高中英语语法复习8

1、高中英语语法复习（第十三讲）虚拟语气英语动词一般可带有三种不同的语气(mood)： 陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。不同的语气用动词不同的形式 (有的还借助句法形式）来表示。一、陈述语气 (The Indicative Mood)用来陈述事实，有肯定、否定、疑问或感叹等形式。如：1. My father and I drove over to the village to see Mr Wu.2. People dont hibernate.3. What a strange-looking person (he is)!4. Are you joking?二、祈使语气 (The Imperat

2、ive Mood)用来表示请求、命令或劝告等。 如： 1.Sit down, please. 2.Dont say it in Chinese. Say it in English, please. 3.Let me have a try. 4.Let him go.三、虚拟语气 (The Subjunctive Mood)表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。 通常有三种情况：与过去事实相反。 （过去虚拟）与现在事实相反。 （现在虚拟）与将来事实可能

3、相反。（将来虚拟） “后退一步法” 与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。 与现在事实相反，用一般过去时形式表示。 与将来事实可能相反，用过去将来时形式表示。 I. 虚拟语气在条件句中的用法 1. 表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：条件从句主句did（be动词一般用were）would (should, could, might ) + do1) If I were you, I shouldnt do that. 2) We would go with you if we had time. 3) We could ask him if he were here. 4) I

4、f I knew his telephone number, I would ring him up.练一下a. If they _ (be) here, they _(take) your advice.b. If the world-war _ (burst) out again, what _ (happen) to our people on earth?c. If the policeman _ (be not) in that room, it _ (be) very dangerous.d. If I _ (be) in your position, I _(ask) for t

5、eachers help.2.表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词的主要 形式如下：条件从句主句had + donewould (might ) + have done1) If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.2) If you had come earlier, you would (might) have met him.3) I would have called you if I had known your phone number. 练一下a. If Tom (be) more careful in

6、the exam, he _ (pass) it already.b. If you (get) up earlier, you _(catch) the first train.c. If I (meet) you yesterday, we _ (go) to the concert together.3.表示与将来事实可能相反，谓语动词的主要形式如下：条件从句主句didshould dowere to dowould + do1) If it should rain, the crops would be saved. 2) If it were to snow tomorrow, th

7、ey would not go out.3) If it rained tomorrow, we would not go out. 练一下a. If there (be) no natural resource any more, we (make) use of nuclear power .b. What _ (happen) if you _ (get up) too late tomorrow?c. If Robots (control) the world some day, there (be) no friendship.Note:省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件句中有w

8、ere, had或should，可以if把省略而把这几个词放到主语之前构成主谓倒装：例如：1）. Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up.2）. Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 3）. Had he been more careful (If he had been more careful), such mistakes could have been avoided.在虚拟条件句中，省略连词的倒装形式，其句首不能用助动词的缩略否定式。可以说：1Were

9、 it not for the expense, I would go to Paris.不能说：2.Werent it for the expense, I would go to Paris.4. 主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间, 这时主从句位于动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同, 这叫做混合条件句.If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.例句中从句与过去事实相反, 主句与现在事实相反If the staff had been more careful, the mall would not be on

10、fire nowII. 虚拟语气的一些其它用法 虚语气还可以用来表示愿望、建议、命令等。1.在由as if, so that, in order that, 等引导的状语从句中。 2.wish后的宾语从句3.suggest, advise, order, demand, insist , require等后的宾从中，4.It be + 过去分词 + that （should） 5.It be + 形容词 + that （should） 6.在suggestion, proposal,order, advice,decision后面的同位语从句中，7.would (had) rather和wou

11、ld prefer所引起的从句中 8.Its (high, about) time that 句型中9.含but for, but that, without, in case , if only , otherwise的句子中 I）. 在由as if, so that, in order that, 等引导的状语从句中，往往用虚拟语气。如： 1) She loves the child as if he were her own. 2) Holding his head high, he walked past the pole and the solders as if they didn

