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1、因果关系语义对应：原因、结果原因与结果等价标志词明显因果关系词：because (of), for, as,since, in that, be due to, owing to, so, so that, hence, thus, therefore, thereby, as a result of, consequently, according to, and 第1页/共35页因果关系 隐含因果关系词:导致: lead to, cause, render, engender, result in, give rise to, make, produce, support, stimula

2、te, spur, spark, fuel, push, motivate, be responsible for, so.that., so as to.由而来：derive from, result from, come from, on the basis of, for the reason that, spring from,initiate from, originate from, be responsive to, attribute to反映，体现：reflect, present, portray, bespeak, imply, underlying, suggest第2

3、页/共35页因果关系隐含因果关系词:4. 考虑到：given, considering, on account of, in view of, by, by way of, rely on, resort to, according to5. 条件关系词：if , when, while, once, as, as soon as, as long as6. 分词短语、不定时、独立主格等表原因第3页/共35页因果关系Congress is having great difficulty developing a consensus on energy policy, primarily bec

4、ause the policy objectives of various members of Congress rest on such _assumptions.CommonplaceTrivial(C) Explicit(D) Divergent(E) fundamental第4页/共35页因果关系(A and B模式)He was regarded by his followers, as something of _, not only because of his insistence on strict discipline, but also because of his _

5、 adherence to formal details.Blank (i)Blank(ii)A martinetD conscientiousB tyrantE rigidC acolyteF maniacal第5页/共35页The successful_ of an archaeological site requires scientific knowledge as well as cultural_.因果关系Blank (i)Blank(ii)A evolutionD awarenessB reconstructionE aestheticsC analysisF sensitivi

6、ty第6页/共35页因果关系The English novelist William Thackeray considered the cult of the criminal so dangerous that he criticized Dickens Oliver Twist for making the characters in the thieves kitchen so_.ThreateningRiveting(C) Conniving(D) Fearsome(E) Irritating第7页/共35页The question of (i) _ in photography ha

7、s lately become nontrivial. Prices for vintage prints (those make by a photographer soon after he or she made the negative) so drastically (ii) _ in the 1990s that one of these photographs might fetch a hundred times as much as a nonvintage print of the same image. It was perhaps only a matter of ti

8、me before someone took advantage of the (iii) _ to peddle newly created “vintage” prints for profit.因果关系Blank (i)Blank(ii)Blank(iii)A forgeryD ballonedG discrepancyB influenceE weakenedH ambiguityC styleF variedI duplicity第8页/共35页因果关系It was her view that the countrys problems had been _ by foreign t

9、echnocrats, so that to invite them to come back would be counterproductive.AmelioratedAscertained(C) Diagnosed(D) ExacerbatedOverlookedWorsened第9页/共35页递进关系让步转折和递进转折语义对应元素：递进前项和递进后项标志词Even, indeed, not only.but also, almost, not completely.however第10页/共35页递进关系In the seventeenth century, direct flouti

10、ng of a generally accepted system of values was regarded as _, even as a sign of madness.Adventurousfrivolous(C) willful(D) impermissible(E) irrational第11页/共35页递进关系Few of us take the pains to study our cherished convictions; indeed, we almost have a natural_ doing so.Aptitude forRepugnance to(C) Int

11、erest in(D) Ignorance of(E) Reaction after第12页/共35页递进关系The macromolecule RNA is common to all living beings, and DNA, which is found in all organisms except some bacteria, is almost as _.Comprehensivefundamental(C) inclusive(D) universalSignificantubiquitous第13页/共35页递进关系While not completely nonpluss

12、ed by the unusually caustic responses from members of the audience, the speaker wasnonetheless visibly _by their lively criticism.Humiliateddiscomfited(C) deludedDisgracedTantalized第14页/共35页复指关系 语义对应：复指前项和复指后项 关键元素：continue, remain, 平行结构，分号，表同义的并列连词（and/or） 注意否定和双重否定对语义的影响第15页/共35页复指关系The First Worl

13、d War began in a context of jargon and verbal delicacy and continued in a cloud of _ as _as language and literature, skillfully used, could make it.Blank (i)Blank(ii)A clichD literalB euphemismE impenetrableC subjectivityF enthralling第16页/共35页复指关系Although he attempted repeatedly to (i) _ her of her

14、conviction of his insincerity, he was not successful; she remained (ii) _ in her judgment.Blank (i)Blank(ii)A conviceD unfeignedB remindE adamantC disabuseF indulgent第17页/共35页 It is refreshing to read a book about our planet by an author who does not allow facts to be _ by politics: well aware of th

15、e political disputes about the effects of human activities on climate and biodiversity, this author does not permit them to _ his comprehensive description of what we know about our biosphere. He emphasizes the enormous gaps in our knowledge, the sparseness of our observations, and the _, calling at

