关节学总论,中轴骨连接()

1、 Chapter two Arthrology关节学关节学down 李李 静静Department of Anatomy1.掌握滑膜关节的基本结构基本结构、辅助结构及其运动和分类。2.掌握脊柱的组成及椎骨间的连结。3.掌握骨性胸廓的组成，胸廓上、下口的形态及围成。4.掌握颞下頜关节的组成、结构特点及运动。5.了解肋与脊柱及胸骨的连结。 目的和要求目的和要求 Section 1 The general description The bones are connected together by means of fibrous connective tissue,cartilaginous 软

2、骨软骨 or osseous骨骨tissues at different parts of their surfaces,and such a connection are called the joint or articulation.The joints are functional junctions between bones,they can be classified into two main types according to their junction form viz.： ）Continuous joints 直接连结直接连结 ） Discontinuous join

3、ts 间接连结间接连结一、一、Continuous joints直接连结直接连结（一）（一）Fibrous joints 纤维连结纤维连结 Bones are united by fibrous connective tissue. Syndesmosis 韧带连结韧带连结 Suture 缝缝 （二）（二）Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结软骨连结 Bones are united by cartilage.Synchondrosis 透明软骨结合透明软骨结合Symphysis 纤维软骨联合纤维软骨联合 （三）（三）Synosteosis 骨性结合骨性结合二、二、Articul

4、ation（关节）（关节） and Synovial joints （滑膜关节）（滑膜关节） Basic structures (基本构造基本构造)nArticular surface: covered by articular cartilage（关节面）（关节面）nArticular capsule （关节囊）（关节囊）qFibrous membraneqSynovial membrane nArticular cavity: （关节腔）（关节腔） containing a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric pressure in it Acc

5、essory structures（辅助结构）（辅助结构）Ligaments(lig.): （韧带）韧带）extra- and intracapsular ligamentsArticular disc andarticular labrum（关节（关节盘与唇）盘与唇）Synovial fold andsynovial bursa（滑膜襞（滑膜襞与滑膜囊）与滑膜囊）FunctionMovements of joints 关节运动关节运动Translation 移动移动Flexion and extension 屈和伸屈和伸 Adduction and abduction 收和展收和展Rotat

6、ion 旋转旋转qMedial and lateral rotation 旋内和旋外旋内和旋外qPronation and supination 旋前和旋后旋前和旋后qInversion and eversion 足内翻和足外足内翻和足外翻翻Circumduction 环转环转Classification of synovial joints（Selfstudy）nUniaxial jointsnBiaxial jointsnMultiaxial jointsJoint learning research and application关节学的研究和应用关节学的研究和应用Diagnosis a

7、nd treatment诊断与与治疗Research and Development of Artificial joints and Artificial Limb 人造关节和假肢的研制和开发人造关节和假肢的研制和开发 Section 2 The joint of the axial bones中轴骨连结中轴骨连结Include joints of the trunks bones and the skullArticulations of Bones of Trunk 躯干骨的连结躯干骨的连结The Vertebral ColumnThe Thoracic Cage(一一) The Ver

8、tebral Column 脊柱脊柱 The vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. Conjunction of intervertebreaJionts of the vertebral bodiesJionts of the vertebral archesComposition Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结椎体间的连结 Intervertebral discs 椎间盘椎间盘 Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵

9、韧带前纵韧带Posterior longitudinal ligament 后纵韧带后纵韧带Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结椎体间的连结Intervertebral discs椎间盘椎间盘 Between bodies of adjacent vertebrae. Composed of: Nucleus pulposus髓核髓核 (an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure. ) Annulus fibrosus纤维环纤维环 ( an outer fibrous ring consisting of

10、fibrocartilage.)Hemination of nucleus pulposus 髓核脱出髓核脱出Anterior longitudinal ligament 前纵韧带前纵韧带 Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column.Posterior longitudinal ligament后纵韧带后纵韧带 Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protru

11、sion of the discs.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结椎体间的连结 Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结椎弓间的连结nJointed by the zygapophysia joints and by the accessory ligaments that connect the laminae and all process.椎弓板、棘突、横突间的韧带椎弓板、棘突、横突间的韧带上、下关节突间的滑膜关节上、下关节突间的滑膜关节 Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连

12、结椎弓间的连结nLigamenta flava黄韧带黄韧带 elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column.nInterspinal ligament 棘间韧带棘间韧带nSupraspinal ligament 棘上韧带棘上韧带nLigamentum nuchae 项韧带项韧带 nIntertansverse ligament

13、 横突间韧带横突间韧带 nZygapophysial joint 关节突关节关节突关节Atlantooccipital joint 寰枕关节寰枕关节nBetween superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condylesnSupported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlasnAction nodding of head, lateral tilting of headAtlantoaxial joint 寰枢关节寰枢关节nThree

14、synovial joints between atlas and axisnSupported by ligaments nAction allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral columnThe vertebral column as a wholeViewed anteriorlyViewed posteriorlyViewed laterallyPhysiological curves of vertebral columnCervical curve 颈曲颈曲 (forwards)Thoracic curve

15、 胸曲胸曲 (backwards)Lumbar curve 腰曲腰曲 (forwards)Sacral curve 骶曲骶曲 (backwards)NeckChestWaistSacral“C” shaped“S” shapedMovements of the vertebral column nflexion ( (屈屈) )nExtension （伸）（伸）nlateral flexion （侧屈）（侧屈）nRotation （旋转）（旋转）nCircumduction（环转）（环转）Spina bifida cystica 脊柱裂脊柱裂Abnormal Development of th

16、e Vertebral Column脊柱发育异常脊柱发育异常( (二二) ) Thoracic cage 胸廓胸廓Composition: It is formed by 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages,the sternum and the connections between them. JointsComposition:nCostovertebral joints 肋椎关节肋椎关节nSternocostal joints 胸肋关节胸肋关节 JointsnCostovertebra

17、l joints 肋椎关节肋椎关节qJoints of costal head 肋头关节肋头关节qCostotransverse joints 肋横突关节肋横突关节nSternocostal joints 胸肋关节胸肋关节qSternocostal synchondrosis of first ribqSternocostal joints qInterchondral joints: between costars, and cartilages 8, 9, and 10 to form the costal arch肋弓肋弓nIt is roughly cone-shape, narrow

18、 above and broad below, flattened from before-backwards.It has two oppenings and four walls.n Inlet of thorax 胸廓上口胸廓上口nOutlet of thorax 胸廓下口胸廓下口nInfrasternal angle胸骨下角胸骨下角nIntercostal spaces肋间隙肋间隙The whole view of the thoracic cage nFunction: qprotects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity; qplays a vital role in the process of breathing.InspirationExp