英语国家概况复习(1)

1、1、 题型英国、美国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰 Objective 25% ,subjective 75%1. Blank filling exercises to go with each unit in the book.( with the exception of P16-17, P50, P55, 25分)2. Terms for explanation. （名词解释，25分，6*4分+1）3. Answer the questions briefly. （简答题，20分，5*4分）4. Elaborate the questions. （阐述题，要有论证，不少于100词，30分，3

2、*10分）2、 范围1.填空题答案：英国第二章：parliamentary democracy; the House of Commons, the House of Lords; the House of Commons; the Queen; executive; constitution; European Union (EU)；military equipment; The Lord Chancellor; proven guilty英国第三章：banking, insurance; service; manufacturing; North Sea; Margaret Thatche

3、r; military; 1970s; London; service; electronics英国第四章：owner occupation, semi-detached, Detached houses, Class, Christmas, Boxing Day, Easter egg, The Guardian, 1400, The Broadcasting Act英国第五章：1）reading writing Arithmetic 2）A-level 3）flexibility 4）Oxbridge5)glorious wit 6) church 7)math physics compu

4、ter science economics 8)12th 13th centuries 9) forty 10) tutorial美国第三章：1) fifth 2) Northeast 3) one third 4) stock exchange 5) Greyhound Lines6) Federal Reserve 7) High-tech 8) Retail 9) open 10) unemployment美国第四章：1) melting pot, salad bowl 2) cultural group 3) baseball4) religious beliefs and pract

5、ices 5) Ernest Hemingway 6) Telecommunications7) coffee 8) American football 9) home school 10) Thanksgiving Day美国第五章：1) Northeast, Southeast 2) Harvard 3) private 4) masters5) colleges, curriculum 6) eastern Atlantic 7) California 8) Stanford9) Community college 10) Yale澳大利亚第一章：(1) “the Oldest Cont

6、inent” “the Last of Lands” “the Last Frontier.”(2) Aboriginals (3) convicts (4) Gold Rush (5) Canberra (6) license (7) the Age of Exploration (8) Great Depression(9) Melbourne Agreement 10) The Australia Act澳大利亚第二章：wool mineral exploitation foreign investment farming immigrationpolitical movement ec

7、onomy deregulation small domestic market service industrycattle澳大利亚第三章：1) diversity 2) 25.6% 3) shared values 4) favorable climate 5) Greg Norman6) Melbourne 7) suburban character 8) The Australian Ballet 9) Georgian 10) independent 澳大利亚第四章：1) low living costs 2) Sydney 3) British 4) financial strin

8、gency5) The Australian Universities Commission Act 1959 6) the Commonwealth government7) The Dawkins Revolution 8) males 9) The Australian Government 10) The University of Melbourne新西兰第一章：1) island 2) Mount Cook 3) reverse 4）30 5）Wellington 6）Maori 7）James Cook 8）Treaty of Waitangi 9）founding docume

9、nt 10）a Commonwealth realm新西兰第二章：1) international trade 2) primary products 3) United Kingdom 4）export earner 5）oil 6）the North and South islands 7）Railways 8）Australia 9）competitive 10）a quarter新西兰第三章： 1) Queen Elizabeth II 2) separation of powers 3) Cabinet 4）Labor Party 5）work-based 6）Government

10、7）fully funded 8）Christianity 9）traditional performance art 10）drastically reduced新西兰第四章：1) a world-class educational system in a lifelong learning society 2) all post-school education and training 3) The University of Otago 4）The University of Auckland 5) The Student Loan Scheme 6) a competitive ex

11、amination 7) technical 8）train teachers 9）Maori teaching and research institutions 10) Australia爱尔兰：1) Ireland is an island, the third-largest inEuropeand the twentieth-largest on Earth.2) Ireland and Britain is often used as a neutral term for the islands of British Isles in order to avoid controve

12、rsy. 3) TheRiver Shannon, the islands longest river at 386km (240mi) long, rises inCounty Cavanin the northwest and flows 113 kilometres (70mi) toLimerickcity in the mid west.4) Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall, particularly in the east.5) TheIrish peopleare anethnic grou

13、pwho originate inIreland, an island in northwestern Europe.(Page 5)6) The scientistRobert Boyleis considered the father ofchemistry.7) Traditionally, Ireland is subdivided into four provinces: Connacht(west), Leinster(east), Munster(south), and Ulster(north).8) That the population of Ireland collaps

14、ed dramatically during the second half of the 19th century resulted mainly from the dire economic state of the country, which led to an entrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century. (Page 7)9) Irelandis ranked as one of the wealthiest countries in the OECD and the EU-27 at 5th in

