托福真题2014-05-24Reading(苏美尔贡献+撞击和物种灭绝+Milankovitch周期和冰川时代(14.12.28加场整套重

1、Impacts and Mass Exti ncti onsWords & Phrases1. Meteorites and impact craters bear witness to the fact that large impacts occasi on ally occur on Earth.Meteorite : n.陨石impact craters :撞击形成的陨石坑crater： n.陨石坑bear wit ness to：作证，见证2. impactor roughly 50 meters across 直径大约 50 米的撞击物 across： 某物的宽，直径 =d

2、iameterradius: n.半径3. a major impact coincided with the death of the dinosaurs： 一个大的撞击和恐龙 的灭绝恰巧同时发生coi ncide with:与恰巧同时发生4. instantly melt bedrock and propel it far from its origin :立即熔化基底岩石并且 推出基底岩石远离它的最初位置bedrock： n. 基底岩石propel: v.向前推出far from its origin :远离它的最初位置5. wiped out :被一扫而空，灭绝6. ignited w

3、ildfires :点燃野火7. effects propagated throughout the food cha in： 影响蔓延下去贯穿整个食物链 propagate: v.原义是“繁殖”，弓丨申为“扩展蔓延” =spread表示繁殖的词总结如下：Propagate=proliferate=reproduce=multiply8. the most ast onishing fact:最令人吃惊的事实9. rodent-like mammals：像啮齿类的哺乳动物10. they lived in un dergro und burrows and man aged to store

4、eno ugh food to outlast the long spell of cold, dark daysun dergro und burrows :地下的洞穴 outlast: v.比时间持续的久spell: n. 一段时间Syn tax1. Although the crater is only slightly more than one kilometer across, an area covering hundreds of square kilometers was probably battered by the blast and ejectathe debris

5、ejected or displaced duri ng the formatio n of an impact crater. 名词后面+doing, doing是对名词的修饰所以，“an area covering hundreds of square kilometers 的意思是：覆盖着成 百上千平方千米的一个区域Batter： v.连续猛击Blast: n.爆炸 ejecta： n.喷出物 debris： n.碎屑残骸2. After a decade-l ong search, scie ntists ide ntified what appears to be the impac

6、t crater from the eve nt.What引出的整句话做identify的宾语，what任何情况下翻译成"什么”即可impact crater:撞击坑3.Located off the coast of Mexico's Yucatan peninsulaeters across,5which is close to what one would expect for a 10-kilometer impactor, and dates to 65 milli on years ago.1)主语出现前的所有东西都是对主语的铺垫修饰，所以"Locate

7、d off ”是对后文it的铺垫修饰；2) What引出的整句话做 close to的宾语，what任何情况下翻译成“什么”即可；3) one做主语指“任何一个人”，以“任何一个人”代替整体；4)and dates并列对象的寻找，应该是和前面的第三人称单数的谓语动词并列，所以和前文的“ is 200”并列，指的仍是主语 it “dates to 65 million years ago”4.5.Further evidenee that the Yucatan crater is the right one comes_from the distributio n of small glass

8、y spheres that formed whe n the molte n impact ejecta solidified as it rained back to Earth.主谓分离，comes from动作的发出者(主语)在很远的句子开头glassy spheres 玻璃球molte n impact ejecta :融化的撞击喷射物 solidified: v.变成固体，固化 The impact almost immediately sent a shower of debris raining across much of North and South America an

9、d gen erated huge waves that may have sloshed more tha n 1,000 kilometers inland.and gen erated”并列对象的寻找，应该是和谓语-ed并列，所以找到前文的sent ,这两个动作的发出者都是主语the impact整句话意为：这次撞击几乎立即发射出一片碎屑雨，降落覆盖大片的北美和南美地区， 并且这次撞击还产生巨大的冲击波(waves)，这个冲击波向内陆地区泼溅了超过1000千米的距离。shower of debris:碎屑雨Slosh： v.溅，泼In la nd： adv.向内地地；n.内地Mila n

10、kovitch Cycles and Glaciati onWords & Phrases1. Glaciations: n.冰川形成，冰川作用；冰川期 In geology, glaciation is the process by which the land is covered by glaciers. Glaciations are periods when this happe ns.Glacier: n.冰川（陆地上的大块冰体，达到一定厚度后缓慢滑动） Iceberg： n.冰山（是冰川坠入海中形成）2. elaborated the theory with calcul

11、atio ns :用计算详细发展了该理论 elaborate： v.精心制作;详细计戈U ;进一步完善 If you elaborate a plan or theory, you develop it by making it more complicated and more effective3. The inclination, or tilt, of Earth ' s axlso varies periodically, moving between 22 degrees and 24.5 degrees.Inclination: n.倾向性；倾角Tilt： v.倾斜；n.

