英语语法学习资料

1、时态一、英文句子的构成规则例如：我昨天晚上一个人在桥上看见了一个穿红衣服的老奶奶。主语：我谓语：看见宾语：老奶奶英文：I saw a grandma in red last night alone on the bridge.英文句子最大的规则：主干先行，废话后置例如：我非常爱你。I love you very much.“主干先行，废话后置”的用处：（1）翻译：做题时按照“主干先行、废话后置”的原则，把主干先挑出来，然后把废话后置。（2）从句二、时态九大基本时态：1.一般一般现在时Im a student.是指一种现状I get up early everyday. 是指一种惯例I am a

2、 slow walker, but I never walk backwards.You are an unrepeatable miracle.Winners often seek opportunity when losers want security. The sun rises in the east.总结：一般现在时共表达了两种意思：现状；惯例状态和动作的含义：a.状态：Im a boy.是Im pretty.我（是）很漂亮b.动作：I love you.I beat you.一般过去时一般过去时表示的含义：I was a student. 我曾是个学生。Yesterday end

3、ed last night.I saw you yesterday.具体时间一般将来时一般将来时的含义：对将来所要发生事情的推测（一般性的推测，并不十分确定的推测）例如：I will see you tomorrow.A team that thinks its going to lose is going to lose.I am going to challenge myself.Your habits will determine your future.You will be in my heart for ever.You were, are, and will be in my h

4、eart.2.进行现在进行时现在进行时的含义：a.现在正在发生的事情Believe that pleasantness is coming.b.表示马上做的事情现在进行时表示的将来与一般将来时的区别：现在进行时表示的将来是“马上之马上”，是很快就会发生的事情。在英语中，动词有两种：c.表示经常之经常做的事情过去进行时Years ago I was working for a large company.Livy was writing his history of Rome when he was seventy-five.过去具体时间正在做 I was sleeping at that ti

5、me.I was sleeping when you came in.You were studying when I knew you.I was sleeping while you were singing.将来进行时I believe that we will be celebrating our victory this time tomorrow.A.Ill see you tomorrow.B.Ill be seeing you tomorrow at 6:00. 将来进行时的含义：精确安排3.完成时态学习语法的过程：现在完成时完成时态是一个“段”时态。例如：I have bee

6、n in BeiJing for 5 years.I am a student for 10 years.I have been your teacher for 5 years.We are what we are because we have first dreamed it.动作 have/has+VedA：I saw this film yesterday.B：I have seen this movie （now）. （没有具体时间）现在完成时，动作形式强调的不是时间，强调的是结果。现在完成时第二类形式，have/has+动词过去分词的情况，其含义是动作现在已完成。I have s

7、een you.我曾经见过你。一般“过”、“曾经”“这是第（n）次做事”都是用完成时态。例如：This is my third time that I have seen you.过去完成时第一种形式：had+beenI had been in Beijing for 7 years till last year.第二种形式：动词+过去分词 had+Ved我在见到你之前就看过它。I had seen this movie before I met you.例句：I had broken the habit of worry by that time.By that time 到那时（之前）将来

8、完成时第一种形式：will+have+beenI will have been in BeiJing for 7 years till next year.第二种形式：will+have+VedI will have finished it by next Friday.I will marry. 一般将来时I will be marrying next Monday. 将来进行时I will have married before 27. 将来完成时根据我的总结，将来完成时所要表达的是说话人的“自信”态度。例如：I will have been in Beijing for 7 years

9、till next year.I will have finished it by next Friday.I will have married before 27.到此为止，我们学习了九种基本的时态形式，其他的时态都是在这九点时态的基础上产生的。（换衣服）遇到其他时态，这是一种做“加法”的过程。例如：Im going to marry you.（我将娶/嫁你）I was going to marry you.（我原本打算娶/嫁你） 过去将来时 过去打算（原来打算）I was going to leave today. （过去将来时）I have waited for you. 我已经等过你

