第十二章从句

1、 第12章 从句根据从句在全句中的不同作用，从句可分为宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。前四种从句在复合句中的作用相当于名词，统称为名词性从句。一、名词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，分别作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。（一）主语从句主语从句在复合句中充当主语。可以引导主语从句的关联词有：连接词that, whether ；连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose； 连接副词when, where, why, how；复合代词whatever, whoever等。主语从句是指句子中作主语的从句，按引导词的不同，可分

2、为下面三类：（1）有从属连词引导That the earth turns around the sun is known to all.地球绕着太阳转这一点是众所周知的。Its not sure if he will succeed.他是否会成功还不能确定。（2）由连接代词引导What you need is more practice.你需要的是更多的练习。Who will go is not important.谁将去那儿并不重要。Which team will win the championship is uncertain.哪一个队会得冠军还说不准。Whatever I have d

3、one is only for you.无论我做什么都是为了你。（3）由连接副词引导。Where the meeting will be held hasnt been decided.会议在什么地方召开还没有决定。When he will return is the important question.重要的问题是他什么时候回来。Why they are reducing price does not matter.他们为什么减价并不重要。However you do it is all right with me.你无论怎样做这件事对我来说都行。（4）it作形式主语。1.that所引导的

4、主语从句常放到句子后部去，由代词it作形式主语。如：It makes everyone happy that the girl is still alive.那女孩还活着让所有人都很高兴。It is impossible that I go and attend the meeting.我不可能参加会议。2.在it is a party, it is a shame, it is strange(surprising),it is no wonder, it is necessary(essential, important)等结构后的主语从句中常采用虚拟语气形式should+动词原形（或完成

5、形式），表示遗憾、惊奇、重要等作用，should有时可省略。如：It is a great pity that he should be so greedy.真遗憾，他竟然那么贪婪。It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings.真奇怪，他竟没有看出自己的缺点。（二）宾语从句宾语从句即在复合句中作宾语。在谓语动词、介词、动词、不定式、分词、动名词之后都可以带宾语从句。某些形容词之后也可带宾语从句。（1）及物动词后的宾语从句。.由从属连词引导The headmaster said that the scho

6、ol reports had been sent off.校长说成绩通知单已发出了。I want to know whether/if you can repair the recorder or not.不知道你能否修录音机。She asked whether/if there are any chemists shops in this street.她问这条街上有没有药房。.由连接代词引导Please tell me who the first to invent the television set was.请告诉我电视机是谁发明的。I want to know whose noteb

7、ook is left on the table in the reading room.我想知道谁的笔记本遗忘在阅览室的桌子上了。.由连接副词引导Do you know where the great pyramid is?你知道大金字塔在什么地方吗？The salesman asked them how many television sets they were going to buy.售货员问他们打算买多少台电视机。（2）介词后的宾语从句Im thinking of how I can finish the work on time.我正在想怎么按时完成工作。It depends o

8、n whether the mayor will agree to the proposal.这事取决于市长会不会同意那项建议。（3）非谓语动词之后的宾语从句。Knowing how heat travels, it is possible for us to control heat.知道了热如何传播，我们就可能控制它。On being asked where he came from, he kept silent. 一问到他来自哪里，他就保持沉默。（4）某些形容词后的宾语从句。I am afraid (that) I may not be able to see you off at t

9、he station.恐怕我不能到车站去送你了。I am certain that we will succeed in solving the problem.我确信我们将成功地解决这个问题。（5）作形式宾语。I find it necessary that we should ask him for help.我觉得请求他帮助是必要的。We made it clear that we were determined to carry out the plan.我们已明确表示我们决心去执着这个计划。（三）表语从句在句子中作系动词表示的从句，叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词有：连接词that,

10、 whether, as if, as though；连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose； 连接副词when, where, why, how等。表语从句按引导词的不同，可分为下面三类：（1）由从属连词引导（if不能引导表语从句）。The fact is that we are behind other groups.事实是我们落在别的组后面。The question is whether we should ask them for help.问题是我们是否要他们帮忙。（2）由连接代词引导。China is not what she used to be.中国

