南邮材料化学答案第八章高分子材料

1、第八章 高分子材料chapter 8 polymer1. 名词解释 explain the following concepts.1) 高聚物: 一般是指分子量在1500以上，分子长度超过5 nm的有机大分子材料。polymer: generally refers to organic macromolecules with molecular weight more than 1500, and the length of molecule is more than 5 nm.2) 低聚物: 又叫寡聚物或齐聚物。一般是指分子量在1500以下，分子长度不超过5纳米，重复单元数只有几个到十几个的

2、聚合物。oligomer: generally refers to the molecules consists of a few monomer units, with molecular weight below 1500, and the molecular length is not more than 5 nm.3) 聚合度: 指聚合物大分子中重复结构单元的数目，亦称链节数，用n表示。) degree of polymerization: the number of repeating structural units in the macromolecules, also know

3、n as the number of links, denoted as n.4) 热固性: 指高分子材料在加热时不能软化和反复塑制，也不在溶剂中溶解的性能。thermosetting property: refers to the performance of polymer materials that can not soften when heated, be treated repeatedly, and dissolve in solvents.5) 热塑性: 指高分子材料加工固化冷却以后，再次加热仍可反复加工成型的性质。thermoplasticity: property of

4、polymers that can be processed repeatedly when heated after they were curing and cooling.6) 等规立构：指高分子侧链上取代基全部处在主链平面一侧或高分子全部由一种旋光异构单元键接而成的高分子结构。 isotactic: refers to the structure that side chain substituents lie in one side of the main chain of polymer, or the polymer consists of one optical isomers

5、 units.7) 间规立构: 是指取代基交替地处于平面两侧或者由两种旋光异构单元交替键接而成的高分子结构。syndiotactic: substituents lie alternately on both sides of the main chain, or the polymer consists of two optical isomers units alternately.8) 光刻胶: 又叫光致刻蚀剂，指当受到光照后即发生交联或分解反应，溶解性发生改变的一种聚合物光子材料。photoresist: also known as light-induced etching agen

6、t, refers to a kind of photonic materials that occur cross-linking or decomposition reaction which results in a change of solubility when they were illuminated by light.9) 光引发剂: 是指在紫外光区间（250450nm）或可见光区间（400800nm）有一定吸光能力，吸收光能后，分子从基态跃迁到活泼的激发态，经历单分子或双分子化学作用后，产生能够引发单体聚合的活性碎片，可以是自由基、阳离子、阴离子或离子自由基。photoin

7、itiator: refers to agents that can absorb uv light (250 450 nm) or visible light (400 800 nm), and molecules transfer form ground state to the excited states, experience a single molecule or bimolecular chemical reaction and produce free radical, cationic, anionic or ionic radical that can induce mo

8、nomer to polymerize.2. 聚合物的分子量概念如何理解?一般有多少种平均分子量?它们的大小关系如何? how to understand the concept of molecular weight of polymer? how many average molecular weights are included ? how is the relationship of them?答：聚合物的分子量大，具有多分散性的特点。大多数聚合物的分子量都有一定的分布，是分子量不等的同系物的混合物，其分子量只是一个平均值，只有统计意义。一般有四种平均分子量，数均分子量、重均分子量、

9、粘均分子量和z均分子量。其大小关系为。the molecular weight of polymer has characteristics of large and polydispersity. most of polymers molecular weight have a certain distribution, they are mixture of homologues with different molecule weights, so the molecular weight is only an average results, it is only of statist

10、ical significance. generally, there are four average molecular weights, number-average molecular weight , weight-average molecular weight , viscosity-average molecular weight and z-average molecular weight . their relationship is shown as .3. 聚合物分子量的多分散性含义是什么?通常如何表达分子量多分散性?, what is the meaning of p

11、olydispersity of polymers molecular weight? generally, how to express the molecular weight polydispersity?答：聚合物分子量的多分散性的含义是指聚合物的分子量都有一定的分布，其中最大和最小的分子占少数，中间大小的分子占多数。聚合物中高分子大小的多分散性是用分子量分布的宽窄来表示，分子量分布宽表示分子大小很不均一。采用凝胶色谱分析，可以同时获得和，以及分子量的分布dp/, dp 为多分散系数或分散度，一般为1.53。the polydispersity of polymers molecula

12、r weight has a certain distribution, majority of them are middle-sized molecules, minority of them are the largest and the smallest molecules. the polydispersity is represented with the wideth of molecular weight distribution, the wider the distribution, the more inhomogeneous the molecular weight.

