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1、初中英语动词部分 【学习目标】 掌握动词的种类情况。 掌握动词不定式的用法。 【知识要点】 (一)动词的种类 动词是表示动作或状态的词,按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词,连系动词,助动词和情态动词。 1行为动词 行为动词可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi)。及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,后跟宾语;不及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,但后面不能直接跟宾语,如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成动词短语。 如: More and more people study English.(vt) The students are listening to th

2、e teacher carefully.(vi) 2连系动词 连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有 be,表示变化的动词(get, turn, become, grow),感官动词(look, feel, seem, sound, taste, smell,touch)等。 如:Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. The floor feels damp. 3助动词 助动词(结构助动词)本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语,表示否定,疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法

3、特征,助动词有 be, do, have, shall, will等。 如: How do you usually come to school? The children are playing yo-yo now. 4情态动词 情态动词(情态助动词)本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare, have to等。 如: Can I help you? - Must we go now? No, you n

4、eednt . a. can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时,指本身有能力的“能”;be able to用于各种时态均可,指须经过努力而“能” b. must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为“必须”,只用于一般现在时和一般将来时;have/has to表示客观需要,意为“不得不”,它可用于各种时态。 cneed和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。 (二)动词的时态 在英语中,不同时间里发生的动作或存在的状态需要用动词的不同形式表示出来,动词的这种不同形式就构成了动词的时态。英语中的时态按动作发生时间分为现在时态、过去时态、将来时

5、态和过去将来时态;按动作的进行形式分为一般性动作、进行性动作、完成性动作和完成进行性动作。时态的分类和基本构成形式1. 英语动词时态的分类(16种)一般体完成体进行体完成进行体现在时一般现在时现在完成时现在进行时现在完成进行时过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时过去完成进行时将来时一般将来时将来完成时将来进行时将来完成进行时过去将来时一般过去将来时过去将来完成时过去将来进行时过去将来完成进行时2. 时态的基本构成形式一般体完成体进行体完成进行体现在时do/ does have/has done am/ is/ are doing have/ has been doing 过去时did had

6、done was/ were doing had been doing 将来时will/ shall do will/ shall have done shall/ will be doing shall/ will have been doing 过去将来时should/ would do should/ wound have done should/ would be doing should/ would have been doing 1.动词的时态英语时态共有十六种时态,其中初中常用的有8种,它们是:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和

7、过去将来时。(1)一般现在时的基本用法1) 一般现在时常带时间副词或不带时间副词表示经常性或习惯性的动作,即不断重复发生的事。如:I get up at 7.John smokes a lot.注意:带不定频度副词(如:always, never等)或副词短语(如:every day等)的一般现在时可使习惯性动作表现得更加明确。I sometimes stay up till midnight.She visits her parents every day.在以How often 开头的问句及答句中,通常用一般现在是:How often do you go to the dentist? I

8、 go every six months.2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。一般现在时可以陈述现在时段内发生或存在的事件、动作或情况。这些事件、动作或情景说不定会无限期的延续下去。但

9、实际上,我们的意思则是在说“这是现在存在着的状况”。My father works in a bank.My sister wears glasses.I dont want so much.5) 某些动词如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等,在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。这种用法往往用于谈论时间表、节目单或日程表上所安排好的事情的时候:The exhibition opens on January 1st and closes on January 31st.The conc

10、ert begins at 7.30 and ends at 9.30.The train comes at 3 oclock. 6) 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,一般现在时代替一般将来时。 Ill help you as soon as you have problem. Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him. (2)一般过去时i.一般过去时的构成:一般过去时由动词的过去式表示,表示过去发生的动作或状态。通常带有表示过去动作的时间状语的词,词组或从句,如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two d

11、ays ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。动词的过去式分为规则变化和不规则变化。 动词一般过去式的构成A. 规则动词过去式的变化可速记为直、去、双、改四字诀。一般情况下在动词原形后直接加-ed。如:wanted,played。以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-ed。如:hoped,lived。重读闭音节单词需双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ed。如:stopped。以辅音字母+y结尾的动词变y为i,再加-ed。如:studied,worried。规则动词过去式的读音也有规律可循。请记住:清后t,元浊d,t d之后读Id。清辅音p k f s F 等后,ed要读t。如:worked,fi

12、nished。元音或浊辅音b g v z m等后,ed要读d。如:lived,called。t或d后,ed读Id。如:started,needed。B .不规则动词变化,要逐一熟记。be动词过去式有两种形式,主语是第一、三人称单数形式使用was,其他人称用were。注意事项:A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完

