考研英美文学名词解释

1、英 美 文 学 名 词 解 释 t e r m s i n e n g l i sh a n d a m e r i c a n l i t e r a t u r e1. aestheticism/the aestheticism movement (唯美主义)a european phenomenon during the middle of the 19thcentury that had its chiefheadquarters in france. this movement was introduced to late victorian englandmainly walter

2、 pater as a reaction against the materialism and commercialism of anindustrialized society. it was also a reaction against the victorian conventionof art for moralitys sake, or art for moneys sake. the major tenets of thismovement include the belief in the autonomy of a work of art, the emphasis on

3、craftand artistry-the theory of “art for arts sake”. the most outstanding victorian representatives of this movement included oscar wilde.2. allegory（寓言）a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings representabstract ideas or moral qualities. an allegory is a story with two mean

4、ings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道 德品质。所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事。3. alliteration (头韵)4. it is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a groupof words in poetry. in old english alliterative meter, alliteration is the p

5、rincipalorganizing device of the verse line, such as in beowulf.5. 头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。5.4. allusion: a reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work thata writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. an allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or

6、 religion.5. 典故：文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作 品。典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。5. american naturalism (美国自然主义)the american naturalism accepted the more negative interpretation of darwin sevolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those charactersin literary works who were regarded as mor

7、e or less complex combinations ofinherited attributes, their habits were conditioned by social and economic forces.american naturalism was evolved from realism when the authors tone in writingbecame less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. itwas no more than a gloomy p

8、hilosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. dreiser was a leading figure of this school.6. american puritanism (美国清教主义)puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. the american puritans,like their english brothers, are idealists. they accepted the doctrine ofpredestination,

9、original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement througha special infusion of grace form god. but due to the grim struggle for living inthe new continent, they become more and more practical. american puritanism is so much a part of the national atmosphere rather that a set of tenets.美国清教主义：他

10、们相信宿命论、原罪说、全体堕落和有限的赎罪。7. american realism (美国现实主义)in american literature, the civil war brought the romantic period to an end. theage of realism came into existence. george eliot introduce realism into england,and william dean howells introduced it into the united states. it came as a reactionagains

11、t the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. realism turned from an emphasison the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as itis really lived. it has been chiefly concerned with the commonplaces of everydaylife among the middle and lower classes, and it offers an objec

12、tive rather thanan idealistic view of human nature and human experience. realistic literature findsthe drama and tension beneath the surface of ordinary life. later, many writers,notably henry james, turned to psychological realism that closely examined the complex workings of the mind.美国现实主义：在美国文学史

13、上，内战宣告了浪漫主义的终结和现实主义的开始。现实主义反对浪漫主义和感伤主义的谎言，它从一个陌生的世界转向了普通人的真实生活的描写。 它所关心的是普通的下层劳动人民而非理想中的人类本性和现实经历。8. american romanticism (美国浪漫主义)the romantic period covers the first half of the 19th century. a rising americawith its ideals of democracy and equality, the booming economy, the flourishingpublications

14、, and a variety of foreign influences made its literary expansionpossible and inevitable. romantics shared some characteristics: moral enthusiasm,individuality and intuitive perception. irving played an important role ininspiring american romanticism with his masterpieces rip van winkle and the lege

15、ndof sleepy hollow. american romanticism culminated around the 1840s, which can becalled “transcendentalism or american renaissance”. one of the major figure inthis period was emerson. his nature had been called “the manifesto of americantranscendentalism”. in the poetry aspect, whitman and dickson

16、were two majoramerican poets in this period. in the novel aspect, hawthorne and melville belongedto another type of romanticism. they placed increasing value on the free expressionon emotion and the psychic states of their characters. the new england poets, suchas longfellow and bryant formed a diff

17、erent school from whitman, dickson, thoreau and poe.9. angry young men (愤怒的青年)the angry young men is a journalistic catchphrase applied to a number of britishplaywrights and novelists from the mid-1950s. their works mainly express thebitterness of the lower classes towards the established sociopolit

18、ical system andtowards the mediocrity and hypocrisy of the middle and upper classes. the playwrightjohn osborne was the archetypal example of these angry young men with his signature play look back in anger in 1956.10. antagonist (反面人物):a person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a ri

19、val of the hero or heroine.反面人物：一个故事中和主人公相对立的人物或一种力量，是男女主人公的对手。11. american transcendentalism (美国超验主义)american transcendentalism is more than an attitude of transcendentalists. to“transcend” something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits. thetranscendentalists speak for cultural rejuvenati