12、t exist. 3) The teacher spoke slowly so that the students could (might) hear him clearly.4) The emperor gave the cheats some gold in order that they might begin their work at once.）. wish后的宾语从句：从句中的动词根据时间可采用不同的形式，参见虚拟条件句： 1. I wish I were (was) as strong/clever/young as you. (But I am not.) 2. We wi

13、sh we had paid more attention to our pronunciation. 3.I wish he would try. 4.I wish I knew the answer.(But I dont know the answer.) 5.I wish I had known the answer.(But I didnt.)）. suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, require, advise(doing),insist等动词后的宾语从句中，一般用虚拟语气(在用should+动词原

14、形时，should 常可省略，而只用动词原形）。如： 1.He suggested that we should sell (sell) the house. 2.The Emperor ordered that the cloth should be woven (weave) for him right away. 3.The teacher demanded that I should answer (answer) the question.4.We propose that the house should be repaired (repair). 5.The general co

15、mmanded that the target should be fired (fire) at. 6.They requested that we should sit (sit) down and have a cup of tea. 7.We desire that he should be given (give) a chance. 8.The rules require that players should wear(wear) tennis shoes on the court(网球场).9.The editor insisted that we should change

16、the title of the book.10.We advise that steps be taken (take) at once.11.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting tonight.12.He ordered that all (should) take part in the work.13.They insisted that we (should) begin the work at once.Note 1: insist作“坚决认为(该怎么做)”时，用此句型；如作“坚决认为(是怎么回事)”时，则不要求如此： e.g. 1.

17、He insisted that he (should) go instead of me. 2.He insisted that you were wrong.( )1.Mr Smith ordered that the work _ at once. A. do B. did C. was done D. be done( )2.The guard at the gate insisted that everybody _the rules. A. obeyed B. obey C. will obey D. wouldNote 2: 这类词只要是表示愿望、建议、命令等，不管是以什么样的形

18、式出现，后面从句中的形式都要用should+动词原形： .it is desired/suggested/requested/ordered/proposed that等结构后的主语从句： 1.It is requested that Mr Smith should give a performance at the Party. 2.It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 3.It was arranged that they(should) leave the following week. 4.It

19、has been decided that the meeting (should) be postponed (put off) till next Saturday. . suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句： 1.My suggestion is that we (should) send a few comrades to help them. My suggestion is that a few comrades (should)be sent to help them. 2.My idea is that we

20、 (should) do the work ourselves. 3.What do you think of Xiao Yangs proposal that we (should) put on a play at the English evening? 4.The Emperor had ordered the cloth to be woven for so much money. The order the Emperor had given was that the cloth be woven for so much money. ）. expect, believe, thi

21、nk, suggest, I am sorry/surprised/disappointed等动词的否定式或疑问形式的宾语从句：(有的语法学家认为，形容词后的从句是状语从句): It is necessary/important/strange/ that.It is a pity/a shame/no wonder/ that.等结构后的主语从句： Note: 这时should+动词原形的意思常常是“竟会，竟然”。 1.I never expected that the problem should be so complicated(复杂). 2.They just couldnt bel

22、ieve that the new station should be so big. 3.We never thought that she should be the brave girl we have heard so much about.4.I am sorry that he should be in such poor health. 5.We were surprised that he should be so lazy. 6.It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 7.It is important

23、that we (should) unite with all that can be united in the struggle. 8.It will be better that we meet some other time. 9.It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 10.It is quite natural that such fears should arise. 11.It is a great pity that he should be so conceited (fo

24、olish).在所有这些句子中，也可以用陈述语气。那样说话就只叙述事实，而不表示自己的情绪。）.虚拟语气还可以在口语中，使语气显得比较客气委婉。 这时谓语多由should, would, could, might加动词原形构成： 陈述自己的看法： 1.It would be a shame to stop the work halfway. 提出请求或邀请： 1. Would you mind turning the light on? 提出建议或劝告： 1.You had better leave the matter to me. 提出问题： 1.What would you advise

