外文翻译数控车床

1、cncwhat is cnc?computer numerical control is a very broad term that encompasses a variety of types of machinesall with different sizes, shapes, and functions. but the easiest way to think about cnc is to simplyunderstand that its all about using a computer as a means to control a machine that carves

2、 usefulobjects from solid blocks of material. for example, a cnc machine might begin with a solid block ofaluminum, and then carve away just the right material to leave you with a bicycle brake handle. cnc machines can be divided into two groups: turning machines and milling machines. a turningmachi

3、ne is generally made up of a device that spins a workpiece at high speed and a tool (sharp edge)that shaves off the undesired material from the workpiece (where the tool is moved back and forth andin and out until the desired form is achieved). a milling machine is a machine that has a spindle (adev

4、ice similar to a router) with a special tool that spins and cuts in various directions and moves in threedifferent directions along the x, y, and z axes.historically, you wouldnt actually need a computer to create forms with a turning machine or amilling machine. adding a computer to the mix allows

5、you to design a product on a computer first andthen specify how the machine should cut this product. to design the product is to produce acomputeraideddesign (cad) file. then you specify how the machine should cut the product, and the result of thatstep is a computer-aided manufacturing (cam) file (

6、or g-code file, or .nc filethere are many namesfor this type of file). this cam file remembers all of the operations that the milling machine must followto cut out the parts for the product. the computer tells the cnc machine how to build the part byinterpreting the cam file into signals that the cn

7、c machine can understand.industrial usesindustrial applications for cnc machines have been chiefly based around the removal of metal to create adesired form. metal is widely used for producing almost everything we see around us, even though these things may not be made of metal themselves. some of t

8、he most obvious products that are made ofmetal are cars. the engine block and the parts within the transmission are directly produced from a cncmachine because tight tolerances are necessary (a tolerance is a range in dimensioning to which themachine must adhere). however, most of the parts of a car

9、 are not made by a cnc machine, but theyhave a latent connection to one. for example, how do you make a quarter panel? there is a hydraulicpress with a thing called a die to create an impression in a sheet of metal. most of the parts of thehydraulic press were made from a cnc machine. the die, the p

10、art that carries the negative form of thequarter panel and that can be replaced when design changes, was also made by a cnc machine, andthen tempered for hardening and heat resistance. even the plastic parts of a car have some connectionto a cnc machine. many of these parts were made from a mold tha

11、t was created using a cnc machine because cnc machines have very high precision and they can provide information back to thecomputer, they are also used in dimensional testing. if a switch (probe) is fastened to the location of thetool, it can analyze the measurements of a part that was produced. th

12、e machine runs this probe all overthe part to confirm its desired form and measurements.for more information on industrial uses of cnc machines, visit personal usesthere is a large following by various hobbyists and diyers around the globe interested in the concept ofcnc machines. roboticists, craft

13、smen, handymen, home machinists, small business owners, techenthusiasts, backyard scientists, and artists have all discovered how a cnc machine can open doors tonew designs and more detailed creations. a roboticist, for instance, will use a cnc machine to create thestructural components of the robot

14、 with very high precision. making these components by hand wouldbe tedious and very time consuming. using a cnc machine, the parts come out beautifully and fittogether with great precision.for the typical handyman, a great example of using a cnc machine might be designing and making cabinets for aro

15、und the house. typically, cabinets share many of the same dimensions and can be cut bya cnc machine over and over. imagine cutting all of the drawers and cabinet lids by hand! the parts arenumerous and the work would be quite tedious. but with a cnc machine, the individual pieces are cutand the cabi

16、nets assembled; no driving around looking for the right cabinets, having to special orderthem, and then waiting for delivery from the home improvement store. (the cabinets will needassembly, too, but with your own cnc machine, youll find that the high cost of buying them in the storecan be eliminate

17、d.)cnc machines for personal use can be purchased from a variety of manufacturers, but many diyers suffer from sticker shock the first time they begin shopping for a cnc machine. prices of $3,000 andhigher are typical for small, desktop versions that often come with a 1218 workspace, meaning youllbe

18、 limited to working on materials that fit in that small space. cnc machines with workspaces that allowfor materials of 24, for example, start around $7,000, and prices go much higher for larger workspacetables.for most diyers, owning their own cnc machine is still out of reach financially. but no lo