16、tention to the many aspects of planetary evolution that must be better understood before we can accurately diagnose the condition of our planet.BLANK(i)BLANK(ii)BLANK(iii)A overshadowedD enhanceG plausibility of our hypothesesB invalidatedE obscureH certainty of our entitlementC illuminatedF undersc

17、oreI superficiality of our theories复指关系第18页/共35页 No other contemporary poets work has such a well-earned reputation for _, and there are few whose moral vision is so imperiously unsparing. Of late, however, the almost belligerent demands of his severe and densely forbidding poetry have taken an impr

18、obable turn. This new collection is the poets fourth book in six yearsan ample output even for poets of sunny disposition, let alone for one of such _ over the previous 50 years. Yet for all his newfound _, his poetry is as thorny as ever.BLANK(i)BLANK(ii)BLANK(iii)(A) patent accessibility(D) penite

19、ntial austerity(G) taciturnity(B) intrinsic frivolity(E) intractable prolixity(H) volubility(C) near impenetrability(F) impetuous prodigality (I) pellucidity复指关系第19页/共35页修饰（解释）关系 语义对应：被修饰（解释）主体及修饰（解释）内容 标志词：分词短语、不定式短语、形容词短语、介词短语、定语从句、同位语从句、冒号.第20页/共35页 What readers most commonly remember about John

20、Stuart Mills classic exploration of the liberty of thought and discussion concerns the danger of _: in the absence of challenge, ones opinions, even when they are correct, grow weak and flabby. Yet Mill had another reason for encouraging the liberty of thought and discussion: the danger of partialit

21、y and incompleteness. Since ones opinions, even under the best circumstances, tend to _, and because opinions opposed to ones own rarely turn out to be completely _, it is crucial to supplement ones opinions with alternative points of view.BLANK(i)BLANK(ii)BLANK(iii)(A) tendentiousness(D) embrace on

22、ly a portion of the truth(G) erroneous(B) complacency(E) change over time(H) antithetical(C) fractiousness(F) focus on matters close at hand(I) immutable修饰（解释）关系第21页/共35页修饰（解释）关系Vaillant, who has been particularly interested in the means by which people attain mental health, seems to be looking for

23、_answers: a way to close the book on at least a few questions about human nature.TemporaryConfused(C) DefinitivePersonalDerivative第22页/共35页修饰（解释）关系Vain and prone to violence, Caravaggio could not handle success: the more his _as an artist increased, the more _ his life became.Blank (i)Blank(ii)A tem

24、peranceD tumultuousB notorietyE providentialC eminenceF dispassionate第23页/共35页转折关系语义对应：转折前项和转折后项标志词 关键元素：(al)though, even though, albeit, despite, in spite of, however, but, yet, while, whereas, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, whatever 固定模式：Although A_, B_Although A_X_, A_Y_第24页/共35页 Roo

25、m acoustics design criteria are determined according to the rooms intended use. Music, for example, is best _ in spaces that are reverberant, a condition that generally makes speech less _ . Acoustics suitable for both speech and music can sometimes be created in the same space, although the result

26、is never perfect, each having to be _ to some extent.BLANK(i)BLANK(ii)BLANK(iii)A controlledD abrasiveG compromisedB appreciatedE intelligibleH eliminatedC employedF ubiquitousI considered转折关系第25页/共35页 Some paleontologists debate whether the diversity of species has _ since the Cambrian period, or w

27、hether imperfections in the fossil record only suggest greater diversity today, while in actuality there has been either_ or decreased diversity.BLANK(i)BLANK(ii)A changedD escalationB increasedE stasisC declinedF deviation转折关系第26页/共35页转折关系Even in the business, where _ is part of everyday life, a ta

28、lent for lying is not something usually found on ones resume.aspirationmendacity(C) prevarication(D) insensitivity(E) baseness(F) avarice第27页/共35页转折关系A restaurants menu is generally reflected in its decor; however, despite this restaurants _ appearance it is pedestrian in the menu it offerselegantta

29、wdry(C) modern(D) traditional(E) conventional(F) chic第28页/共35页对比关系 语义对应：两个对比项 关键元素时间对比：before, until, since, previous, current, recently, now, today, yesterday, later, future, origin, begin, formerly, once, initially, pristine, erstwhile, hitherto, no longer, having done结构结构对比：not.but., instead of,

30、in contrast to, on the contrary, far form. on the other hand, rather than, otherwise, unlike, not so much.as.第29页/共35页对比关系动词逻辑关系对比：give way to, be challenged by, be discredited by, shift/decay/change/distinguish fromto, replace/reconcilewith, 动词+betweenand特殊含义对比：paradoxical(ly), ironical(ly), unexpe

31、cted(ly)反义词直接对比：encourage/discourage, active/dormant第30页/共35页对比关系The popularity of pseudoscience and quack medicines in the nineteenth century suggests that people were very_, but the gullibility of the public today makes citizens of yesterday look like hard-nosed _.Blank (i)Blank(ii)A cautiousD pragmatistsB credulousE educatorsC rati