13、成时或一般现在时。B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to do, didnt used to do, didnt use to do都对。Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示过去常常或过去曾经,要求加动词原形;后者表示习惯于,要求加名词或动名词。C. 一般过去时的句式构成a. be动词过去式的句式。否定句是在was/were后面加not,was not (wasnt)/were not (werent)。一般疑问句是把was / were提前并放到句首,要求首字

14、母要大写。b.实义动词过去式的句式。肯定式:主语+动词过去式+其它。如:They had a good time yesterday.否定式:主语+did not(didnt)+动词原形+其它。如:They didnt watch TV last night.一般疑问句:Did+主语+动词原形+其它?肯定回答:Yes,主语+did.否定回答:No,主语+didnt.如:Did they have a meeting two days ago? Yes,they did. / No,they didnt.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它?如:What time did you

15、 finish your homework?【注意】1) 过去经常反复发生的动作,也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达,例如:I used to go fishing on Sundays.2) “used to”也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态。例如:This river used to be clean.ii. 一般过去时的用法:一般过去时的基本用法a)表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。He suddenly fell ill yesterday. 昨天他突然生病了。The engine stopped because the fuel was used up. 发动

16、机因燃料用光而停机了。b)表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态。I wrote home once a week at college. 我上大学时每周给家里写一封信。He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood. 他童年时就养成了广泛阅读的习惯。注意:表示过去的习惯性、经常发生的动作,除了用过去时外,还可以用used to或would来表示。She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three. 她上高三时经常学习到深夜。He would

17、sit for hours doing nothing. 过去他常常一坐几个钟头什么事也不做。 c)表示过去连续发生的一系列动作。She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.她走进房间,拿起一本杂志,认真地翻阅了起来。The students got up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air.学生们很早起床,做早操,然后在室外朗读英语。d)在时间、条件

18、状语从句中表示过去将要发生的动作(表示过去将来的意思)。We would not leave until the teacher came back. 老师回来我们才会离开。She told me she would not go if it rained the next day. 她告诉我如果第二天下雨的话,她就不去了。一般过去时的特殊用法a)在虚拟语气中表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态。Its time we went. 该是我们走的时候了。I wish I were twenty years younger. 但愿我年轻20岁。I would rather you didnt do an

19、ything for the time being. 我宁愿你暂时先不要采取什么措施。b)在口语中,一般过去时往往显示委婉客气。I wondered if you could give me a hand. 我想请你帮个忙。Might I come and see you tonight? 我想今晚来看你,好吗? (3)一般将来时A. 一般将来时的构成一般将来时由助动词shall/will加动词原形构成。shall(用于第一人称,will用于任何人称will在征求意见时常用于第二人称。)。表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间连用。如:tomorrow, next wee

20、k等。但在表示准备、计划、打算做某事时,常用be going to加动词原形的结构。B. 一般将来时的用法1)表示将来的动作或状态。例如: I shall attend the meeting tomorrow. 2)表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.3)表示将来的意愿,决心,许诺, 命令等时常用will,征求对方意见,主语是第一人称时,常用shall。I will do my best to catch up with them. Shall I open the door?4)be + goi

21、ng + 动词不定式。也是一种将来时句型,表示打算,计划,最近或将来要作的某事。a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?Were going to see Uncle Wang tomorrow.b. 计划,安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month。I am going to Beijing next week.c. 有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm。5)be + 动词不定式表将来,按计

22、划或正式安排将发生的事。表示有职责,义务,可能,约定,意图等。 There is to be a meeting this afternoon. We are to discuss the report next Saturday. We are to meet the guests at the station. 6)be about + 动词不定式,表示马上,很快作某事。 They are about to leave. He is about to leave for Beijing.注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连

23、用。(四)现在进行时现在进行时由be的现在式+现在分词构成。I am You are He is She is It is We areYou are They are A.现在进行时的构成Im YoureHes Shes Its WereYoureTheyrewritingwaitingrunningbeginninglying writingwaitingrunningbeginninglying B.现在进行时的用法1.说话时正在进行的动作 现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作或事件, 它注重现在正在进行的动作,而不管动作从什么时间开始,到什么时间结束,往往与now, at the mom

24、ent, just等副词连用,以示强调:Someones knocking at the door. Can you answer it? 有人敲门,你去开一下好吗?What are you doing ? I m just tying up my shoe-laces. 你在干什么?我在系鞋带。Hes working at the moment, so he cant come to the telephone. 他现在在工作,所以不能来接电话。注意:现在进行着的动作皆被视为未完成的动作:Hes talking to his girlfriend on the phone.可用still 一

25、词强调动作的持续性Hes still talking to his girlfriend on the phone. 他仍在和他的女朋友通话。2.暂时情况现在进行时可用来表示不会长期发生的动作或情况,或被认为在短期内正在进行的动作或存在的状况。表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作(但说话时这个动作不一定在进行)Whats your daughter doing these days? Shes studying English at Durham University.你女儿现在在干什么? 她在达勒姆大学学习英语。这种情况不一定在说话时发生:Dont take that ladder away.

