西方思想经典PPT课件

1、1renaissance2vthe word renaissance means “rebirth”. the idea of rebirth originated in the belief that europeans had rediscovered the superiority of greek and roman culture after many centuries of what they considered intellectual and cultural decline. vthe renaissance was a cultural movement that sp

2、anned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in italy in the late middle ages and later spreading to the rest of europe. vhistorians often argue this intellectual transformation was a bridge between the middle ages and the modern era. vas a cultural movement, it encompassed

3、innovative flowering of latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources. humanist subjects consisted of the main body of education, the praise of human, human nature, and human life turned into the key note of literature. vin politi

4、cs, feudalism is replaced by centralized power, nations of modern concept was formed.vin economic field, this period witnessed the gradual establishment of capitalism, and the fast development of business and industry.3vin religious area, the unification of the catholic church was broken: the absolu

5、te power of religion no longer exists; priests lost control over peoples mind; and even in countries of catholicism believers, secular power overweighed the church.vin the domain of ideology, theology gave way to science, scholasticism was challenged by humanism.vin social sphere, the newly-emerging

6、 townspeople and bourgeois became rising class, which led to elevation of peoples social status through individual struggle and success. vit is perhaps best known for its artistic developments.vthough availability of paper and the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from

7、the later 15th century, the changes of the renaissance were not uniformly experienced across europe.4contentsvrenaissance ideasvbirth placevhumanists and artists in italian renaissancevrenaissance in other european countriesvgeographic discovery5renaissance ideasvhumanismvindividualismvsecularism6hu

8、manismvhumanism is a group of rational thoughts which focuses on human and human nature, including the value, dignity and talents of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers individual thought and evidence (rationalism, empiricism), over established doctrine or faith.vthe p

9、urpose of humanism is to liberate human beings from the bondage of religion through the advocation of equality among human, the affirmation of this life, and the assertion of peoples right to persure property and happiness.vunder the influence of humanism, scholastic education gave way to classics:

10、rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, latin, greek. 7individualismvit is the basic idea and important component of humanism, it is replacement of god standard by human standard.vduring the renaissance, as a political and social philosophy, it stresseed not selfishness but individual freedom and will,

11、personnality and uniqueness, which actually establish a set of moral ideas accomdating to captilism.vfocus on individual thought: renaissance humanists believed that people should be themselves and not the same as everybody else. this not only shows how humanists wanted people to follow their dreams

12、, but also strengthens peoples inner confidence and enterprising spirit.vit also paves the way for individual equality.vthough individualism in the renaissance put emphasis on individual, it doesnt mean discard of social obligation and others interest. instead, it calls for individuals service and c

13、ontribution to society, thus living a positive and honest life.8secularismvthe second key character of humanism is close correlation with realitic life and the proposal of secularism.vsecularism or secular humanism is a way of life and thought that is pursued without reference to god or religion. v“

14、secular” came to mean “belonging to this age, worldly.” in general terms, secularism involves an affirmation of this-worldly realities, along with a denial or exclusion of transcendent, other-worldly realities. vit is a world view and life style oriented to the profane rather than the sacred, the na

15、tural rather than the supernatural. secularism is a nonreligious approach to individual and social life.vit lays stress on abundance and goodliness of real life.vit lead people to reevaluate the value of possession.vaffected by this idea, the renaissance culture is more secular-oriented than that in

16、 middle ages.9birth place of renaissancevsociety and cities changed in the 1300s. specialization in agriculture increased, resulting in more trade. urban areas became centers of commerce, particularly in italy.vitaly did not exist as a political entity in the early modern period. instead, it was div

17、ided into smaller city states and territories: the kingdom of naples controlled the south, the republic of florence and the papal states at the center, the milanese and the genoese to the north and west respectively, and the venetians to the east, and these city republics were devoted to notions of