20、on and against the materialism ofamerican society. the major features of american transcendentalism are: 1.transcendentalists place emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul, as the most importantthing in the universe. 2. they stress the importance of the individual. to them,the individual was the most im

21、portant element of society. 3. they offer a freshperception of nature as symbolic of the spirit or god. nature was, to them, alive, filled with gods overwhelming presence.12. aphorism (警句)13. a concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life.14. 警句：蕴含关于人生真理的明智的看法的精练的语句。

22、12.13. aside (旁白)14. in drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience and. an aside is supposedly not heard by other actors on stage.15.14. assonance (类韵)the repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. assonance is often employed to please the ear or em

23、phasize certain sounds.类韵：在诗歌中相同或相似元音的重复，它的目的主要是用来使句子悦耳动听或用来强调 某个音。15. autobiography (自传)the literary form of autobiography is apersons account of his or her own life.an autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes someintrospection, such as the autobiographywritten by benjamin

24、franklin.自传：一个人对他或她自己生活的描述，自传是一种叙述性的文体，多包含回忆性的描写。16. ballad (民谣)it is a relatively short narrative poem, written to be sung, with a simple anddramatic action. the ballads tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a combinationof these. two characteristics of the ballad are incremental repetition and

25、 theballad stanza. incremental repetition repeats one or more lines with small butsignificant variations that advance the action. the ballad stanza has four line;commonly, the first and third lines contain four feet or accents, the second andfourth lines contain three feet. ballad often open abruptl

26、y, present brief descriptions and use concise dialogues.the folk ballad is usually anonymous and the presentation is impersonal. theliterary ballad deliberately imitates the form and spirit of a folk ballad. theromantic poets were attracted to this form, as longfellow with the wreck of thehesperus,

27、coleridge with the rime of the ancient marine, which is longer and more elaborate than the folk ballad.17. ballad stanza (民谣诗节)a type of four-line stanza, the first and the third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses.18. beat generation (垮掉的一代)t

28、he beat generation refers to a loosely-knit group of poets and novelists, writingin the second half of thee 1950s and early 1960s. they shared a set of socialattitudes- anti-establishment, anti-political, anti-intellectual, oppose to theprevailing cultural, literary, and moral values, and were in fa

29、vor of unfetteredself-realization and self-expression. representatives of the group were allen ginsberg with his long poem howl and jack kerouac with his on the road.19. bildungsroman (成长小说)bildungsroman defines a genre of the novel which focuses on the psychological andmoral growth of the protagoni

30、st from youth to adulthood, and in which characterschange is thus extremely important. in a bildungsroman, the goal is maturity. charles dickens david copperfield is a classical bildungsroman.20. biography (传记)21. a detailed account of a persons life written by another person.22. 传记：由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记

31、录。20.21. black comedy/black humor (黑色幽默)it is mostly employed to describe baleful, naive, or inept characters in a fantasticor nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what ionesco called a“tragic farce”, in which the evets are often simultaneously comic, horrifying,and absurd. joseph hel

32、lers catch-22 can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.22. black mountain poets (黑山派诗人)it is sometimes called projective poets（投射诗人）, a group of the mid-20th centuryamerican avant-garde or postmodern poets centering on black mountain college. inthe essay projective verse, charl

33、es olson calls “for poetry of open field ”composition to replace traditional closed poetic forms with an improvised form thatshould reflect exactly the content of the poem. this essay became the manifesto for the black mountain poets.23. blank verse (无韵体诗)verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.

34、 it is the verse form used in some ofthe greatest english poetries, including that of william shakespeare and john milton.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。24. byronic hero (拜伦式英雄)byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. withimmense superiority in his passions and powers, he would car

35、ry on his shouldersthe burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would risesingle-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, inreligion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.25. calvinism (加尔文主义)calvinism refers to the

36、religious teachings of john calvin and his followers. calvintaught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by god to be saved, andthis can be gotten only be gods grace. calvinism forms the basis for the doctrinesand practices of the huguenots, puritans, presbyterians, and the reformed chur

37、ches.26. carpe diem (及时行乐)a tradition dating back to classical greek and latin poetry and particularly popularamong english cavalier poets. carpe diem means literally“seize the day”, that is, “live for today”.27. canto (篇/章)a section or division of a long poem. in english poetry, alexander popes the

38、 rape of the lock and byrons don juan are divided into cantos.诗章：长诗的一部分。28. character (角色)in appreciating a short story, characters are an indispensable element. charactersare the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. forst divides charactersinto two types: flat character, which is pres

