(完整版)初中英语语法归纳：被动语态

1、初中英语语法归纳复习：被动语态重难点：掌握八种常见时态的被动语态，并能根据不同情景，灵活运用被动语态。【知识总结归纳】一. 概念：表示动作与主语之间是被动关系的句子是被动语态。二. 主动语态与被动语态之间如何转换We Visited that factory last summer主动语态That factory was visited by us last summer被动语态主语 谓语 宾语状语.各种不同时态的主动语态与被动语态的对比时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时am / is / are + P.P.（1）Do they speakFrench ?（2）They don t use th

2、eroom .Is French spoke n by them ?The room isn t used bythem .一般过去时was / were + p.p.（1）The hunter killed atiger .（2）He wrote manystories last year .A tiger was killed by the hunter .Many stories was writte n byhim last year .现在进行时am / is / are +be ing +p.p.（1）These workers arebuildi ng a new bridge

3、.（2）He is mending hiscar .A new bridge is being built bythese workers .His car is being men ded byhim .过去进行时was / were + being + p.p.（1）He was sell ingbooks.（2）They were discussing the pla n at that time .Books were being built by him .The pla n was being discussedby them at that time .现在完成时（1）She h

4、as lear nedMany En glish words have been lear ned by her .have / has + bee n + p. p.many En glish words .（2） He has finished thework .The work has bee n fini shedby him .过去完成时had + bee n + p.p.（1）They has solved theproblem .（2）We had told him the news by the n .The problem had bee n solvedby them .T

5、he n ews had bee n told tohim by us .一般将来时shall / will be + p.p.（1）I shall make a plan .（2）They are going to fixthe radio in an hour .A pla n will be made by me .The radio is going to be fixedby them in an hour .过去将来时would be + p.p.was/ were going to be +p.p.（1）He told me they wouldpaint the room .（

6、2）They were going toput on a play the n ext week .He told me the room would bepain ted by them .A play was going to be put bythem the n ext week .情态动词can / may / must / should+ be + p.p.（1）We should hand inour homework .（2）You must an swer thequesti on in En glish .Our homework should be handed in b

7、y us .The questi on must be answered in En glish by you .四.如何正确使用被动语态1. 有些动词带有两个宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语，变被动语态时，可把其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个 留在被动结构谓语后面。需要注意的是：若把直接宾语变成被动语态的主语，需要在间接宾语之间加上介词to 。eg. He ofte n tells us in terest ing stories .（主动语态）We areoften told interesting stories by him .（被动语态）Interesting storiesare often

8、 told to us by him .常带双宾语的词有：tell , show , le nd , pass 等。2. 在主动语态中，某些动词之后带有复合宾语，即宾语和宾语补足语，这个复合宾语由动词不定式来充当,to 被省略，但在被动语态中，这个to 还要还原。eg. I ofte n hear her sing this popular song .（主动语态）宾语宾语补足语复合宾语She is often heard to sing this popular song .被动语态） 有这种用法的常用动词有： make , let , see , hear , watch , feel ,

9、 notice等。3. 有些“ be + 过去分词”的结构并不是被动语态， 它们有可能是“系表结构 （即系动词之后由过去分词来 充当表语） 。 ”The door is closed.门是关着的。（系表结构）The door is closed by Fen gpi ng.这个门是由冯平来关的Theglassis broken.这个玻璃杯是坏的 。 （系表结构 ）The glass was broken by Mary .这个玻璃杯是玛丽弄坏4. 只有及物动词和可有宾语的动词 +介词词组才可以有被动语态。Great changeshavetaken placein China .（正确）eg.

10、Great changeshavebeentakenplacein China .（错误）Thedolphin disappeared in thedeepsea.（正确）Thedolphin wasdisappearei in the deepsea.（错误）【总结】一、被动语态的构成形式1.被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式 , 被动语态由 be 过去分词构成， be 随时态的变化而变化。以 do 为例， 各种时态的被动语态形式为：1）am/is/are +done （ 过去分词 ） 一般现在时 例 Visitors are requested not to touch

11、 the exhibits.2） has /have been done现在完成时例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3） am/is /are being done现在进行时 例 A new cinema is being built here 4） was/were done 一般过去时例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5） had been done 过去完成

12、时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6） was/were being done过去进行时例 A meeting was being held when I was there.7） shall/will be done一般将来时例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8） should/would be done过去将来时例 The news would be sent to the soldiers