18、liberty.vitaly appeared to have exited from feudalism and its society was based on merchants and commerce. the relative political freedom they afforded was conducive to academic and artistic advancement.vlikewise, the position of italian cities made them intellectual crossroads.10vvenice was europes

19、 gateway to trade with the east, while florence was a capital of textiles. milan, west of venice, is one of the richest cities, it controls trade through the alps. vduring the renaissance, money and art went hand in hand. the wealth such business brought to italy meant large public and private artis

20、tic projects could be commissioned and individuals had more leisure time for study.vbesides, presence of antiquity was stronger in italy than elsewhere in europe.11humanists and artists in italian renaissancevhumanistsvartists12humanistsvleonardo bruni (1370-1444)vlorenzo valla (1407-1457)vgiovanni

21、pico della mirandola (1463-1494)vniccolo machiavelli (1469-1527)13leonardo bruni (1370-1444)vbrunis most notable work is history of the florentine people, in which he glorified the republican system of florence and its cultural achievement, attributed the prosperity of florence to businessmen, polit

22、icians and cultural artists rather than churches and theologians. vby doing this, he broke the medieval tradition of treating history as gods will, thus this book has been called the first modern history book. vbruni was the first historian to write using the three-period view of history: antiquity,

23、 middle ages, and modern, which laid the conceptual groundwork for a tripartite division of history. vwhile it probably was not brunis intention to secularize history, the three period view of history is unquestionably secular and for that bruni has been called the first modern historian.14lorenzo v

24、alla (1407-1457)vlorenzo valla was an italian humanist, rhetorician, educator, and most important linguist. vhe is best known for his textual analysis that proved the donation of constantine was a forgery.vthe donation of constantine is an eighth-century forgery which supported the papacys claim to

25、supreme political authority in western europe.15giovanni pico della mirandola (1463-1494)vgiovanni pico della mirandola was an italian renaissance philosopher. vhe is famed for writing the famous oration on the dignity of man, which has been called the “manifesto of the renaissance”, and a key text

26、of renaissance humanism.vpico believed that man is gods masterpiece, a unique being, and that man had the free choice to shape his destiny.vthe greatest dignity of humanity is the boundless power of self-transformation.16niccolo machiavelli (1469-1527)vniccol di bernardo dei machiavelli was an itali

27、an historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer. vhe was regarded as a founder of modern political science, and more specifically political ethics for his masterpiece, the prince.vhis political theory is based on his dim view of human nature. under his theory that “the end justi

28、fies the means”, ruler must do whatever necessary, even if cruel, to maintain political power without worrying about conscience.vhe also advises rulers to separate morals from politics.vhis ideas became foundation for later political philosophy.17renaissance art vthe art is a reflection of the new h

29、umanist spirit.vmedieval art and literature focused on the church and salvation. vrenaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with christianity. 18renaissance artists vrenaissance artists embraced some of the ideals of greece and rome in their art.vthey wanted th

30、eir subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion.vnew techniques also emerged:vfrescos: painting done on wet plaster became popular because it gave depth to the paintings.vsculpture emphasized realism and the human form.varchitecture reached new heights of design.19leonardo da vinci

31、(1452-1519)vtrue renaissance manvhis paintings are still studied and admiredvwrote out ideas, filling 20,000 pages of notesvhis interests, enthusiasm boundlessvhighly talented in all fields vscientist, inventor, engineer and naturalistvdissected corpses20mona lisa21the last supper22notebooks23michel

32、angelovstudied anatomy vsculpture communicates grief, love, acceptance, immortalityvmarble statue of davidvmost famous painting, artwork on ceiling of sistine chapelvscenes from old testament (genisis) considered one of greatest achievements in art history24davidvmichelangelo created his masterpiece

33、 david in 1504.25sistine chapelvabout a year after creating david, pope julius ii summoned michelangelo to rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the sistine chapel. 26raphael(1483-1520)vman of great sensitivity and kindnessvdied at the age of 37vmost famous work is the school of at