19、ngerthisbook brings cnc within easy reach. if you can afford to spend $700 to $800, then you can afford to buildyour very own cnc machine.your diy cnc machinewith your diy cnc machine, youre going to be able to do some amazing thingscut, drill, etch, and sculptwith a variety of materials. in fact, a

20、uthor patrick hood-daniel uses his own cnc machines to make more cnc machines! he has a machine cut and drill the mdf (medium-density fiberboard) parts used to build more cnc machines. (you can do this, too, but first youll need to build your own diy cnc machineit all starts there.)your diy cnc mach

21、ine is made of mdf, a rigid material that holds up well to cutting and drilling, as well as being extremely strong and dimensionally stable (it doesnt shrink or expand with fluctuations in the weather or humidity). the mdf parts youll be cutting and drilling are bolted together using a variety of si

22、zes of bolts, nuts, washers, and other hardware. finally，youll be adding a mix of electronics and one computer to bring your diy cnc machine to life and amaze your friends and family (who will,unfortunately, come up with all kinds of requests for you and your machine).the diy cnc machine isnt someth

23、ing with vague dimensions and a random mixture of hardware.well tell you exactly what to buy. youll be cutting and drilling material from plans created by authorpatrick hood-daniel and tested and used to build three machines; one by james floyd kelly, one by darrell kelly, and one by jim burt (not t

24、o mention the number of machines built by patrick himself).when youre done, however, youre not really done. cnc is a growing and changing technology, so the limits of what you can do with your machine are really up to you. while this book will give you the basic information to build and use your mac

25、hine, youll want to continue to improve your skills by delving deeper into the software and pushing the limits of your machine. (well provide you with some good resources for further research and learning later in the book.)if youre like us, youre ready to begin. but trust us when we say that one of

26、 the best things you cando before starting to build your own cnc machine is this: read the entire book through at least once.doing so will give you a glimpse of the final machine and a better understanding of how youll get there.you may find, as we did, that half the fun of owning your own diy cnc m

27、achine comes from building it.history of the diy cnc machine, from patrick hood-danielmy desire to hop on the bandwagon of this great hobby started as a means to an end. the end has not beenrealized because i became more interested in the cnc machine itself and want to provide simpler designs and ，i

28、nstruction to others who wouldnt otherwise have the means to own a traditional cnc machine.the diy cnc community has been around for a long time; pretty much ever since the boom of the internet. i learned most of what i know from the information on the internet. with my prior design training, i spen

29、t quite a bit of time improving what others had created.through my effort to create an initial cnc machine from resources on the internet, i found that the materialsdid not hold up well with use and tended to exhibit undesirable flexing. i learned through trying and experimenting. . . and discovered

30、 many things that worked and didnt work. i quickly learned, for example, to stick with mdf asthe material of choice for making my cnc machines.over the years, i made hundreds of trips to the home improvement store (my laboratory of ideas). the components that i used to start my cnc journey included

31、round metal bar stock and a bunch of very cheap mdf.i thought that the metal stock would have some pretty good rigidityi mean . . . its metal! but i was very wrong.after putting an assembly together and using the bar stock as the rail, i noticed quite a bit of flexing in the assembly. this was not g

32、oing to work, so i came up with a better way. (i was deathly afraid of trying something ，that was not illustrated on the internet in fear that if it wasnt done before, it wouldnt work. but i did it anyway.) i used aluminum angles as the rails and mdf as the midsection between the rails to provide th

33、e necessary rigidity.initially, i tried the bar stock with this technique, but the bars would still flex. the aluminum rails wrapping the mdf worked perfectly and the machine was rigid and stableperfect! well, perfect is a subjective word here, but it was good enough for me. and i think by the time

34、youre done following this books instructions and building your own machine, youll agree.everything from that point on became intuitive. the mechanics and motion of the machine were all designedso that the parts could be cut, drilled, and assembled using nothing more than a few simple hand tools. (im

35、 notkiddingthe early machines were cut and drilled with nothing more than a mitre box, a small saw, and a batterypowered drill.)this book documents my design; youll be able to skip the frustration that i faced because this is the design ideveloped that worked. the diy cnc machine fulfills my desire

