跨文化交际unit课后trslation中英对照

1、跨文化交际 unit课后 trslation中英对照 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWWMWUBWUNNINNULDQQTY Unit 1 Page 22 The?growth?of? intercuItural?communi cat ion?as?a?field?of?study? i s ?based?on?a?vi ew?of?hi s tory?that?clearly?demonstrates?people?and?c ultures?have?been?troub1e d?by?a?persistent?i liability?to?understand ?and?get?a

2、long?with?groups?and?societi8s?removed?by?spBC6 ?ideolog y, ?appearance, ?and?behavior?from?their?own. ?What?is?intriguing?abo ut?many?of?human?civi1ization s?failure?is?that?they?appear?to?be? personal?as?well?as?global. ?The?story?of?humankind?is?punctuated?w ith?instances?of?face-to- face?conflic

3、ts?as?well?as?international?misunderstanding major?and?minor?quarrels?that?range?from?simple?name- calling?to?isolationism?or?6ven?anned?conflict. ? It?is?obvious?that?increased?contact?with?other?cultures?and?sub cultures?makes?it?imperative?for?us?to?make?a?concerted?effort?to? get?along?with?and?

4、to?try?to?understand?people?whose?beliefs?and?b ackgrounds?may?be?vastly?different?from?our?own. ?The?ability, ?thro ugh?increased?awareness?and?understanding, ?to?peacefully?co6xist?w ith?people?who?do?not?necessarily?share?our?lifestyles?or?values?c ould?benefit?us?not?only?in?our?own?neighborhood

5、s?but?could?be?the ?decisive?factor?in?maintaining?world?peace ? 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、 容貌服饰和行为?举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相 处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为?一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发 展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多?挫折，既是个人 的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间 的？误解一一从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。？ 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同 努力，

6、去理解有?着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加 深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方?式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这 不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平？的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming, our software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that

7、 enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows： it is what enables us to process information in various specific appliestion. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture： culture is a mentai set of windows?through which all of life is viewed. It

8、various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim ina reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined, it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are

9、as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mentai

10、 programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be. It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in sitting priorities. I

11、t establishes codes for behavior and provides justifiestion and legitimization for that behavior. 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进 一步引申？这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就 像电脑使用的?DOS?或者?Unix?或者？ “视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使 我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信？息。？用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化 似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它？我们审视生活的方方面 面。一个社会中不同个体的视

12、窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的?共同特 征。? 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的 事实，因？而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们 了解我们自身之为何物?是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特 定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的?特征。社会按照文化设定的程仔运作，这 种程序来白于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验?之含义的相似阐释。？ 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开 始，文化?就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还 告诉我们事物应该是什?么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经

13、验可能的理想典范， 帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。？文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守 这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 Unit 3 Page 96 Although each of us has a unique set of values, there also are values that tend to permeate a culture. These are called cultural values. Cultural values generally are normative in that they inform a member of a culture what

14、is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative， and the like Culture values define what is worthwhile to die for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people and their social systems, what are considered proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of event

15、s lead individuals to group solidarity. Culture values also specify what behaviors are of importance and which should be avoided within a culture. Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving confliets. The values held by participants in intercuItural communi

16、cation are important because values develop standards and guidelines that establish appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in a society. Values, in other words, help determine how people ought to behave with the resuIt that people will exhibit and expect behaviors according to their value systems.

17、To the extent that culture value systems differ, we may expect that intercuItural communication participants will tend to exhibit and to expect different behaviors under similar circumstances. 虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有 弥漫于整个文化?之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观？ 文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、 什么是正确的和?错误的、什

18、么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的， 等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为?之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什 么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什？么是可讽刺嘲 笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么 行为是？举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择 和解决争端时作为依据的一?种习得的规则体系。？ 跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出 决定何为正当或?不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决 定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价?值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文 化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境？中

19、，跨文化交 际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。 Unit 4 Page 141 When we say that language is always ambiguous, what we mean is that we can never fully control the meanings of the things we say and write. The meanings we exchange by speaking and by writing are not given in the words and sentences alone but are also constr

20、ucted partly out of what our listeners and our readers interpret them to mean. To put this quite another way, meaning in language is jointly constructed by the participants in communication. Language is inherently ambiguous. It means that in order to communicate we must always jump to conclusions ab

21、out what other people mean. There is no way around this. When someone says something, we must jump to some conclusion about what he or she means. We draw inferences based on two main sources： (1) the language they have used, and (2) our knowledge about the world. The knowledge includes expectstions

