四川农业大学博士入学考试真题

1、Part I Reading Comprehension (45 points)Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage: Eye contact is a nonverbal technique that helps the speaker sell his or her ideas to an audience. Besides its persuasive powers, eye contact helps hold listener interest. A successful speaker must maintain eye

2、contact with an audience. To have good rapport (关系) with listeners, a speaker should maintain direct eye contact for at least 75 percent of the time. Some speakers focus exclusively on their notes. Others gaze over the heads of their listeners. Both are likely to lose audience interest and esteem. P

3、eople who maintain eye contact while speaking, whether from a podium (演讲台) or from across the table, are regarded not only as exceptionally well-disposed by their target but also as more believable and earnest. To show the potency of eye contact in daily life, we have only to consider how passers-by

4、 behave when their glances happen to meet on the street. At one extreme are those people who feel obliged to smile when they make eye contact. At the other extreme are those who feel awkward and immediately look away. To make eye contact, it seems, is to make a certain link with someone. Eye contact

5、 with an audience also lets a speaker know and monitor the listeners. It is, in fact, essential for analyzing an audience during a speech. Visual cues(暗示) from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particul

6、ar point requires further explanation. As we have pointed out, visual feedback from listeners should play an important role in shaping a speech as it is delivered.1. This passage is mainly concerned with _. a. the importance of eye contact b. the potency of nonverbal techniques c. successful speech

7、delivery d. an effective way to gain visual feedbacks2. According to the passage, a good speaker must _. a. sealo his or her ideas to an audience b. maintain direct eye contact with listeners c. be very persuasive and believable d. be exceptionally well-disposed3. The word target in the last sentenc

8、e of the first paragraph can best be replaced by _. a. destinationb. goal c. audienced. followers4. In daily life, when the glances of two passers-by happen to meet, these two persons will inevitably _. a. smile to each other b. feel awkward and look away immediately c. try to make a conversation wi

9、th each other d. none of the above5. Eye contact with an audience, according to the author, has all the following benefits for the speaker EXCEP that it doesnt _. a. help the speaker to control the audience b. help the speaker to gain audience interest and esteem c. help the speaker to know whether

10、he is talking too much about a certain point d. help the speaker to analyze his audience when he is beginning his speechQuestions 6-10 are based on the following passage: After the very active and successful tenure(任职) of office by the Senegalese President as the head of the Organization of African

11、Unity, it was highly logical to think that the successor, whoever he might be, would have a difficult task in doing a better job. The Congolese president set to work as soon as he was elected. His first step was to suggest to the dean of heads of State present in the Ethiopian capital, President Ken

12、neth Kaunda of Zambia, to summon a meeting of the leaders of countries that lie close to South Africa. Its aim: to define a strategy in order to overcome the reprisals(报复行为) that the racist regime of Pretoria is likely to take against its neighbors in case sanctions(制裁) are imposed by the internatio

13、nal community. President Sassou Ngueso has already undertaken a number of trips abroad. He thus went to Harare (Zimbabwe) where he delivered a speech, on September 1, on behalf of Africa before the summit meeting of non-aligned(不结盟的)nations. At the end of September, he was in New York, for a stateme

14、nt before the General Assembly of the United Nations, and then in Washington, for talks with high-ranking members of the Reagan Administration. He then went to Ottawa, for consultations with leading members of the Canadian government. The Congolese presidents aim, in all these endeavors, is to convi

15、nce still reluctant countries of the imperious necessity of imposing sanctions against the racist regime of Pretoria.6. In the first paragraph, the word successor refers to _. a. a person who enjoyed a successful career in politics b. a person who was very popular in the political arena c. the perso

16、n who was to lead the organization d. the former head of the organization7. According to the passage, Denis Sassou Nguesso _. a. is Congolese b. knew that it was very difficult for him to be elected c. was elected without any opposition d. has held a meeting in the Ethipion capital8. Which of the fo

17、llowing is NOT mentioned in the passage? a. President Sassou Nguess has decided to visit as many African countries as possible. b. President Sassou Nguesso made a suggestion to President Kenneth Kaunda that a meeting be held of the leaders of countries that lie close to South Africa. c. President Sa

18、ssou Nguesso went to Harare and delivered a speech there. d. If sanctions are imposed against South Africa by the international community, the racist regime of Pretoria will probably take revenge on its neighbors.9. We may draw the conclusion that President Sassou Nguesso has been working really har

19、d to _. a. prove himself a trustworthy president b. convince some reluctant countries that it is highly necessary to impose sanctions against the racist regime of Pretoria. c. show to the whole world the strength and power of the Organization of African Unity d. seek financial support from some adva

20、nced countries to promote African economy.10. This piece is most probably taken from _. a. a newspaper reportb. a biography c. a history bookd. a Whos WhoQuestions 11-15 are based on the following passage: Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether

21、 cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sculpture or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before a

22、n examination? Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrige

23、rator wont work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working).This kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When th

24、e lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights out-power off-refrigerator not workingtemperature will risemilk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next. Causes are classified as necessary, suffic

25、ient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a

26、car from starting, but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself,as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors pedestrians or other cars in the intersect

27、ion must also be present. In establishing or refuting a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by which the alleged cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal process.11. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about _. a. relati

28、onships between causes and results b. classification of reasoning c. some other common types of reasoning d. some special type of reasoning12. According to the passage, to do the effect to effect reasoning is to reason _. a. from cause to effect b. from effect to cause c. from effect to effect and o

29、n the cause d. from effect to cause and on to another effect13. A necessary cause is _. a. one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur b. one of the causes that can produce the effect c. one that is enough to make the effect occur d. none of them14. Your refrigerator is not working an

30、d you have found that the electric power has been cut off. The power failure is a _. a. necessary causeb. sufficient cause c. contributory caused. none of them15. This passage mainly discusses _. a. causal reasoningb. various types of reasoning c. classification of causesd. the causal processQuestio

31、ns 16-20 are based on the following passage: I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling. I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion.