10、了。I have been waiting for you. （现在完成进行时）我一直在等你（还在等）。被动语态被动语态的构成：主语+系动词+动词的过去分词形式。如果需要说明施动者，则由介词by引出，置于动词的过去分词之后。The foundation of knowledge must be laid by reading.The horizon of life is broadened by the enlargement of the heart.1.被动语态的一般用法（1）A man of honor is highly thought of.Colonel Sanders was r

11、efused l,009 times before he heard his first yes.The things that contribute most to a sense of happiness cannot be bought.（2）Love cannot be compelled.Character can be learned and developed.2.用于各种时态的被动语态常见的包括以下九种：（1）一般现在时的被动语态基本模式为is（am，are） done。举例：Books must be read.The war must be fought.All human

12、 activity is prompted by desire.I dont know who my grandfather was.Im much more concerned to know what his grandson will be.（2）一般过去时的被动语态基本模式为was（were） done。举例：The room was cleaned by me yesterday.Because of friends I met along the way, my journey was kept alive.We were taught how to respond to adve

13、rsity.（3）一般将来时的被动语态基本模式为will（shall） be done。举例：You will be married next year.Todays work will be surpassed tomorrow.（4）现在进行时的被动语态基本模式为is（am，are） being done。I am always being urged by my purpose.Were being judged by a new yardstick：not just by how smart we are，but also by how well we handle ourselves

14、 and each other.（5）过去进行时的被动语态基本模式为was（were） being done.举例：He was being beaten when I saw him.They felt new passions were being born.（6）现在完成时的被动语态基本模式为has（have） been done。举例：The room has been cleaned.（7）过去完成时的被动语态基本模式为had been done。Eric had not been born with a special talent，but he later became a su

15、ccess.（8）将来完成时的被动语态基本模式为will have been done。Your character will have been completed by the time your life comes to an end.（9）过去将来时的被动语态 基本模式为would be done。He said he would be loved if he loved others.3.It is done that句型常用于该句型的动词包括：acknowledge（承认）admit（承认）advise（建议）agree（同意）allege（宣称）announce（宣布）anti

16、cipate（预期） arrange（安排：商定）assume（以为）believe（认为）calculate（推测）claim（声称）consider（认为） decide（决定）declare（宣称）demand（要求）desire（希望）discover（发现）estimate（估计）expect（希望）find（发现）hold（认为）hope（希望）imagine（想象）know（了解）note（指明）observe（注意到）order（命令）predict（预言）presume（假定）propose（建议）prove（证明）recognize（公认）recommend（建议）repo

17、rt（报道）request（请求）require（要求）say（说）show（表明）stipulate（规定）suggest（建议）suppose（推测）think（认为）understand（理解）以上单词也经常用于Sth.（Sb.）is done to句型。4.Sth.（Sb.） is done to句型Competition is believed to strengthen the ideal of equality of opportunity.5.被动语态的特殊用法（1）不定式之中的被动语态基本模式为to be done。If you want to be respected，yo

18、u must respect yourself.I never met a person who didnt want to be appreciated.（2）动名词之中的被动语态基本模式为being done。Everyone appreciates being appreciated.He who fears being conquered is sure of defeat.（3）情态动词之后的被动语态The most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen.They must be felt.Life can only be unde

19、rstood backwards，but it must be lived forwards.Our goal may not be achieved overnight.注意：英语新闻标题中被动语态结构“be+过去分词”中的助动词“be”通常被省略。也经常不用“by”引出动作的执行者，只用过去分词在标题里就可直接表示被动意义，读者切忌将之误解为该动词的过去式。如：（1）VAN GOGHS RBCOVERED AFTER THEFT（2）FATHER JAILED FOR MURDER OF DAUGHTER 6.被动语态的翻译：1）仍译为被动句，译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译

20、成汉语的被动句。常用“被”，“给”，“遭”，“挨”，“为所”等。例如：Ones social status has been compared to his label.2）译为主动句，用“使”，“由”,“受到”，“加以”，“经过”，“用来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如：Other questions will be discussed briefly.另外，下列结构也可以通过这一手法来翻译：It is hoped that希望It is reported that据报道It is said that据说It is supposed that据推测It must be admitted t