36、to provide others with a simple, elegant, and fullyfunctional cnc machine.the toolswe cannot predict what tools youll have available during the building of your machine. we can, however,tell you the tools we used. some of these tools, especially the power tools, can easily be rented (by the dayor ho

37、ur) at hardware stores and home centers, while others may be slightly difficult to find. and if you have ，access to a tool or two not mentioned here, that could make your work even easier. just keep in mind,however, that this machine was designed so that it could be built with a minimum number of to

38、olsif you find yourself lacking a tool described following and cannot find it (for purchase or rent), dont let that stop you; just improvise with the tools you do have. the cnc machine built in this book is extremely forgiving when it comes to small deviations in cutting and drilling; be as accurate

39、 as you can, use what you have available, and make the best of it.following is a list of our tools, with a few photos for clarification: table saw: this is useful for cutting long lengths of mdf accurately. depending on your skill, youcan also cut multiple mdf pieces at once, guaranteeing they match

40、 in dimensions. metal band saw: this is used for cutting the aluminum angled rail and lead screws hack saw: if a band saw is not available, this is the saw to use for cutting the aluminum angled rail and lead screws. mitre box: this is useful for making accurate cuts in small mdf pieces. hammer: thi

41、s is for hammering things, obviously cordless screwdrivers: youll need a phillips and a slot head. regular screwdrivers: again, youll need a phillips and a slot head. forstner drill bits: forstner bits (see figure 2-1) are extremely useful for counterboring as well as drilling large, smooth holes; r

42、egular drill bits can be used to drill counterbored holes, but thesework much betterfigure 2-1. forstner drill bits in various sizes brad point drill bits: these drill a flat-bottomed hole and have a sharp, centered tip that creates a“dimple” that can be used to center other drill bits for later dri

43、lling. twisted drill bits: these are your standard drill bits and come in a range of sizes. spade drill bits: this is another common variety of drill bit that is perfectly acceptable for drilling holes. transfer punches: transfer punches (see figure 2-2) are available in different diameters. these t

44、ools have a sharp point on the end; inserting them into existing drilled holes will allow you to make a “dimple” in a second piece of mdf, giving you an accurate point to drill on the secondpiece of mdf.figure 2-2. transfer punches let you mark other pieces accurately for drilling. magnetic bowl: th

45、is is a small bowl that can keep your nuts and bolts from falling all over the floor. 1/2 power drill: having a drill that can handle larger-diameter drill bits will be very useful during the build. drill press: useful for drilling straight holes (vertically) through material. a drill press also pro

46、vides a small table to clamp mdf and aluminum rail to when drilling. wrenches: youll need wrenches for 1/4 nuts. detail metal ruler: this is a special type of ruler (see figure 2-3) with marks that allow you to make extremely straight lines for cutting and points for drilling. measuring and marking

47、increments of 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, and 1/64 are possible with these rulers.figure 2-3. these rulers are from incra and are extremely accurate.数控车床一、什么是计算机数控计算机数控是一种非常广泛的专业术语，它包含各种类型的机器，比如各种大小，形状和功能的机器。怎样去了解计算机数控，最简单直接的方法就是加工，看它怎样把一个实体加工成零件，举个例子，例如自行车手把，你设计好图形，准备好材料，它会按照图形切除多余的部分，最后就会形成自行车的手把。数控机床可以分成两中：

48、一种是切削加工，另一种是铣削加工。切削加工主要利用主轴带动棒形材料高速旋转，用一把比材料硬度高，耐磨性好的锐利刀具靠近材料来回的移动，在切削力的作用下去除材料，最后加工成形。铣削加工是利用主轴带动一种特殊的锐利刀具高速旋转，分别沿x,y,z三个不同方向进行移动铣削加工。 以往，你实际上也许不需要一种以计算机控制的车削或者铣削方式的机器，但是，这种以计算机为辅助的机器，允许先在计算机上设计产品。然后，让车床按照设计的路线来加工产品，对于利用计算机辅助设计的产品，这个产品的设计会生成一个计算机辅助绘图（cad）文件，接着让计算机按照指定的方式切削材料，最后的这一步是利用计算机辅助制造系统（cam）