15、the OECD-28 rankings as of 2008.10) The 1995 to 2000 period of high economic growth was called the Celtic Tiger , a reference to the tiger economies of East Asia.(Page 11)11) In November 2010 the Irish Government published the National Recovery plan, which aims to restore order to the public finance

16、s and to bring its deficit in line with the EU target of 3% of economic output by 2015.(Page 14)12) The primary sector constitutes about 5% of IrishGDP, and 8% of Irish employment.13) Irelands inequality of income distribution score on theGini coefficientscale was 30.4 in 2000, slightly below the OE

17、CD average of 31.(Page 17)14) In January 1999 Ireland was one of eleven European Union member states which launched the European Single Currency, theeuro.15) The Celts were commonly thought to have colonized Ireland in a series of invasions between the 8th and 1st centuriesBC. (Page 22)16) From the

18、mid-14th century, after theBlack Death, Norman settlements in Ireland went into a period of decline. (Page 26)17) An extraordinary climatic shock known as the Great Frost struck Ireland and the rest of Europe between December 1739 and September 1741, after a decade of relatively mild winters. (Page

19、28)18) In 1800, the British and Irish parliaments both passedActs of Unionthat, with effect from 1January 1801, merged theKingdom of Irelandand theKingdom of Great Britainto create aUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.（Page 29）19) TheGreat Famineof the 1840s caused the deaths of one million

20、Irish people and over a million more emigrated to escape it.20) It was not until 1949 that the state was declared, officially, to be theRepublic of Ireland.21) There are a number of languages used in Ireland.Irishis the only language to have originated from within the island. Englishwas first introd

21、uced to Ireland in the Norman invasion and was spoken by a few peasants and merchants brought over from England. (Page 35,Page 34)22) Jonathan Swift, the foremostsatiristin theEnglish language, was wildly popular in his day for works such asGullivers Travels andA Modest Proposal.(Page 36)23) In the

22、20th century, Ireland produced four winners of theNobel Prize for Literature.(Page 36)24) Gaelic footballis the most popular sport in Ireland in terms of match attendance and community involvement, with about 2,600 clubs on the island.(Page 38)25) The introduction of thepotatoin the second half of t

23、he 16th century heavily influenced cuisine of Ireland.(Page 39)26) The education system of Ireland has three distinct levels: primary, secondary, and higher or third-level education.2. Terms for explanation2.1 The U.K.(1)The puritans(P17): members of a group of Protestants in 16th- and 17th-century

24、England and 17th-century America who believed in strict religious discipline and called for the simplification of acts of worship.(2)Great Charter(P17): document sealed by King John of England on June 15, 1215, in which he made a series of promises to his subjects that he would govern England and de

25、al with his vassals according to the customs of feudal law (see Feudalism). Over the course of centuries, these promises have required governments in England (and in countries influenced by English tradition) to follow the law in dealing with their citizens.(3)House of Commons(P22): Britains legisla

26、ture is made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the king in his constitutional role. The House of Commons has 651 elected Members of Parliament (MPs), who represent local constituencies. The center of parliamentary power is the House of Commons.(4)House of Lords(P22): The nonelected

27、upper house of Parliament in the United Kingdom, made up of life peers, some hereditary peers, and some bishops.(5)London Stock Exchange (P26): The London Stock Exchange, one of the largest exchanges in the world, has always been a focus of international trade. In 1986 it was substantially deregulat

28、ed, an event known as the Big Bang in financial circles. This led to the rapid expansion of products, markets, and numbers of employees, a movement that slowed in the early 1990s but has since rebounded.(6)A-Level(P40): A-levelis an academic qualification offered by educational bodies in the United

29、Kingdom and the British Crown dependencies to students completing secondary or pre-university education.2.2 The US(1)Westward movement(P50): It is a movement of people from the settled regions of the United States to lands farther west. Between the early 17th and late 19th centuries, American people

30、 and their societies expanded from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. This westward movement, across what was often called the American frontier, was of enormous significance. By expanding the nations borders to include more than three million square miles, the United States became one of the

31、most powerful nations of the 20th century. However, this expansion also resulted in great suffering, destruction, and cultural loss for the Native Americans of North America. This expansion also meant that much of North America was dominated by English institutions and ways of life, instead of Spani

32、sh or French ones. The Spanish and French were also exploring and settling North America in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. For good or ill, the westward movement of these American settlers was one of the most influential forces to shape North American history.(2)Separation of

33、Powers(P55): The American constitutional system includes a notion known as the Separation of Powers. In this system, 3 branches of government are created and power is shared between them. At the same time, the powers of one branch can be challenged by another branch. This is what the system of check

34、s and balances is all about. There are three branches in the United States government as established by the Constitution. First, the Legislative branch makes the law. Second, the Executive branch executes the law. Last, the Judicial branch interprets the law. Each branch has an effect on the other.(