32、 It seems that teen-agers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one anothers hands for reassurance. They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. The

33、y set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up huddled round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon(蚕茧) into a larger cocoon. It has become harder and harder for a t

34、een-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry has firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of todays parents have come to award high marks for the populari

35、ty of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path. But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone els

36、e is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you dont care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will comewith the people who respect you for who you are. Thats the only kind of popularity that really counts.16. The authors purpose

37、in writing this passage is to tell _. a. readers how to be popular with people around b. teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves c. parents how to control and guide their children d. people how to understand and respect each other17. According to the author, many teenagers think they

38、 are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact, most of them _. a. have much difficulty understanding each other b. lack confidence c. dare not cope with problems single-handed d. are very much afraid of getting lost18. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? a. There is no

39、 popularity that really counts. b. What many parents are dong is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths. c. It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates. d. Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually

40、doing he same.19. The author thinks of advertisements as _. a. convincingb. influential c. instructived. authoritative20. During the teen-age years, one should learn to _. a. differ from others in as many ways as possible b. get into the right season and become popular c. find ones real selfd. rebel

41、 against parents and the popularity waveQuestions 21-25 are based on the following passage: It has been shown that children who smoke have certain characteristics. Compared with non-smokers they are more rebellious, their work deteriorates(变坏) as they move up school, they are more likely to leave sc

42、hool early, and are more often delinquent(犯法的) and sexually precocious(早熟).Many of these features can be summarized as anticipation of adulthood. There are a number of factors which determine the onset of smoking, and these are largely psychological and social. They include availability of cigarette

43、s, curiosity, rebelliousness, appearing tough, anticipation of adulthood, social confidence, the example of parents and teachers, and smoking by friends and older brothers and sisters. It should be much easier to prevent children from starting to smoke than to persuade adults to give up the habit on

44、ce established, but in fact this has proved very difficult. The example set by people in authority, especially parents, health care workers, and teachers, is of prime importance. School rules should forbid smoking by children on the premises(大楼及附属建筑物). This rule has been introduced at Summer hill Sc

45、hool where I spent my rules, and even in those schools which have tried to enforce no smoking by corporal(肉体的) punishment there is as much smoking as in other schools. Nevertheless, banning smoking is probably on balance beneficial. Teachers too should not smoke on school premises, at least not in f

46、ront of children.21. In this passage the author puts an emphasis on _. a. the effect of smoking among children b. the difficulty in preventing children from smoking c. the reasons why children start smoking among children d. the measures to ban smoking among children22. Which of the following is a c

47、ommon characteristic of young smokers? a. Disobedienceb. Laziness c. Lack of intelligenced. Vanity23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? a. Some children start to smoke out of curiosity b. Many children start to smoke because they want to appear mature. c. In order to have

48、fewer children smokers, parents, teachers and health care workers should not smoke. d. It is not as difficult to prevent children from starting to smoke as to dissuade adults from smoking.24. The writer concludes that school rules to forbid smoking _. a. should be introduced, for it really works at

49、the school where he once studied. b. should not be introduced, for it may cause disturbance. c. should be introduced though it may not work effectively. d. neednt be introduced as long as teachers dont smoke in front of children.25. The authors attitude towards his writing is _. a. objectiveb. emoti

50、onal c. criticald. indifferentQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage: When astronaut Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon for the first time, on July 20,1969, it represented one of the most inspiring achievements in mans history to millions of people throughout the world. But to a small o

51、rganization called the International Flat Earth Research Society, it was nothing more than a piece of cleverly stage managed science-fiction trickery. And Armstrongs historic words when stepping down from the Eagle module(宇宙飞船船舱) onto the dusty lunar surface about 240,000 miles from earth one small

52、step for a man, one giant leap for mankind was a phrase that could have come only from the pen of a scriptwriter. As for the pictures reputedly(一般被认为地) taken in space showing the earth to be a rotating sphere, well, they were just too ludicrous (可笑的) for words. The sun, say the Flat Earthier, circui

53、ts the earth instead of the earth revolving around the suna notion that most people take for granted. The society, whose membership is currently estimated to be about 1,400, dismisses much of accepted modern thinking about the shape of the earth as sheer nonsense and is convinced that the entire hum

54、an race is being subjected to the greatest hoax(骗局) in history. From its headquarters in Lancaster, California, the society wages a war of words through newsletters and pamphlets against the evils of science. The society was founded about 1800 in Great Britain and the United States and, says its Ame

55、rican president Charles Johnson, was descended from the Zetetic society, which took its name from an ancient Greek philosophical school of skeptics. It survived under this name until 1956, when its general secretary, Samuel Shelton, of Kent, England, changed the name to the present title. The societ

56、ys belief is this: that the earth is flat, with the land masses grouped around the central point of the North Pole. The Antarctic region is not the compact island mass it is commonly believed to be but an impenetrable ice-cold girdle(环形物) around the earth. The Flat Earthier argue that transantarctic expeditions have never happened. Explorers, misled by instrument faults, merely traveled an icy arc within the girdle.26. To the International Flat Earth Research Society, mans first landing on the moon was _. a. one of the most in