26、Your fathers using it.别把梯子拿起,你父亲在用哩。(即不一定现在在用。)Shes at her best when shes making big decisions.当做出最大决定时,她处于最佳状态。暂时发生的事情也可以是在说话时正在进行着:The river is flowing very fast after last nights rain.昨夜下过雨后,河水流速很快。现在进行时也用来表示当前的动向:People are becoming less tolerant of smoking these days. 如今人们对吸烟较为难以忍受了。3. 事先计划好的动作

27、:指将来现在进行时可表示为将来安排好的活动和事件;除在上下文中意思清楚者外,通常需要一个表示时间的状。 I am coming tomorrow.They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow. Were spending next winter in Australia. 我们将要在澳大利亚度过明年冬天。用arrive ,come, go ,leave 等动词的现在进行时描写行程安排,也通常有“将到达”和“将离去”的意思。Hes arriving tomorrow morning on the 13.27 train. 明天早上他将乘13时27分的火车到达。用现在进

28、行时表示说话时正在进行的动作时,可用状语和上下文使语义不致含混:Look ! The trains leaving.看!火车开了。(即火车实际上正在开动)4.重复的动作副词 always, constantly ,continually ,forever ,perpetually ,repeatedly 等等可与进行时连用,表示不断重复的动作:Shes always helping people . 他经常帮助别人。某些状态动词带有always 等也可用进行时:Im always hearing strange stories about him.我常听说关于他的一些怪事。当现在进行时表示某事

29、发生的次数过多时,则有时含有抱怨的意思:Our burglar alarm is forever going off for no reason.我们的防盗警报器不知怎么常常失灵。【注意】有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态表示状态的动词,尤其是静态动词,如:be, have表示认识、知觉和情感的动词,如:know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer等。一般现在时和现在进行时的区别:1 一般现在时和现在进行时常用来解说当时发生的事件,特别是在电台和电视广播中。在这种情况下,一般现在时常用来表示说话时刚完成的快速动作,现在进行时则常用来描

30、述持续时间较长的动作:MacFee passes to Franklyn, Franklyn makes a quick pass to Booth. Booth is away with the ball, but hes losing his advantage.麦克菲把球传给富兰克林,富兰克林快传给布恩,布恩带球跑开,但他处境不利。2 在示范和使用说明中使用一般现在时:一般现在时的这种用法是祈使语气的另一种表示方式。它说明每一步应该怎样做:First you boil some water .Then you warm the teapot .Then you add three tea

31、spoons of tea .Next ,you pour on boiling water.你先烧些开水,然后把茶壶烫热,接着放三勺茶叶,随后冲入开水3 内容简介用一般现在时:Kate Foxs novel is an historical romance set in London in the 1880s. The action takes place over a period of 30 years 凯特.福克斯的小说是一部以1880年的伦敦为背景的历史传奇。情节的跨度有30年4 报刊标题、图片文字说明等用一般现在时和现在进行时:这种一般现在时通常以表示过去发生的事件:FREAK S

32、NOW STOPS TRAFFIC 反常的大雪使交通断绝。(五)过去进行时的用法表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。构成是was/were加现在分词构,常与表示过去某一时间的状语或when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语从句连用。如: I was watching TV when she came to see me.What were you doing at this time yesterday? My mother was cooking when I got home.【注意】过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情,但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态,强调

33、动作的连续进行,而一般过去时则表示单纯的过去事实,例如:They were building a house last month. (上个月正在建造,建造好与否不知)They built a new house last month. (上个月建造好了,动作已经完成)(六)现在完成时A. 现在完成时的构成Have/has+动词的过去分词B现在完成时的用法1) 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作。 I have bought a ten-speed bicycle. They have cleaned the classroom. 2) 现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在,或者

34、还有可能持续下去的动作或状态。 现在完成时常与for 和 since 引导的短语或从句连用。 We have lived here since 1976. They have waited for more than two hours. 【注意】一般过去时与现在完成时的区别过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响;一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用。试比较:I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了,不涉及现在)I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电