22、about what people would normally say in such circximstances. Language is ambiguous. This means that we can never be certain what the other person meanshether in speaking or writing. To put it another way, language can never fully express our meanings. But what does this mean for intereultural commun

23、ication In the first place it should be clear that communication works better the more the participants share assumptions and knowledge about the world. Where two people have very similar histories, backgrounds, and experiences, their communication works fairly easily because the inferences each mak

24、es about what the other means will be based on common experience and knowledge Two people from the same village and the same family are likely to make fewer mistakes in drawing inferences about what the other means than two people from differnt cities on different sides of the earth. 我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我

25、们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我 们的意图。我们?通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身 决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一?定的作用。换言之，是交际双方共 同创造了语言所表达的意思。？ 语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意 思，除此之外别?无他法。在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意 思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：？（1）他们所使用的语言；（2） 我们的世界知识。这种知识包括能够预知在某种特定语境下人?们通常会 说些什么。？ 语言是模糊的。这意味着无论是读或写，我们永远无法完全地领会他人 的意思。换言之，？语言永远无法完全地表达我们的意思。然而，这对

26、跨 文化交际意味着什么呢？ ？ 首先必须明白，如果交际参与者拥有更多共同的预期和世界知识，交际 便会有比较好的?效果。共同的背景、历史和经历使得人们之间的交际较 为容易，因为任何一方对另一方用意？的推测都基于共同的经验和知识。 來自同一个村子、同一个家庭的两个人当然要比来自地球？不同半球不同 城市的两个人少犯交际上的错误，至少不会在推测对方用意上闹笑话。 Unit 5 Page 175 Where any t可。people differ in group membership because they are of differnt genders, different age, diffe

27、rent ethnic and different cultural groups, different educations, different parts of the same country or even city， differnt income or occupational groups, or with very different personal histories, each will find it mire difficult to draw inferences about what the other person means. In the contempo

28、rary world of international and intercultural communication, the differences between people are considerable People are in daily contact with members of cultures and other groups from all around the world. Successful communication is based on sharing as much as possible the assumptions we make pbout

29、 what other mean, when we are communicating about what they mean,and so it is impossible to depend on shared knowledge and background for confidence in our interpretations. It has been found that men and women from the same culture, even from the same families, often misunderstand each other because

30、 of the purposes or goals they different assumptions they make about communication. A man may wish to make a woman happy by giving her He asked her what her would ask foe anything. a gift of something she really wants. like to have for her birthday-she can Unfortunately, whcrt she wants more than an

31、ything else is for him to know intuitively what she would like to have. Men and women, at least in North American society, tend to differ in their concern for explicitness or for indirection. A woman is likely to think it is important for someone to show how well he knows her by not having to ask ex

32、plicitly what she wants. A man in that situation, however, feels best about the situation if he is told quite directly and explicitly how he can make her happy. 由于在性别、年龄、种族或文化群体、教育、国家或城市的地域、收入或 职业群体、个？人经历等各方面的差异，人们分属不同的语言群体，这些差 异使我们很难完全领会另一个群?体成员所表达的意思。？ 在当今世界的跨文化交际中，人们之间的差异是相当大的。人们每天要与 来自世界各地?不同文化背

33、景、不同群体的人交往，成功交际的关键在于尽 可能地共亭对话语意义的推定。？当我们与迥然不同的人打交道时，我们往 往不知道该怎样推导出他们的语句意义。因此，在?交际过程中，就很难依 靠共宇的知识和背景来有把握地诠释他人表达的意义。？ 就是来自相同文化、共至相同家庭中的男性和女性也会经常误解对方的意 思，原因是男？性和女性对交际目的有不同的预期。为了让女人高兴，男人 要送她一件她真正想要的礼物。？他问女人想要什么礼物一一哪怕是上天摘 星星。糟糕的是，女人最想要的却是男人可以凭直?觉就知道她想要的是什 么。至少在北美社会中，男性和女性对于表达的看法往往不同：前者?倾向 于直接明了，后者则倾向于间接委

34、婉。一女性觉得不用直接问就知道她想要什 么是很重要？的。男性则觉得，如果女性能爽快地告诉他怎样做才能让她高 兴就再好不过了。 Unit 6 Page 215 Non-verbal communication might be thought of as any form of communication which is not directly dependnt on the use of language. Generally speaking, however, it s a littie difficuIt to know where to separate verbal and non-verbal forms of communication. Such non-verbal aspects of communications as nodding the head most often accompany speech and are part and parcel of the verbal