21、hat必须承认It must be pointed out that必须指出It will be seen from this that由此可见It may be said without fear of exaggeration that可以毫不夸张地说练习：1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.2.On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence，but only if the child can be assumed to

22、have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared，and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.介词介词从两个方面把握：常识性的介词含义 考研英语介词考点一、常识性的介词含义 例1advice（） on事项 to人 Im lying on my back. 2.in的含义：在领域，在方面short in money 在金钱方面短缺in the fi

23、eld. 在这个领域 3.off：一般有“否定、脱离”的意思take off 起飞4.for：表示原因或者目的 5.into、onto（动词化的，过程性很强）go into the room.走进房间get onto the table.跳上桌子6.through、over、around、acrossthrough和across都有“通过”的意思，其区别是： through表示有难度的穿越（如穿越沙漠）across表示简单的平面跨越turn around 表示横向、方向的变化turn over表示纵向翻转7.down、updown带有贬义色彩up带有褒义色彩Life is full of up

24、s and downs. 8.二、考研英语介词考点完型填空必须掌握的固定搭配A.以动词开头的习惯搭配accuse sb. of 指控某人adapt to（使）适应，（使）适合attach importance to 重视act as 充当account for 由于，因为break ones word 食言，失信beware of 注意，留心bear in mind 记住behave oneself 守规矩bring home to 使深刻认识到bringunder control 控制住burst into laughter 放声大笑break into tears 放声大哭bring to

25、 mind 回忆起bringto an end 使结束bring into use 采用catch fire 着火catch a glimpse of 瞥见catch hold of 抓住catch sight of 看见 catch ones breath 喘一口气come in sight 出现come to an end 结束come in for criticism/blame挨批评/责备come into being 开始形成，产生come to terms with 屈服come to oneself 苏醒，恢复知觉come true 实现，成为现实cut short 中断come

26、 to a conclusion 得出结论count as 看成，视为deny sth. to sb./deny sb.sth. 拒绝给某人某物deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人某物draw closer 临近draw sb.s attention 使某人注意drive home to 使人理解到do damage to 损坏do one good 对人有益draw/reach a conclusion 得出结论entitle sb. to sth. 给某人权利/资格/所有权equatewith把与等同起来fall in love with 开始爱上fall ill 病倒fall

27、 into step 步调一致fall victim to 成为的受害者/牺牲品fall short of 缺乏，不符合find fault with 挑剔fill in for sb. 替代某人的工作flash a smile 笑容一闪fool sb. into doing 哄骗某人干 follow sb.s example/lead 以某人为榜样fill an appointment 践约gain access to 取得使用/接触 机会greet. sth. with 对某事作出某种反应go out of business 停业get/run/slip into debt 负债get a

28、long with 与相处get out of hand 无法控制get rid of 摆脱，去掉gain experience in 获得经验gain/have an advantage over 胜过, 优于get in touch with 与联系get in the way of 妨碍，阻碍give birth to 引起，使产生givecredit for 因赞扬/尊重give an account of 叙述，说明give rise to 引起give way to 让位于give a hand 给帮助go out of ones way to do 特地，不怕麻烦go too f

29、ar 做过头，做过分go without saying 不言而喻have a mind to do 很想做have a fancy for 热衷于hail sb./sth.as 热情赞扬某人/ 某事have a capacity for 有的能力havein common 在有共同之处have/take interest in 对有兴趣have no alternative but to do 除了别无选择have no choice but do 除了别无选择have nothing do with 与无关have something to do with 与有关have no option

30、 but 除别无他法have sth. at heart 关心某事hit on an idea of 偶然想起主意holdin high regard 对极为重视hold true 适用，有效jump to a conclusion 草草下结论keep in mind 记住keep an eye on 照看，注视keep in touch with 保持接触keep sb. company 与某人做伴keep in order 保持整齐keep pace with 与保持一致keepto oneself 对秘而不宣keep tabs on 密切注意keep to the point 切题kee