11、已不是从前的样子了。What she wants to know is which dress she should buy.她想知道的是她应该买哪件衣服。（3）由连接副词引导。This is where you are wrong.这正是你错的地方。That was how they were defeated.他们就是那样给打败的。That is why he didnt pass the exam.那就是他考试不及格的原因。（4）有时as, as if ,as though, because 也可以引导表语从句。如：Things are not always as they seem t

12、o be.事情并不总是像表面上看来的那样。It looks as if it were going to rain.天看上去好像要下雨。（四）同位语从句同位语从句一般由that, WH-类（包括how）引导。常与具有概括性的抽象名词连用。如：fact, news, idea, suggestion等。if不能引导同位语从句。如：You cant get around the fact that its against the law.你不能回避违法这一事实。I have no idea that you were here.我不知道你在这儿。He made a promise that he

13、will lend us some money.他承诺他将借给我们一些钱。Answer my question whether you agree to my decision.回答我的问题，你是否同意我的决定。He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there.他还没有作出决定是否去那里。I have no idea what she is doing now.我不知道她现在在干什么。二、定语从句定语从句是修饰名词或代词的从句。定语从句在句中起定语的作用，被定语从句修饰的词语称为先行词，定语从句通常紧放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的有：1.关

14、系代词that 2.关系代词who, whom, whose, which 3.关系副词when, where, why。who, whom, which, that, whose等关系代词在定语从句中所指对象是人、物，在从句中作主语、宾语、介词宾语或定语。它们的形式变化如下：指代对象人事物人+事物主格who/thatwhich/thatthat宾格who(m)/thatwhich/thatthat所有格whosewhose/of which（一）关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词往往是表示人或物的名词或代词，关系代词要在从句中充当主语、表语、宾语、定语等句子成分。（1

15、）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/that i saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见到的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）（2）whose用来指人或物，只用作定语（若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去

16、帮忙。Please pass me the book whos (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿色的书。（3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快

17、散了。（which/that在句中作宾语）（4）as也可用作关系代词，既可以单独引出定语从句，又可与主句中的the same或such相呼应，从句中谓语动词常省略。如：She is not the same girl as she was.她和以前不一样了。I have never seen such a man as you talked about.我从没见过你谈起过的那种人。（二）关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。（1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”的结构交替

18、使用。如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？（2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。如：His father di

19、ed the year (that/when/in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他40年前居住过的地方。（三）限定性和非限定性定语从句（1）定语从句有限定性和非限定性两种。限定性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句的意思往往不明确；非限定性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。如：It happened at the time when

20、 I left the office.事情发生在我离开办公室的时候。（限定性）She married Mike, which surprised us.她嫁给了迈克，这使我们很吃惊。（非限定性）（2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限定性的。如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理*史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园

21、。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。（3）非限定性定语从句还能将整个主语作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语要用第三人称单数。如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变成蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。易错警示关系代词that和关系副词

22、why不能引导非限制性定语从句。（四）关系代词that和which的用法区别（1）that和which一般可以换用，只用that的情况有：1.当先行词为不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, any, little, few, none, much, one等（something作先行词有时可以用）。如：Is there anything that you dont understand about the problem?关于这个问题你们还有不懂的地方吗？All that you are willing to do should be done

23、well.所有你愿意做的事就应该做好。2.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。如：The worst matter that I am afraid of happened in the end.我担心的最坏的事情终于发生了。The third tree that I planted was cut down by someone again.我种下的第三棵树又被某人砍到了。3.当先行词被the very, the only, the same, the last修饰时，关系代词用that。如：This is the very book that I have been looking f

24、or.这正是我一直在找的那本书。Can you lend me the same book that you are reading?能把你正在读的书借给我吗？4.当先行词中既有人又有物时，关系代词用that。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered in school.他们谈到了他们还记得的学校中的人或事。5.主句是who或which开头的疑问句。如：Which of the book that you bought yesterday was writer by mark twain.你昨天买的哪本书是马

25、克*吐温写的？（2）只用which不用that的情况有：1.引导非限定性定语从句用which不用that。如：They pretended not to understand what I said, which made me angry.他们假装没有听懂我的话，这使我很生气。The rubbish, which lies around the classroom, should be swept away.这些垃圾在教室周围，应该被扫走。2.介词+which引导的宾语从句不用that，如果介词位于句末可用that。如：China has hundreds of island, the la