49、（或者g-code，数控等方式），计算机辅助制造系统会记住所有的指定的加工路线，计算机会通过读取计算机辅助制造的编译信息来指定铣床的加工路线。工业用途 对于计算机数控车床的工业用途，主要应用于去除材料来获得成形产品的形式，金属主要广泛用于制造我们所能看到的一切物体，即使这些物体本身可能不是金属的。汽车是一种最明显的金属制品，发动机缸体和传动零件是直接由数控机床加工的，因为这些零件的公差要求很高（公差是制造零件所能允许的尺寸范围），然而，汽车的大部分并不是由数控机床制造的，但是它们之间都有内在的联系。举个例子，你怎样来制造一个四分之一的嵌板？首先必须有一个液压冲床，然后在一个很薄的金属片冲压这个

50、嵌板。但是这个液压冲床的大部分机构是由数控车床制造的。而且冲模也是由数控机床生产的，并且中和成硬化的和耐热性的。甚至这些汽车的塑料部分与数控也有一些连接关系，制造这些塑料的模子也是有数控机床制造的 因为数控机床有很高的制造精度，而且它能提供反馈信息给计算机，它也能用于零件尺寸的检测。如果一个开关被安装在一个器械里，那么它能够对这个器械进行分析，对这部分所要求的形式和尺寸进行调查。要了解更多关于数控机床的工业用途信息请访问以下网站。个人用途 在全球，有大量的业余爱好者和私人工作者对数控技术非常感兴趣.机器人专家，手工艺人，杂工，家庭机械师，小型企业家，技术狂热者，家庭科学家和设计师都已经发现，怎

51、样利用数控技术来制造新的设计和复杂的创作。例如一个机器人专家已经在利用数控技术来制造机器人高精度的构件，如果用双手来制作这些构件将是冗长乏味的，而且很耗时间，通过数控技术制作的这些构件是很完美的，并且能够精确地安装到一起。对于典型的手工艺者，很可能利用数控机械来制作一些放在房子周围的柜子。通常情况下，橱柜尺寸大小都一样并且可以用数控机械反复加工。想象一下，手工切割所有的抽屉和橱柜盖，将有很多的零部件并且做这样的工作会让人很沉闷。但是用数控机床能够切割个别的零件也能够橱柜集合。没有四处寻找适合橱柜，必须特别订购，然后等待家庭装饰商店送货。（橱柜也需要装配，但是如果只用自己的机床加工出来的橱柜，你

52、会发现在店里购买成本高并且可能被淘汰。）供个人使用的数控机床能够从各种各样的制造商那边购买，但是许多特殊专业的人第一次购买数控机械遭受标价冲击。价格一般$3000，并且体积越小价格越贵，台式的一般是1218的工作空间，意味着你将限制在一个小空间加工材料，数控机床允许的加工空间是24，例如，从$7000左右开始，并且价格随着更大的工作空间上涨。对于大多数特殊专业的人，拥有自己的数控机床在经济上仍然相差很远。但是现在不会这样了。如果你能花得起$700-$800，那么你能担负得起来建造自己完美的数控机床。你的自制车床 利用你的自制机床，你可以做一些令人吃惊的事情用各种各样的材料来切割，钻孔，磨削，雕

53、刻。事实上，作者帕特里克胡德丹尼尔用他自己的数控机床制造许多数控产品，他用一台自制的数控机床切割、磨削一些中密度纤维板（你也可以做这些，但是所先你要有一台自己机床） 你的数控机床也是用中密度纤维板制造的，它是一种非常坚固的刚性材料，你可以稳定的支撑它来切削或者磨削加工（它在潮湿的空气里不会发生起伏不定的收缩或者膨胀），这种中密度纤维材料可以用螺栓或者其他的紧固件紧固在一些后一起加工，最后你可以添加一些电子设备和一台可以驱动它运作的电脑，那样的话你的朋友和你的家人一定很惊讶的（那些不幸对你和你的机器提出各种各样的要求的人）。 这种特殊的自制机床没有一些模糊的尺寸和一些随机混合的硬件问题，我们可以准确告诉你，你想要买的东西。你可以用那些在帕特里克胡德丹尼尔的创作计划和测试中提出的材料来制造三台机器，一台是由詹姆斯佛洛伊德凯利制造的，一台是由达仁凯莉