35、影的内容已经知道了。)(七)过去完成时A. 过去完成时的构成 过去完成时由had加过去分词构成. B.过去完成时的用法 表示过去某一动作或时间以前已发生或完成的动作,也可指从过去某时开始到过去另一时为止的动作或状态,即“过去的过去”。常用的时间状语有:a. by last month, by the end of last term等;b. before he came here, when I got there等。如:By the end of last term they had learned about twenty English songs. The film had alrea

36、dy begun when we got there.We had already learned two thousands words by the end of last year. When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes. 注意:before与ago的用法有区别。before表示“距过去某时以前”,即过去的过去,用于过去完成时;ago表示“距今以前”,即从现在起的过去,用于一般过去时。(八)过去将来时A.构成:should/would加动词原形或was/were going

37、 to加动词原形构成。B. 用法:表示从过去某时看来将要发生的事情,常用在宾语从句中。如: I didnt know when he would come back. They were going to have a meeting.I told him that I would see him off at the station.(三)动词的语态语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。(1)被动语态1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是: be +及物动词过去分词 2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者,某

38、些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等,也可用于被动语态。The children were taken good care of by her. 【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加to。此类动词为感官动词,如:feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如:The teacher

39、made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).4) 主动形式表示被动意义 如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如:The food tastes good.现在完成时考点考点一:考查基本概念例 Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him .(呼和浩特).

40、 knew . have known . must know .will know简析:现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响,或过去发生的动作还未结束,一直持续到现在或将来,重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大,往往无时间状语,需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理,正确答案是。考点二:考查时间状语例1. He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ?. already .never .ever . still例2. Have you met Mr Li _?. just . ago .before . a moment ago例3.

41、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written例4.Our country _ a lot so far .Yes . I hope it will be even _ . has changed ; well . changed ; good. has changed ; better . changed ; better例5. Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was ; s

42、tudying . will ; study. has ; studied . are ; studying例6. We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . know . had known . have known . knew例7. Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . will see . have seen . saw .see简析:现在完成时的时间状语常有如下四类:现在完成时常与already(已经),just(刚刚,正好),ever(曾经),never(从来,也不;从不),befo

43、re(以前),yet(仍然)等连用。故例1应选B;例2应选C。现在完成时常与recently(近来),so far(到目前为止),in the past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间,句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故例3应选D,例4应选C。现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用(含从句,从句过去时)。故例5应选C,例6应选C。现在完成时还与once(一次),twice(两次),three times(三次),several times(几次)等表示重复次数的词语连用。故例7应选B。考点三

44、:考查与一般过去时的区别例1. These farmers have been to the United States . Really ? When _ there ?. will they go . did they go. do they go . have they gone 例2._ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished. Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish简析:

45、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆,就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去,但二者又有区别:一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作,说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情,与现在没有关系;现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作,它不与表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等)连用。故例、的正确答案皆为B。考点四:考查非延续性动词的用法例1. His father _ the Party since 1978 . joined . has joined . was in . has been in例2.Do you kn

46、ow him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . were . have been . have become . have made例3.How long have you _ here ?About two months . been . gone . come . arrived例4. Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . has begun . had begun. has been on . began例5. His uncle died two years ago .(改变句子,句意

47、不变)His uncle has _ _ for two years 例6. Her mother has been a Party member for three years .(同义句)Her mother _ the Party three years _ .例7. It _ ten years since he left the army . is . has . will . was简析:现在完成时中,非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用,通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。常用的非延续性动词及替代形式如下:closebe closed, put onwea

48、r , openbe open get upbe up, finish/endbe over , losebe lost , marrybe married(to), fall asleep/ go to sleep be asleep ( sleep ) , get to know know come/arrivebe here/in , come/get backbe back , go/leave-be away , become be , borrow keep , buyhave , begin/startbe on , diebe dead , joinbe in/be a emb

49、er of , catch a cold have a cold等,故例1、2、3、4的正确答案依次为:D、B、A、C。例5应填been dead 。其次,可以用相应的延续性动词的过去时表示,故例6应填joined;ago。再次,还可用“It is + 一段时间since从句”来表示,故例应选A。考点五:考查词组have/has been in / to与have/has gone to的区别例1. Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library .has gone . went .will go . has been例2. My parents _ Shandong for ten years . have been in . have been to. have gone to .have been简析:“have/has gone to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地(还未回来)”,指主语所指的人不在这儿。“

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