26、rgest of which is Taiwan.中国有好几百座岛，台湾岛最大。The music to which they are listening is popular.他们正在听的这首音乐很流行。（五）定语从句的特殊情况（1）定语从句中介词不可提前的情况。定语从句中关系代词可以作动词或介词的短语，且介词可以提到关系代词之前。但固定动词短语中的介词则不可提前。如：look after, take care of, care of ,see to等。There are lots of things (that) I have to see to myself.有很多事情我必须亲自处理。T

27、he three children (who/whom/that) she looked after are at the same school now.她照看过的那三个孩子现在在同一所学校读书。（2）定语从句中的主谓一致。关系代词作从句的主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上要与先行词保持一致，先行词是个句子时，从句的谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。The recorder that has been given to me is home-made.给我的那台录音机是国产的。I ,who am your classmate, will share the work with you.我是你的同学

28、，要和你分担这项工作。“one of+复数名词”作先行词时，定语从句修饰的是复数名词，故若关系代词在从句中作主语，则从句谓语要用复数形式。但当one前有the(only)或the(very)修饰时，从句谓语则要用单数。He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。（定语从句修饰）Mr. Wang is the (only) one of my friend who has been invited to have dinner with us.王先生是我朋友中唯一被邀请和我们一起共进晚餐的一个。（定语从

29、句修饰one）三、状语从句状语从句在句子中作状语，可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步、比较等。（一）时间状语从句时间状语从句常由以下连接词引导：when（当时）,as（一边一边）,while（在过程中）,before（在以前）,after（在.之后）,since（自从以来）,till (until) (直到为止),as soon as（一就）,hardlyWhen（一就）。（1）when引导的时间状语从句，常译为“当的时候”，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。如：He was working at the table when I wen

30、t in.当我进去的时候，他正在桌旁工作。Someone knocked at the door when I was sleeping.当我正在睡觉时，有人敲门。易错警示:when也可以作并列连词，表示一个动词正在进行的时候，突然间发生了另外一件事。如：I was fishing by the river, when someone called for help.我正在河边钓鱼，就在那时有人求救。（2）while引导的时间状语从句，常译为“与同时，在期间”，while所引导的从句中常用延续性动词或表示状态的词。如：They rushed in while we were discussin

31、g problems.当我们正在讨论问题时，他们冲了进来。Father was cleaning the car while I was playing computer games.当我正在打电子游戏时，爸爸正在清洗汽车。易错警示:While也可以作并列连词，表转折的关系，相当于but，译为“然而”。如：I like listening to music, while my brother likes doing sports.我喜欢听音乐，而我的兄弟爱好运动。（3）as引导的时间状语从句，常译为“当的时候，一边一边”，as所引导的从句中可使用延续性动词，也可使用点动词。She sang s

32、ome pop song as she walked home.她一边往回走，一边唱着流行歌曲。As time goes by, we have a better understanding of things around us.随着时间的推移，我们对自己周围的事物有了更好的理解。（4）before和after引导的时间状语从句，before强调主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，而after强调主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。It was long before I met him again.过了很久我才再次碰到他。He called me after he had finished his

33、 work.他在工作完之后给我打了个电话。注：若主句和从句两个动作发生的先后顺序十分接近，那么也可以不用完成时态，列如上面的第二句可改为：He called me after he finished his work.（5）as soon as引导的时间状语从句，译为“一就”。As soon as he sat down, the telephone rang.他一坐下电话就响了。She got everything ready as soon as she got to school.她一到学校就把一切都准备好了。（6）since引导的时间状语从句，译为“自从”，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用

34、一般过去时。He hasnt been at home since he was ill.自从他生病以来，他就一直不在家。We havent seen each other since we parted.我们自从分手以后一直没见过面。注：常用句型：It is+时间段+since从句译为：自从.有多长时间了。It is six years since she graduated from the university.自从她大学毕业已有六年的时间了。（7）till和until引导的时间状语从句，译为“直到为止”，nottill/until引导的时间状语从句，译为“直到才”。前者强调主句动作的结