25、 me to do? 2.Do you think you could spare us a few minutes?）.一些习惯句型中： It is (high) time后的定语从句中通常也需要用虚拟语气： 1.It is time that we went /should go to bed. 2.It is time we went home. 用在if only引起的感叹句中： 1.If only we had listened to their advice! 2.If only the letter had arrived in time! 3.If only I hadnt l

26、ost it! 4.If I could only see him once. would rather/sooner(宁愿)后也可以用这样的结构： 1.I would rather they came tomorrow (you had gone there too). 2.I could go myself but I would sooner you went. 3.I would (had) rather you posted the letter right away.(四) 祝愿的句子中：1.May you be happy!2.May good luck be yours!3.L

27、ong live the people!.含蓄条件句(Sentences of Implied Condition)有时，假设的情况不是通过虚拟条件句表示出来，而是通过上下文或 其它方式来表示。1.Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been extremely wealthy. If he had cared more for money, he could have been extremely wealthy.2.Who but a fool would believe that? If he were a fool

28、, he would believe that. =He wouldnt believe that unless he was a fool. =Nobody would believe that except that he were/was a fool.3.They could have completed that building (if they had worked harder).4.Such mistakes could have been avoided (if we had been more careful).5.He would have given you more

29、 help, but he had been so busy ( if he hadnt been so busy).6.I would have written before, but I have been ill (if I hadnt been ill, I would have written to you).7. We didnt know you were in trouble at that time，otherwise we would have given you a hand.8. But for your help, we would not have finished

30、 the work.巩固练习1. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired. A. drove; didnt getB. drove; wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got2. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. A. breaksB. has brokenC. were brokenD. had been broken3.

31、 _ it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. A. Were B. ShouldC. WouldD. Will4. Janes face suggested that she _ ill, and her parents suggested that she _ a medical examination. A. be; should have B. was; haveC. should be; hadD. was; has5. Without electricity human l

32、ife _ quite different today. A. isB. will be C. would have beenD. would be6. I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I _ for her. A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out7. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would

33、 have met my brother. A. has comeB. did come C. cameD. had come8. -If he _, he _ that food. -Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warmed; would not takeB. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken9. The two str

34、angers talked as if they _ friends for years. A. should beB. would be C. have beenD. had been10. Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night _, too cold for us to live. A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly C. would be frozen coldD. can freeze coldly11. -Have you

35、 ever been to Beijing? -No, but I wish I _. A. have B. willC. doD. had12. If only he _ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. A. liesB. layC. had lainD. should lie13. If I _ you, I would ask him to stay. A. wasB. would beC. wereD. am14. If it hadnt rained last Sunday, we

36、_ picnicking. A. could go B. could have goneC. went D. would go15. Everybody would be very happy if the hot summer _ tomorrow. A. should finishB. would finish C. were to be finishedD. finishes16. If only I _ your advice! A. had taken B. tookC. would takeD. have taken17. If it _ yesterday, we could p

37、lay football on the sports ground now. A. didnt snowB. hasnt snowedC. hadnt snowed D. werent snowing. 18. If he came here at this moment, I _ him. A. would criticizeB. will criticizeC. shall criticizeD. were to criticize19. I wish I _ the meeting last week. A. could attend B. attendedC. have attende

38、d D. could have attended20. Hes always talking like that, as if the whole world _to him alone. A. had belonged B. belongedC. were belongingD. were belonged21. The TV play for tonight wont be interesting. Even if it _, I might not have time for it. A. would beB. be C. had been D. were22. Without your

39、 help, I _ in my English study. A. would not have succeeded B. hadnt succeeded C. will not succeedD. wont have succeeded23. The workers in France demanded that the their pay _ from the following week on. A. would be raisedB. was raisedC. be raisedD. raised 24. My suggestion is that we _ the sports m

40、et. A. would put offB. should put offC. putted offD. be put off25. The monitor made a proposal that the whole class _the matter. A. discussedB. would discussC. be discussedD. discuss26. It is necessary that our drinking water _ cleaner. A. should be made B. is madeC. would be madeD. was made27. It i

41、s high time that our child _ to do some housework. A. learnedB. learn C. will learn D. would learn28. They stopped at Hangzhou so that they _ the West Lake. A. will visitB. can visit C. may visitD. might visit29. _ it _ for your help, I couldnt have make any progress. A. Were; not B. Had; not beenC.

