大学英语修辞学第九章

1、8.6 Parallelism平行结构valso known as parallel structure or parallel construction: vFigure of balance identified by a similarity in the syntactical structure of a set of words in successive phrases, clauses, sentences; successive words, phrases, clauses with the same or very similar grammatical structur

2、e. This figure often occurs in public address with others such as antithesis, anaphora, asyndeton, climax, epistrophe and symploce. The application of parallelism in sentence construction can sometimes improve writing style clearness and readability.vIn English, parallelism of the predicate provides

3、 for one of the few structural situations in which the subject for each verb does not need restatement.vElements parallel in meaning should be parallel in syntactic structure. E.g.vRich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman-it is ever the same, eac

4、h soul must depend wholly on itself. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton) vKeep fit, study hard and work well. vAn Englishman thinks seated; a Frenchman, standing; an American, pacing; an Irishman, afterward. (O Malley)v英国人坐着想；法国人站着想；美国人走着想；爱尔兰人事后想。v子曰，“不患无位，患所以立。不患莫己知，求为可知也。”vLike items, like form. By conventi

5、on, items in a series appear in parallel grammatical form: a noun is listed with other nouns, an -ing form with other -ing forms, and so on. Failure to express such items in similar grammatical form is called faulty parallelism. vParallelism is a must on certain occasions:vI speak as a Republican. I

6、 speak as a woman. I speak as a United States Senator. And I am also addressing you as an American.vI speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a United States Senator. I speak as an American. (Margaret Chase Smith)v Parallelism is often used in persuasive speech. It is either within a s

7、entence or across sentences, within a paragraph or across paragraphs.v1.Within a sentencev1) . and that government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln)v2. Across sentences:v The seed ye sow, another reaps;vThe wealth ye find, another kee

8、ps;vThe robe ye weave, another wears;vThe arms ye forge, another bears.(Shelley) v3. Across Paragraphsv We know it because we have seen it revive and grow.v We know it cannot die-because it is built on the unhampered initiative of individual men and women joined together in common enterprise-an ente

9、rprise undertaken and carried through by the free expression of a free majority.v We know it because democracy alone, of all forms of government, enlists the full force of mens enlightened will. . (Franklin D. Roosevelt)vParallelism is always used with repetition, either verbally or syntactically. P

10、arallelism and repetition together make a very formidable pair in forceful writing of any kind. They help drive home a point. E.g.vThe notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind, but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; till

11、I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. (Samuel Johnson, Letter to Lord Chesterfield)vLet every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival a

12、nd the success of liberty. - John F. Kennedy, Inaugural AddressvWe have petitioned and our petitions have been scorned. We have entreated and our entreaties have been disregarded. We have begged and they have mocked when our calamity came. We beg no longer. We entreat no more. We petition no more. W

13、e defy them. - William Jennings Bryan 8.7 Antithesis对照vplaces two contrasted ideas side by side for emphasis and rhythm to provide a sharp and forceful way of measuring difference.vMany are called, but few are chosen.vGive me liberty, or give me death.vI like hitting problems head on, while he prefe

14、rs skirting around difficult issues. vHe is verbose and gregarious, while she is quiet and shy. v“君子喻于义，小人喻于利。”v讷于言，敏于行。v性相近，习相远。v生财有大道。生之者众，食之者寡，为之者疾，用之者舒，则财恒足矣。仁者以财发身，不仁者以身发财。大学vThe world will little note nor long remember what we say here; but it can never forget what they did here. (Abraham Linc

15、oln)vUnited, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, . (John F. Kennedy) vBehind every successful man, there is a woman. And behind every unsuccessful man, there are two.vLove come and go fast, only pork roll is eternal.In proverbsv1) Penn

16、y wise; pound foolish. v小事聪明，大事糊涂。 v2) Speech is silvern; silence is golden. v沉默是金。 v3) Few words and many deeds. v少说话，多做事。 v4) Art is long, life is short.v生命有限，艺术永恒。v5) Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. v蜂蜜虽甜采集难/不经痛苦难得成功。v6) Faults are thick where love is thin. v爱情一淡薄，缺点就增多。v7) Marriage is easy,

17、housekeeping is hard. v结婚容易持家难。v8) Hope for the best, and prepare for the worst.v从最坏处打算，向最好处努力。vIt was the best of times; it was the worst of times. It was the age of wisdom; it was the age of foolishness. It was the epoch of belief; it was the epoch of incredulity. It was the season of light, it wa

18、s the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope; it was the winter of despair. We had everything before us; we had nothing before us. We were all going direct to Heaven; we were all going direct the other way. （Charles Dickenson, A Tale of Two Cities）Practicev1. Ahead of you, the way the divine;

19、 behind you, the way the common. (Whitman)v2. What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us. (R. W. Emerson)v3. We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools. (Martin Luther King, Jr.)v4. Global warming, global warning.v5. A faithful friend is hard to find.v6. A bad beginning makes a bad ending.v7. Small sorrows speak; great sorrows are silent.v8. Man proposes, God disposes.v9. It has been my experience that folks who have no vices have very few virtues. Abraham Lincoln v10. I would rather be ashes than dust! I would rather