13、analysis using gel permeation chromatography can obtain and , as well as the molecular weight distribution dp, dp /, which stands for dispersion coefficient, is generally 1.5 to 3.4. 合成高分子材料主要分为哪三类?各举一例说明结构和其性能特征。are divided into which three categories are included in synthetic polymer materials? gi

14、ve one example to explain its structure and performance.答：合成高分子材料主要有塑料、橡胶和合成纤维。塑料：是指在一定条件下（加热加压），可塑成形，而在室温条件下能保持固定形状的有机高分子材料。如聚乙烯塑料、聚丙烯塑料、酚醛树脂塑料等。其结构一般为线型和支链型。其特点为透光性好、绝缘性好、质软、化学稳定性好、耐热性差等。橡胶：一般具有交联网状结构。具有高弹性、绝缘性、气密性、耐油、耐低温等性能。如丁苯橡胶、顺丁橡胶。合成纤维：由有机高分子化合物组成，其分子内部结构是线型的链，比较直，支链比较少，链的排列比较整齐，材料富有柔性和弹性。pla

15、stics, rubber and synthetic fibers are three kinds of synthetic polymer materials.plastic: refers to polymers that can be shaped and cured under certain conditions (heat and pressure), and can maintain the fixed shape at room temperature, such as polyethylene plastic, polypropylene plastic, and phen

16、olic resin plastic. generally, their structure are linear and branched-chain type. they have characteristics of good light transmittance and insulation, soft, good chemical stability and bad heat resistance.rubber: generally they have cross-linked structure, with high flexibility, insulation, air ti

17、ghtness, oil resistance, and low temperature performance, such as styrene butadiene rubber and polybutadiene rubber.synthetic fibers: consists of organic polymers, with many linear and straight chains and few branched chain, the chains arrange orderly, and the materials is flexible and elastic.5. 简述

18、叠氮基感光材料光反应特点。describe the light response characteristics of azido photosensitive materials. 答：叠氮基（n3）极具光学活性，可以直接吸收光而分解为亚氮化合物和氮。烷基叠氮化合物中的烷基是孤立存在的，吸收光波后，两者能量不连续，需要吸收较短的波长才能激发。而芳香族叠氮化合物在300 nm以上有较大的吸收，可能是由于芳香环所吸收的能量转移至叠氮基的缘故。也就是说，芳香环和叠氮基在能量上是连续的，因此，在用于感光高分子时，都采用芳香族叠氮化合物。芳香族叠氮化合物吸光光解，产生重要的中间体为芳基乃春，是一种氮双

19、自由基活泼中间体，可与多种有机基团发生高效率反应。azido (-n3) is optically active, can absorb light directly and then decompose to the nitrogen compounds and nitrogen. alkyl in the alkyl azides exist isolated, when it absorbs light, two energies are not continuous, and need to absorb short wavelength light in order to be st

20、imulated. however, the aromatic azides have large absorption at wavelength of more than 300 nm, it may be attributed to energy transfer from aromatic ring to the azido. in other words, energy of aromatic ring and azido energy is continuous, therefore, when used as photosensitive polymer, aromatic az

21、ides were always be used. aromatic azides absorb light and decompose to an important intermediate compound aryl nitrenes, which is an intermediates containing nitrogen pairs, they can interact with a variety of organic groups highly efficiently.6. 简要讨论光固化涂料组成、主要性能特点。待定7. 光致变色高分子材料是基于什么化学原理？what is c

22、hemical principles of photochromic polymer material works?答：光致变色高分子材料的变色机理有以下七种：键的异裂、键的均裂、顺反互变异构、氢转移互变异构、价键互变异构、氧化还原反应、三线态三线态吸收。 there are seven mechanisms of photochromic polymer material: heterolysis of bonds, homolysis of bonds, cis-trans tautomerism, hydrogen transfer tautomerization, valence ta

23、utomerization, oxidation-reduction reaction, and triplet - triplet absorption.8. 简述塑料光导纤维结构与性能特点。describe the structure and performance characteristics of plastic optical fiber. 答：塑料光导纤维是由高度透明的折射率较大的芯材和其周围被覆着的折射率较低的皮层材料两部分构成。芯材应具高度透明，具有较高的折射率，成纤性好，拉伸时不产生双折射和偏光，与皮层间有良好的粘结性能。对包层材料不仅要求透明，折射率要比芯材低，而且要有良

24、好的成型性、耐摩擦性、耐弯曲性、耐热性以及与芯材的良好的粘结性。plastic optical fiber consists of high transparent core material with high refractive index and coating materials with low refractive index. the core material should be highly transparent, has a high refractive index, good fiber forming, and can not produce birefringe

25、nce and polarized light when stretching, and have good adhensive properties with coating material. for coating material, it must be transparent, with low refractive index than the core material, and have good formability, abrasion resistance, bending resistance, heat resistance, and have good adhens

26、ive properties with core material.9. 什么是复合型导电高分子材料？什么是本征导电型高分子材料？举例说明本征导电高分子工作原理及主要特点。what is the conductive polymer composite materials? what is the intrinsic conducting polymer materials? illustrates the working principle and main characteristics of the intrinsic conducting polymer.答：复合型导电高分子材料是指以绝缘聚合物作基体，与导电性物质（如碳黑、金属粉等）通过各种复合方法制得的一类导电高分子材料。本征导电高分子材料是指高分子的结构本身可以提供载流子，从而显示“固有”导电性的一类导电高分子材料。包括共轭体系聚合物、电荷转移络合物、金属有机螯合物和高