31、p diary 记日记keep track of 了解的情况kill time 消磨时间keep record of 记录keep watch over 监视lay stress on 注意，重视lay the blame on sb. for sth. 因某事责怪某人leave alone 不管，别惹lend a hand 帮忙let go of松手，放弃look to sb. for 指望、仰仗某人lose heart 扫兴，灰心lose ones mind 精神错乱lose ones sense 昏过去lose ones temper 发脾气lose touch with 与失去联系lo

32、se track of 与失去联络make room for 为腾出地方make up ones mind 下决心make acquaintance with 结识make a fortune 发财meet demands 满足要求make a thing of 认为重要make a point of doing 坚持做，一定要做make sense 有意义，是明智的make light of 不把当回事make sure 确信make a habit of 形成/养成习惯measureagainst 拿与比make an attempt 试图make friends with 与交朋友mak

33、e fun of 取笑make use of 利用make mention of 提到，说到make do with 勉强对付make no difference 没有关系make peace with 与讲和miss the point 没有抓住要领make a /some difference 有/有些作用或影响make inquiries about 询问，打听matchagainst 使与较量make a/the case that 提出理由、事实证明make ones way 前进，进行make reference to 谈及make the most of 尽量利用nameafte

34、r 照命名owe it to sb. to do 认为自己有必要为某人做pay a visit to 访问pay attention to 注意pay ones respects 表示敬意pay duty on 付关税perceiveas 把看作persuade sb. of 使某人相信play a part in 参与，起作用play a trick/joke on 捉弄，开的玩笑pride oneself on 以为自豪put emphasis on 重视，强调pull oneself together 振作起来put an end to 结束putinto effect 实行，使生效pu

35、t into use 使用，利用put right 恢复正常，纠错put/keep/get/considerin perspective 恰当不夸大地看待regardas 把看作rise to ones feet 站起来range fromto从到reduceto 使简化成refer toas 把称作restrictto 把限制在之内remind sb. of 使某人想起rest assured that 请放心reach an agreement 取得一致意见run short of 缺少，快用完seeas 把看作seek/take shelter from 寻找庇护setapart fro

36、m 使与不同stand a chance of doing 有可能做stand to reason 合乎情理strike sb. as 在某人看来似乎see to it that 确保take into consideration 考虑take/run risks 冒险take effect 奏效take pains to do 费尽力气做take advantage of 利用takefor granted 认为当然take care of 照顾take charge of 掌管，负责take delight in （特别）喜欢take possession of 占有take pity o

37、n 怜悯take the liberty of 擅自take measures 采取措施take notice of 注意，留心take into account 考虑take part in 参加take precedence over 比重要take steps 采取步骤take the place of 代替take pride in 以为自豪take a short cut 走捷径take offense 被惹祸take sb. to court 把某人告上法庭take sth. seriously 认真对待某事take revenge on sb. 报复某人take the init

38、iative 采取主动take too far 做得过火take heart 受到鼓励，树立信心take account of 考虑，重视take pleasure in 以为乐taketo heart 对深为感动take root 确定，建立take shape 成形take a chance（on sth.）冒险，投机，碰运气turn sb. against sb. else 使某人转而反对某人watch ones step 严谨行事wave good-bye to 告别weigh sth. against sth. else. 掂量某事，权衡某事B.以介词开头的短语以at开头的短语at

39、all costs 不惜任何代价at/behind the wheel 在驾驶at a disadvantage 处于不利地位at a profit 获利at ease 不拘束，自在at fault 有毛病at great length 长久地,详细地at a loss 不知所措at hand 就在手边，附近at heart 本质上，实际上at ones expense of 以为代价at the moment 此刻；那时at the point of 就要at intervals每隔一段时间，每隔一会儿at ones expense 由某人付费at ones request 应某人请求at

40、ones best 处于最佳状态at ones wits end 不知所措at once 立刻at ones service 听候某人吩咐at random 任意，随意at sight of 一看见at short notice 一接到通知就at the bottom of 在根底上at the rate of 以的速度at the cost of 以为代价at the risk of 冒的危险at the first opportunity 尽快at the hands of 出自之手at times 有时候at will 随意，任意at the mercy of 完全受支配以by开头的短语