42、 Should; not beenD. Did; be30. You are late again. You _ here earlier. A. should comeB. will comeC. should have comeD. will have come31. Dont come this afternoon. Id rather you _ tomorrow. A. come B. to comeC. came D. will come32. He took his raincoat with him lest it _. A. rainedB. should rain C. w

43、ould rain D. will rain33. John was very busy last week, otherwise, he _ to attend the meeting. A. would have come B. would come C. should comeD. came34. _ I to tell her about it, she would be very glad. A. Should B. WouldC. Were D. Might35. Without sunlight or water or air, there _ no life on the ea

44、rth. A. will haveB. would beC. should beD. must be36. It was ordered that no smoking _ in the library. A. is allowedB. be allowedC. should allowD. will be allowed37. _ I known he was in trouble, I might have managed to help him. A. If B. When C. UnlessD. Had38. You _ there by taxi yesterday, it is n

45、ot far from here. A. couldnt have goneB. should have gone C. neednt have gone D. mustnt have gone39. I would have gone there with you but I _ too tired then. A. were B. had beenC. was D. have been40. -Did you go to see the football match yesterday? -No, I didnt feel well, but I would have gone if I

46、_. A. did B. have C. would D. had41. _the friendship between us last forever! A. Could B. WillC. May D. Wish42. -Where have you been? -I got caught in traffic; _ I could have been here soon. A. otherwise B. howeverC. though D. anyway43. If my lawyer _ here last Saturday, he _ me from going. A. had b

47、een; would have preventedB. had been; would prevent C. were; would preventD. were; would have prevented44. If it _ for the snow, we _ the mountain yesterday. A. were not; could have climbedB. were not; could climb C. had not been; could have climbedD. had not been; could climb45. We _ last night, bu

48、t we went to the concert instead. A. must have studiedB. might studyC. should have studied D. would study46. -There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. -It _ a comfortable journey. A. cant beB. shouldnt be C. mustnt have beenD. couldnt have been47. I was really a

49、nxious about you. You _ home without a word. A. mustnt leaveB. shouldnt have leftC. couldnt have left D. neednt leave48. _ your letter, I would have started off two days ago. A. If I received B. Should I receiveC. If I could have receivedD. Had I received49. It is strange that she _ so. A. thinkB. t

50、hinks C. will thinkD. thought50. He suggested that the meeting _ put off. A. not be B. should notC. wouldnt D. be not51. She would rather _ more money on books _ on clothes. A. cost; not B. to spare; dont C. pay; than D. spend; than52. What would have happened if you _ her child? A. hadnt helped B.

51、couldnt helpC. wouldnt helpD. didnt help53. If I _ with her last summer, I _ with her now. A. worked; am getting on very wellB. had worked; would get on very well C. had worked; would have got on very wellD. had worked; will get on very well54. The old professor gave orders that the experiment _ bef

52、ore 6. A. was finishedB. will finishC. be finishedD. shall be finished55. The thief closed his eyes _ he _ dying. A. even if; was B. though; would beC. when; had beenD. as if; were56. I wish _ my uncle yesterday. A. had metB. would metC. metD. have met57. Without his help, we _ such rapid progress.

53、A. dont make B. wouldnt makeC. didnt makeD. wouldnt have made58. _ so busy, she would come to help you. A. Should my daughterB. Was my daughter not C. If my daughter were not D. If my daughter isnt 59. If you _ any problem, please dont hesitate to ask your teacher. A. have B. would haveC. are going to have D. w