39、ented without much individualizingdetail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.人物：在短篇小说的欣赏中，人物是必不可少一个元素。人物是喜剧或小说中所描写的人。福斯特把人物划分为两类，扁平型人物和圆型人物。扁平型人物往往缺乏个人化的细节描 写而圆型人物则在性格和行为动机上较为复杂。29. classicism (古典主义)30. a movement or tende

40、ncy in art, literature, or music that reflects the principlesmanifested in the art of ancient greece and rome. classicism emphasizes thetraditional and the universal, and places vale on reason clarity, balance, and order.classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionallyo

41、pposed to romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.31. 古典主义：一种在文学，艺术，音乐领域体现古代希腊，罗马风格的运动。31.30. climax (高潮)31. the point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a narrative.30.30. comedy (喜剧)31. in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable ar

42、mistice between the protagonist and society.30.30. conceit (奇想)conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when thespeaker compare two highly dissimilar things. conceit is extensively employed in john donnes poetry.33. confessional poetry (自白诗)an autobiographical mode of v

43、erse that reveals the poets personal problems withunusual frankness. the term is usually applied to certain poets of the u.s. fromthe late 1950s to the late 1960s, notably robert lowell, whose life studies and for the union deaddeal with his divorce and mental breakdown.34. conflict (冲突)35. a strugg

44、le between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem.36. 冲突：故事，小说，戏剧中相对的力量和人物之间的对立。34.34. consonance (辅音韵)35. it refers to the repetition of similar consonant sounds in a group of words.sometimes the term refers to the repetition of consonant sounds in the mi

45、ddle orat the end of words. sometimes the term is used for slant rhyme in which initialand final consonants are the same but the vowels are different: litter/letter, green/groan.36. couplet (两行诗)two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. a heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.对句：两个连续押韵的诗行

46、。英雄双行体的对句一般都为抑扬格五音步。37. critical realism (批判现实主义)the critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in thebeginning of fifties. the realists first and foremost set themselves the task ofcriticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated thecrying contradict

47、ions of bourgeois reality. but they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. charles dickens is the most important critical realist.批判现实主义：批判现实主义在 19 世纪 40 年代达到高潮。批判现实主义作家们往往把从民主的角度批评和揭露资本主义社会的丑恶视为己任，但他们并没有找到治疗社会弊病的 良方。38. dadaism (达达主义)it refers to a western european artistic and literary move

48、ment (1916-1923) thatsought the discovery of authentic reality through the abolition of traditional,cultural and aesthetic forms by a technique of comic derision in wich irrationality, chance and intuition were the guiding principle.39. darwinism (达尔文主义)it is a term that comes from charles darwins e

49、volutionary theory. darwinists thinkthat those who survive in the world are the fittest and those who fail to adaptthemselves to the environment will perish. they believe that man has evolved fromthe lower forms of life and humans are special not because god created them butbecause they have success

50、fully adapted to the changing environmental conditionsand have passed on their survival-making characteristics genetically. influencedby darwinism, some american naturalist writers apply it as an explanation of human nature and social reality.40. denouement (结局)41. the outcome of a plot. the denouem

51、ent is that part of a play, short story, novel,or narrative poem in which conflicts are resolved or unraveled, and mysteries and secrets connected with the plot are explained.42.42. determinism (宿命论)determinism is the philosophical belief that events are shaped by forces beyondthe control of human b

52、eings. determinism, important to the literature at the endof the nineteenth century, assigns control especially to heredity and environment,without seeking their origins further than science can trace. determinism usually leads to the tragic fate of the characters in novels.42. didactic literature(教

53、诲文学)didactic literature is said to be didactic if it deliberately teaches some morallessons. the use of literature for such teaching is one of uts traditional justifications.dramatic monologue (戏剧独白)43. a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listenerswhose replies are

54、not given in the poem. the occasion is usually a crucial one inthe speakers personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem. robert brownings my last duchess is a typical example.戏剧独白：在一种叙事诗里面，一个人物对其他的人物讲话但并没有交代他们的回答，这 种场合往往对反映说话人的性格特征和诗歌的主题是至关重要的。44. elegy (挽歌)a poem of mourning

55、, usually over the death of an individual. an elegy is a typeof lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.挽歌：为某个死去的人所做的诗，挽歌往往属于抒情诗，在语言和机构上比较正式，语气 上比较庄重甚至是哀伤的。45. enlightenment movement (启蒙运动)enlightenment is an intellectual movement that originates i

56、n europe and comes toengland in the 18th century. it stresses the power of human reason, the importanceof methods and discoveries instead of god. its purpose is to enlighten the wholeworld with he light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. it celebrates reason or rationality, equality and science. it advocates universal education.46. epic (史诗)47. epic, in poetry, refers