35、3)US Constitution(P55): The Constitution of the United States is the key instrument of American government and the supreme law of the country. Government was established by following the guidelines laid out in the constitution. Since the founding of America, it has served as the framework for the de

36、velopment of governmental institutions. It is the Constitution that has assured political stability, individual freedom, economic growth, and social progress.(4)Federal Reserve System(P62): The Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve, and informally as the Fed) is the central banki

37、ng system of the United States. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, largely in response to a series of financial panics, particularly a severe panic in 1907. Over time, the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System have expanded and its

38、structure has evolved. Events such as the Great Depression were major factors leading to changes in the system.(5)Independence Day(P69): Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on Ju

39、ly 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.(6)WASP(P69): WASP stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. It is considered the basis of the mainstream culture of the United States. The people who settled in the 13 North American colonies were mostly white European Protestant b

40、elievers. The United States was founded and formed largely by Protestants.(7)Ivy League(P75): The Ivy League is an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight school

41、s as a group. The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University. The term Ivy League also has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admis

42、sions, and social elitism. In addition to Cornell, all these schools are establish before American Independence War, the entering standards of every these school are all very strict.2.3 Australia(1)Convicts(P82):（参考）The first settlement to Australia consisted of about 850 convicts, guards and office

43、rs who were all led by Governor Arthur Phillip. Since then more and more British criminal was transported to Australia. They depended on their skills or education setting up the initial colony.(2)Deregulation(P89): Deregulation is the act or process of removing or reducing state regulation. It is th

44、erefore opposite of regulation, which refers to the process of the government regulating certain activities.(3)Cultural diversity(P95): Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture, as in the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin t

45、o cultural decay.(4)Dawkins Revolution(P101): The Dawkins Revolution was a series of Australian tertiary education reforms instituted by the then Labor Education Minister (19871992) John Dawkins.2.4 New Zealand(1)Kiwi(P104): They are flightless birds endemic to New Zealand, and the lack of mammalian

46、(哺乳类动物) predators(食肉动物) led to the birds evolving flightless. The kiwi is a national symbol of New Zealand, and the association is so strong that the term Kiwi is used in some parts of the world as the colloquial demonism for New Zealanders.(2)“cradle-to-grave” welfare concept(P123): The first cradl

47、e-to-grave welfare concept was to offer support to the disadvantaged and created a safety net for those out of work , in need or without homes or income . (3)Kapa Haka(P123): Haka dance (Haka) refers to traditional dance of the Maori in New Zealand. Haka dance was originally Maori tribal began to ju

48、mp, wham, contains a glaring, spit tongue flap body movements, the purpose is to show soldiers strength before the war.( Strong prestige haka dance requires a collective performance, the more the number, the greater the momentum, the greater the deterrent against opponents. Maori war with mouth word

49、s, loud player, multi-purpose haka dance before the final enemy morale, deterrence, so the haka dance also become an integral part of New Zealand sports culture.) (4)New Zealand Ministry of Education(P129): The New Zealand Ministry of Education is responsible for higher education budgeting, strategy

50、 and statistics and the Tertiary Council is responsible for funding. 2.5 Ireland(1)Celtic Tiger(P136): A 2005 study byThe Economistfound Ireland to have the bestquality of lifein the world.The 1995 to 2007 period of very high economic growth, with a record of posting the highest growth rates in Euro

51、pe, led many to call the country the Celtic Tiger.One of the keys to this economic growth was a lowcorporation tax, 5 currently at 12.5% standard rate.(2)PAYE: Its the abbreviation for Pay As You Earn, which is a kind of taxes based on your income and alsoprogressive, with little or no income tax pa

52、id by low earners and a high rate applied to top earners.(3)Great Frost(Great Famine): also called “Great Famine”. Ireland and the rest of Europe were struck by an extraordinary climatic shock between December 1739 and September 1741, and the winters destroyed stored crops of potatoes and other stap

53、les and the poor summers severely damaged harvests, leading to the deaths of an estimated 250,000 people (about one in eight of the population)3.Question in briefly3.1 Analyze the causes of the American Civil War.(P50)The issue of slavery was the focus of American politics, economics and cultural li

54、fe by the mid-19th century. The Southern planters needed a large number of laborers to manage their plantations, and they regarded the black slaves as their property. In the North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. Whats more, the Northerners demanded a law

55、 protecting tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads, but the Southerners were strongly against it and advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the Sout

56、h and finally the Civil War.3.2 How is a President voted into office in America. (P55)Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for the presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make

57、speeches, and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality,

58、 everyone knows who will be the next President as soon as the first stage is over.3.3 What functions do American higher education institutions perform. (P75)Higher education institutions in the US have three functions: teaching, research and public service, and each has its own emphasis with regard to its functions.3.4 What advice would you give to Aust