34、hens in the vatican palacevalso well known for many paintings of the madonna, mother of jesus27pythagorasplato and aristotlesocrates28renaissance in other european countriesvrenaissance in other european countries mainly refers to renaissance in northern european nations, such as france, germany, sp

35、ain and britain.vthe fast development of european society promoted ideological and cultural communications. so renaissance thoughts were widely spreaded.vgrowing wealth in northern europe supported renaissance ideas.vdiffernet from italian humanists, who turned to greek-roman classicism directly, no

36、rthern renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with christianity. so the northern renaissance was marked by strong secular characters.29renaissance in francevfrequent wars with italy (1515-1547) brought back a large number of arts and books of italian renaissance, which enlarged french peoples ho

37、rizon and helped dissemination of renaissance ideas.vin 1530, the establishment of the french academy signified the beginning of french reaissance, after that a group of literaturers and scholars gathered to study greco-roman culture.vcalvinism was also an aspect of french renaissance, but it will b

38、e elaborated in the religious reformation.vlawjurist : jean bodinvthe first man who systematically elaborate on national sovereignty, which became the foundation of western politics.30literaturevnovelist: francois rabelais gargantua and pantagruel is a popular novel that stands at the beginning of f

39、rench novels.vpoets: the french renaissance “pliade” a group of radical young noble poets defense and illustration of the french language maintained that french was a worthy language for literary expression and advocated the use of french, thus made contribution to unification of france and formatio

40、n of french poem. vessayist: michel montaigne essaishe writes about his disgust with the religious conflicts of his time, reflecting a spirit of skepticism and belief that humans are not able to attain true certainty, which imposed effect on later descartes. 31renaissance in germanyvrenaissance in g

41、ermany started from the study of ancient linguistics. vhumanists first care concerned with whether the religious doctrines reaching them were credible or not.vso they put emphasis on research of language and translations. thus many german humanists were linguists.vthe key figures of german renaissan

42、ce were desiderius erasmus and artist albrecht durer.32vdesiderius erasmusthe praise of follyvan ironicial work on ignorance of religious church.greek editions of the new testament vin the middle ages, churches and priests explianed the bible and its predictions randomly, this book provides an autho

43、ritative version for later peoples correct research on the bible.valbrecht durerthe greatest artist of the northern renaissancevthe apocalypse series33renaissance in spainvunder the influence, spainish literature entered into its golden period, with great achievements in novel and drama, picaresque

44、novel was created in this period. vlitterateurmiguel de cervantes saavedravhis influence on the spanish language has been so great that the language is often called the language of cervantes.vhis most important work don quixote belongs to picaresque novel.vdramamost popular cultural activity.34renai

45、ssance in britainvnovel thomas morev utopiavpoetry edmund spenserv the faerie queenev qualities of capitalistsvessay francis baconv to express humanism and materialism through essaysvdrama thomas kyd vthe spanish tragedy christopher marlowev the jew of maltaboth were members among “university talent

46、s.” william shakespearev greatest writer in the english language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatistvalso called englands national poet35reasons for geographic discoveryvthe renaissance coincided with the age of exploration in european history.vthe age of discovery, along with its contemporary rena

47、issance movement, can be seen as a bridge between the middle ages and the modern era, triggering the early modern period and the rise of european nation-states.vthere are many reasons for it:v1) economic motivationv2) the medieval geographic view and existance of series of myth relating to sea islan

48、dsv3) religionv4) improvement of voyage and shipbuliding skillsv5) capitalists enterprising spirit36processvportuguese exploration 1487: discovery of the cape of good hope(africa) v proving false the view that had existed since ptolemy that the indian ocean was land-locked. 1497: vasco da gama discovered the route directly from europe to indiav encouraged europeans resolution and confidence, leading to further eastern expansion to south eastern asia, japan, and even china; occupied macao of china in 1553.vspanish