12、倾斜度，倾角Earth ' s ax地轴4. Also, Earthwobbles as it spin s, like a slightly un steady top.Wobble: v.摇摆;摇晃 If somethi ng or some one wobbles, they make small moveme nts from side to side, for example because they are un steadyUn steady: adj.不稳定的=un stable5. how eve nly or un eve nly this radiati on i

13、s distributed over the course of a yea： 一年当中这种辐射被多大程度均匀还是不均匀地分布eve nly or un eve nly： 均匀还是不均匀地 distribute: v.分布区别：con tribute : v.贡献于；attribute: v.归因于（to）6. A corresp ondence betwee n Mila nkovitch cycles and climate fluctuati ons M周期和气候变化之间的对应相符Correspondence n. 对应，相符，关联 climate fluctuatio ns:气候变化波

14、动 联想：flutter: v.鸟上下扇动翅膀7. arise from: 来自于=stem from=result from=spri ng from8. glacial epochs with a fixed regularity:伴随有固定规律性的冰川纪元 epoch： n.纪元，时代fixed： adj.固定的9. account for the ice ages 解释冰川时代 account for = explain （考过词汇题）10. Sun' s luminosity太阳的光亮度Luminosity: n.光亮度Lumin： n.流明，光亮Illuminate : v

15、.照亮，阐明，说明11. shield Earth from the Sun rays：s遮挡地球不能收到太阳的射线 shield: n.盾牌；v.遮挡shieldfrom：遮挡使不能ray: n.光束，光线eg. cosmic rays宇宙射线；X-ray: X射线12. Rece nt studies of the carb on dioxide content of gas bubbles preserved in the Gree nland ice cap do in fact show that high carb on dioxide levels are associated

16、with warm in terglacial periods, and low levels with cold glacial periodsgas bubbles:气泡 ice cap冰盖 are associated with :和有关in terglacial periods:间冰期Syn tax1. One characteristic of Earth' secbintriiCiy, the degree to which the orbitis an ellipse rather tha n a circle.介词+which , which指代介词前面的名词，对该名词

17、作展开修饰Eccentricity: n.离心率（ec-+centri+city,即远离中心的意思） Ellipse： n.椭圆区别：eclipse： n.日/月食；v.黯然失色2. The tilt of Earth【rd the Sun at some times of the year and away fromthe_Sun_at_other_times, is responsible for the annual cycle of seasons.主语之后加逗号，是对主语的插入解释，后面必有另一逗号，标志着插入解 释的结束，然后返回句子主干继续阅读整句话意思为：地轴的倾角，（一年当中

18、有些时间朝向太阳并且有些时间远 离太阳），对季节的年周期变化负责。is resp on sible for： 对 负责annual： adj.每年的3. According to the Milankovitch theory, about every 40,000 years the three separate cycles combine in such a way that thedifferenee between summer and win ter temperatures is at a minimum.固定搭配的识别，so/such-that如此以致于Separate: ad

19、j.分别的，各自的 respectiveCombine： v.结合at a mi nimum :处于最小值4. Mila nkovitch worked out the ideas of climatic cycles in the 1920s and 1930s, but it was not un til the 1970s that a detailed chrono logy of the Pleistoce ne temperature changes was determined that could test the predictions of this theory.that修饰对象的确定，此处that跳过谓语向前指代 “a detailed chronology” , 因为谓语部分是被动语态，动词determine只和主语有关而不能向下延伸句子chrono logy: n.编年史，年代表 A chrono logy is an acco unt or record of the times and the order in which a series of past eve nts took place.Test v.验证5