41、：by accident 偶然by aid of 借助于by and large 总的说来by appearance 从外表by chance 偶然,碰巧by day/night 白天/黑夜by far 得多；最by mistake 弄错by and by 不久以后by all means 毫无疑问，当然by means of 用，依靠by name of 名字叫by nature 生性by no means 绝不by oneself 单独by surprise 突然by virtue of 靠，由于by request 应邀by turns 轮流by way of 经由by the way

42、顺便说以for开头的短语：for a change 改变一下for ages 很久for anything 无论如何for certain/sure 肯定地for fear of 免得for lack of 缺乏for nothing 免费for one thing 第一，首先for another 第二，其实for short 简称for the benefit of 为利益for the better 好转for the purpose of 为了for want of 缺乏for the most part 多半，通常for the moment 暂时for the present 暂时

43、for the sake of 为缘故for the time being 暂时以in开头的短语in a happy mood 心情愉快in a way 在某种程度上in advance 事先in a good/bad light 从好/坏的角度in accord with 与一致in action 在活动，在运行中in addition to 除外in all probability 很可能，十之八九in an attempt to do 企图做in any event 无论如何in answer to 作为对的回答in a manner of speaking 可以说in a flash

44、迅速，立即in authority 有权in bloom 开着花in good condition 情况良好in bulk 大量in circles 毫无进展in case of 万一in comparison with 比较in conclusion 总之，最后in connection with 与有关in contact with 接触，联系in disrepute 声名狼藉in due course 适当时候in effect 实际上in fact 事实上in favor of 赞同，支持in full accord 一致的in large supply 大量in itself 本身i

45、n that 既然，因为in line with 与一致in nature 在本质上in need of 需要in no way 决不，一点也不in ones name 以某人的名义in ones opinion 在某人看来in particular 尤其in place 在原处in public 公开in place of 代替in private 私下in proportion 成比例in preference to 优先in question 所谈论的；质疑in respect of 关于；涉及in stock 存货in support of 支持，拥护in the event of 万

46、一in the right 有理in time 及时in honor of 为纪念in possession of 占有in other words 换句话说in reality 事实上in response to 响应in retrospect 回想起来，事后看来in return 回报in session 在开会in shape 处于良好的健康状况in short 总之in sb.s own right 凭自己的条件/能力in spite of 尽管in succession 接连的in terms of 按照；用的术语in the interest of 为利益in the meanti

47、me 与此同时in turn 依次in the hope that 希望能in the company of 与一起in the first place 首先in the final/last analysis 说到底，归根结底in the light of 鉴于，由于in the long run 从长远来看in the presence of sb. 当着某人in view of 由于，考虑到以on开头的短语on a basis 以某种方式/方法on ascale 以规模地on average 平均on bad/good terms with与关系不好/友好on behalf of 代表o

48、n business 因公on credit 以赊账的方式on demand 一经请求on fire 着火on guard 警戒on leave 在休假on no account 决不on ones own 独自on ones own initiative 主动地，自发地on purpose 故意的 on schedule 准时on the basis of 根据on the brink of 在边缘on the contrary 相反on the increase 正增长on occasion 偶尔on second thought 仔细考虑on the decline 在下降on the

49、grounds of 根据，以为理由on the move 在移动中，在奔波中on the occasion of 在之际on the spot 当场，立即on short notice 一接到通知就on the strength of 根据，凭借on the threshold of 在的开始/初期on that account 由于那个缘故on the whole 总的看来以of和out of 开头的短语：of ones own choice 自己选择of ones own accord 出于自愿地，主动地out of breath 上气不接下气out of balance 失去平衡out

50、 of harmony with 与不直协调out of stock 脱销out of date 过时out of hand 失去控制out of order 出了故障out of patience 不耐烦out of pity 出于怜悯out of proportion to 与不相称out of control 失去控制out of business 破产out of practice 久不练习,荒疏out of style 过时，不时髦out of work 失业out of step 与他人不协调out of the ordinary 不寻常的以to开头的短语to and fro 前后，来回to the best of ones knowledge 就某人所知to a certain extent/degr