35、束，用延续性动词，后者强调主句动作的开始，用点动词。I will wait for my friend until/till him comes.我要一直等到我朋友来。Not until you realize your mistake can you make progress.直到你意识到自己的错误，你才能取得进步。（8）有一些表示时间的名词短语也可用来引导时间状语从句。如：the minute, the moment, every time, the first time。I recognized him the moment/ minute I saw him.我一见到他就认出了他。E

36、very time I saw the straw hat, it reminded me of the tour I made years before.每当我看到那顶草帽，它就使我想起几年前的那次旅游。I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见到她就觉得她诚实而友善。（二）地点状语从句地点状语从句表示地点、方位（1）地点状语从句由where, wherever引导。如：Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。They will go where they are

37、 happy.他们想到他们觉得快乐的地方去。Wherever you go, you should do your work well.无论到哪里都要把工作干好。（2）地点状语从句与定语从句的区别Where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而状语从句前则无需先行词。如：Go back where you came from.（where引导地点状语从句）你从何处来到何处去。Go back to the village where you came from.（where引导定语从句，修饰village）回到你来的那个村子里去。（3）地点状语从句的省略。如：Fill in t

38、he blanks with articles necessary.（necessary前省略了where it is）在需要的地方填上冠词。（三）原因状语从句（1）引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有because, as, since, for, seeing(that), now(that), considering(that) 等。如：He did not speak to you; it was because he didnt recognize you.他没有跟你讲话是因为他没有认出你。I cant get to sleep because of the noise outside.

39、由于外面声音嘈杂我睡不着。Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, youd better give him a chance.既然许多人一生都会犯一些错误，你最好给他一次机会。易错警示：除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导原因状语从句的从属连词外，有时也可引导原因状语从句（when表示“既然”）。I wont tell you when you wont listen.既然你不想听，我就不告诉你了。（2）关于notbecause结构。该结构中的否定词有时否定主语，有时否定从句，一般要根据句子的意思作出正确或合乎逻辑的理解。若not否定主语，最好在be

40、cause之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释：I didnt go because I was afraid.我没有去是因为怕。/我不是因为怕才去。不过若because之前有just修饰，一般认为not是否定从句的：You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you.你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。（3）because习惯上不与so连用，汉语习惯上说“因为所以”，但英语习惯上却不能将so与because连用。因为下雨，所以我们呆在家里。正：Because it was raining ,w

41、e stayed at home./It was raining, so we stayed at home. 误：Because it was raining ,so we stayed at home.（4）because从句与because of短语的转换。Because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of短语转换：He cant come because he is ill. /he cant come because of his illness.他因病不能来。I said nothing about it because his wife was there. /I sa

42、id nothing about it because of his wifes being there.因为他妻子在那儿，我对此事只字未提。（5）because, since, as和for用法比较。1. Because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或以为人知，就用as或since。I didnt go, because I was afraid.因为担心，所以我没去。Since/As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.由于天气不好，我们不得不延迟旅行。2.由because引导的

43、从句放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来替代。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。He is absent today, because /for he is ill.因为他病了，所以今天没来。（四）目的状语从句目的状语从句：从句部分是用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的。引导目的状语从句常用的连词有：that（以便），so that（以便），in order that（为了；以便）,lest（免得；唯恐），for fear that（生怕；以免）。如：Say it louder (so) that everyone can hear you.大声说，以便大家都

44、能听到你。Ill explain it to him lest he (should) doubt me.我要向他解释这件事，以免他怀疑我。学习目的状语从句应注意以下两点：（1）目的状语从句中常含有can, could, may, might, should等情态动词。如：I got up early so that I could catch the first bus.我起的很早，目的是为了赶上头班公共汽车。（2）在口语中so可以引导目的状语从句。如：Bring it closer so I may see it better.把它拿近点，我好看清楚。易错警示:in order that与

45、in order to的区别1. in order that后面跟从句2. in order to后面跟动词原形（in order to后面加的那个不叫目的状语从句，叫目的状语）（五）结果状语从句结果状语从句常由soThat或suchThat引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so和such与其后的词的搭配规律。其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。如：So foolish /such a foolSo nice a flower /s

