk home.独立主格结构多用于书面语，使语言简洁明了，富有节奏感。在口语或非正式文体中， 一般用从句或两个句子代替。as the weather was fine, we walked for a walk. (口语)the weather (being) fine we walked for a walk. （书面语）今天天气很好，我们散步去了。since

23、it is raining hard, the sports meeting will be put off.it raining hard the sports meeting will be put off. （书面语）雨下得很大，运动会将会被推迟。*（1）当独立主格结构中的being done表示“正在被做”时，being不可省略。如：supper being prepared，she fell asleep。她准备晚饭时睡着了。（2）当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it，there时，being常不省略。如：it being fine，we can enjoy ourselves.there

24、 being no time left, we had to speed up.剩下的时间不多了，我们只好加快了速度。非谓语动词独立主格结构类别特点对应例句不定式构成的独立主格结构表示还未发生的行为、状态，在句中作原因状语或条件状语a lot of work to do, xiao ming decided to stay up tonight.现在分词构成的独立主格结构现在分词在句中作状语时，通常情况下，其逻辑主语是主句的主语。如果现在分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致，就应该用现在分词的独立主格结构，在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语。the audience having seated

25、 themselves, the concert began.the guide leading the way, we had no trouble betting out of the forest.such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.如果情况确实如此的话，你没有理由解雇他。过去分词构成的独立主格结构过去分词构成的独立主格结构由“逻辑主语+过去分词”构成，在句中作时间状语、原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语等。the task completed, we had a global traveling.(表示时间)

26、完成任务后，我们进行了一次环球旅游。many funny pictures included in this book, a great many children love reading it. (表示原因)这本书包括很多滑稽图片，所以很多孩子喜欢阅读。tom was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it. (表示方式或伴随)汤姆专心致志地听着讲座，所以注意力全在上面了。the book written in simple english, it will be more popular. (表示条件)如果这本书用简单英语写的话，将会更流行。其他形式的独立主格结构独立主格结构类型对应例句逻辑主语+名词主要是用以补充说明某一情况或表示某一方式the children received many gifts, many of them books.孩子们收到了很多礼物，其中很多是书籍。those people in trouble got a lot of help, much of it money.逻辑主语+形容词this section of road slippery, every