13、mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done将来完成时（少用） 例 The project will have been completed before July.2.被动语态的特殊结构形式1）带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+ be +过去分词。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2） 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保 留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。1）2）（ 被

14、动语态 ）的。（被动语态）例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his motherfor his birthday.3）当“动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词 have, make, get 以及感官动词 see, watch, n

15、otice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作 宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to 。例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把 它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3.非谓语动词的被

16、动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态 （ 一般时态和完成时态 ） 。例 I dont like being laughed at in the public.二、 如何使用被动语态 学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1.讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 （ 这时可省 by 短语 ） 。例 My bike was stolen last night.2.借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the

17、offer.3.为了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够 了）三、 It is said that+ 从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等可以 用于句型It + be +过去分词+ that 从句”或主语+ be+过去分词+ to do sth. ”。有：It is said that 据说,It is repo

18、rted that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hopedthat 大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that 大家认为，It is suggestedthat 据建议。例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.（= The boy is said to have passed thenational exam. ）四、 谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如 break , catch , clean , drive

19、, lock , open, sell , read , write , wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义 , 主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较： The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门 , 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,如： happen, last, take place, break out,

20、 come out,come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3.系动词没有被动形式 , 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例 Your reason sounds reasonable五、 非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。1.在 need , want, require

21、, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例 The house needs repairing （ to be repaired ）.这房子需要修理。2.形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例 The picture-book is well worth reading.（= The picture-book is very worthy to be read3.动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系不定式的主

22、动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. （to do 与 things 是动宾关系，与 I 是主谓关系。）试比较：I ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted?（此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者。）4.在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice , easy , fit , hard , diff

23、icult , important ,impossible , pleasant , interesting等。例 This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作 to work out 省略了 for me ）.5.在 tooto结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例 This book is too expensive （for me） to buy.6.在 there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式 作定语，重点在物。例 There is no time to lose

24、（to be lost）.（用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose ;用 to be lost ，谁lost time 不明确。）7.在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动，被动表被动。然而，由于古英语的影响，下列动词ren t,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?六、介词 in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前 一般不用冠词。1.“ under +

25、名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制），undertreatme nt（在治疗中），un der repair（在修理中），un der discussi on（在讨论中），un der con struct ion（在施工中）。例 The buildi ng is un der con struct ion（ is being con structed）.2. “ beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、 范围、限度”。常见的有：.beyond belief （令人难以置信）, beyond one s reach （鞭长莫及），beyond one

26、s control（无法控制）， beyond our hope . 我们的成功始料不及。例 The rumour is beyond belief （=can t be believed ）.3. “above+名词”结构，表示“（品质、行为、能力等）超过.、高于. ”。例 His hon est character is above all praise. =His hon est character cannot be praised eno ugh4.“ for+名词”结构，表示“适于、 为着”。如：for sale（出售）,for rent（出租）等。例 That house is

27、for sale. （= That house is to be sold）.5. “i n+名词”结构，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight（ 在视野范围内），等。例 The book is not yet in print. （=is not yet printed）6. “ on+名词”结构，表示“在从事中”。常见的有：on sale（出售），on show （展出），on trial （受审）。例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum （= are being showed）.7. “

28、out of+名词”结构；表示 “超出之外“， 常见的有： out ofcontrol （.控制不了），out ofsight（超出视线之外），out of one s reach（够不着）,out of fashion（ 不流行）等。例 The pla ne was out of con trol （ca n t be con trolled）.。&“ within+名词”结构，“在.内、不超过.”。例 He took two days off with in the teachers permissi on【题型展示】1. A talk on Chin ese history in the

29、 school hall n ext week .A. be give n B. has bee n give nC. will be give nD. will give2. To make our city more beautiful , rubbish in to the river .A. needn t be thrownB. mustn t be thrownC. can t throwD. may not throw3. You may go fishi ng if your work ._A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. ha

30、ve done4. The trees must three times a week .A. waterB. is wateri ng C. be wateredD. waters5. I won t come to the party uni ess Sue _ , too . You mean if Sue comes you ll comeA. will in vite B. i nvites C. i nvited6. I like my new bike . It very well .A. rides B. is ridi ng C. is ridde n7. Mr. Chen has a lond voice . His voice canA. hear B. be heard C. be heari ng8. It s time to do your homework , Jack . Yes , Mum .