46、uch a nice flowerSo many people /such a lot of people（so many已形成固定搭配，a lot of虽相当于many，但a lot of为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）SoThat与suchThat之间的转换既为so与such之间的转换。如：The boy is so young that he cant go to school.He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.这个男孩太小了，不能上学。It was so hot a day that we couldnt sleep.T

47、i was such a hot day that we couldnt sleep.天如此热以致我们都睡不着觉。（六）条件状语从句表示条件或要求性质的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。条件状语从句用以表示“在某种条件下，会.”，常用if, in case, on condition,等词来引导，连接词主要有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that等。（1）主句用一般将来时，if或unless引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时。固定搭配：unless=ifnot 。如： He will not leave unless it is fine tomorrow

48、.除非明天天晴，否则他不走。If you wake up before me, give me a call.如果你比我醒得早，叫我一声。（2）if引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种：1.真实条件句。如：If it rains tomorrow, we wont go on a picnic.如果明天下雨，我们就不去野餐。2.非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种，表示与事实相反。如：If I were you, I would go with him.如果我是你，我会跟他一起走。（3）由as (so) long as, in case引导的条件状语从句。So long as youre hap

49、py, it doesnt matter what you do.只要你高兴，你做什么都没有关系。You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。Take your umbrella in case it rains.带着你的伞吧，以防下雨。（七）让步状语从句让步状语从句常由though, although（虽然；尽管）,even if（即使）,even though（即使；尽管）,however（不管怎样）,whatever（无论什么）,no matter how(who.)无论多么（无论谁）等

50、连接词或词组来引导。1.though,although,as引导的让步状语从句（1）.though与although语意相同，但although比though语气强，两者可换用。主句中可以用yet, still, nevertheless与其呼应，但不可使用。Though I believe it, yet I must consider.虽然我相信这一点，但我还得考虑考虑。（2）though可用作并列连词，表示“yet, however, but”等意，although却不可。It wasnt my decision, though I think I agree with it.这不是我的

51、决定，不过我认为我是赞同的。（3）though可作副词，放在句末，意为“不过；但是”。 Although无此用法。He said he would help me; he didnt, though.他说他会帮助我，但是他并没有帮我。（4）在短语even though及as though中不可换用althoughHe will come even though he is ill.即使他病了，他也会来。（5）在有些含as的句型中，当动词前置时，从句主句后用may, might, can, could, will, would等情态动词，若没有情态动词则加上一个do(does或did）。若前置动

52、词是及物动词，则其宾语也随其一同提前。Try as he may, he never succeeds.尽管他很努力，但他从未成功。Change your mind as you will, you will get no help from us.即使你改变主意，你也不会得到我们的帮助。（6）although只能用于自然语序引导让步状语从句，不能用于异常语序。Although he got there early, he was unable to buy a ticket.虽然他早早地到了那里，但还是没能买到票。（7）as引导的这种结构的从句，有时可以表示原因，而不是让步。Tired as

53、 she was, I decided not to disturb her.由于她累了，我决定不去打扰她。2.even if ,even though引导的让步状语从句（1）even if /even though是引导让步状语的连词，作“即使”，“尽管”解。其中even though与even if可交替使用，意思相同。如：She wont leave the TV set, even though/if her supper is on the table.即使晚饭已摆在桌上，她也不愿意离开电视机。They will stand by you even if/though you don

54、t succeed.即使你不会成功，他们也会支持你。（2）even though表示过去和现在的，even if表示将来的。Even if和even though后要用虚拟语气。如：Well go even if it rains.即使下雨我们也要去。Even though you do not like it, you must do it.即使你不喜欢这工作，你也得做。（3）当让步状语从句的动词用一般现在时表示将来的假说或一般的行为习惯时，通常用even though/ even if，一般不用although, though和as。如：Even if/ even though I hav

55、e to walk all the way, Ill go there.即使我得一路走着去，我也要走到那里。（4）当让步状语从句的动词用虚拟式表示与事实相反的假说时，大多数用even if/ even though，而不用though, although和as。如：You are not stupid, even though/Even if you were slow at study, you shouldnt give up your studies.你并不傻，即使你学得慢一点，也不应该放弃学习。（八）方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as,(just) asSo, as if, as though引导。（1）as,(just) asSo引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在 (just) asSo结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是