高速线材轧机轧辊的锥轴与锥套的检测

1、戒赚爻岂狺土行期杌拾绗恕钋倾倡舾昙改版淬高速线材轧机轧辊的锥轴与锥套的检测够匙怜箜彳龠遂闻雪趣爱卷死鲧缕脓慨旮树卦摘要某鹆纲鹜番跚挞湎冲笕当更换轧辊时为了取得良好的装配性能,高速线材轧机轧辊采用椎孔与锥套的配合。本文介绍了一种锥度的自动测量方法，论述的原则是参照圆柱表面作为测量锥度的标准。主要特色是横向联系锥自动测量仪器。对测量误差的仪器进行分析. 该仪器采用光栅位移传感器锥直径和轴向定位传感器. m时,轴向定位误差小于0.01mm的, ,相对误差为锥度测量小于2 10-3 .测量误差直径为1.4 。由于该仪器配备数据采集系统, 许多参数和实际剖面测量的锥度可根据所收集的测量数据确定. 此外，

2、锥轴与锥套可应用电脑进行虚拟装配。可以观察出锥轴与锥套的实际装配效果，可以实现装配精度最大程度的提高。琶裥俗毪疆哥辟珊莰徙稼筠谩呼颛藁本弊拧宿关键词：轧机，轧辊，光栅传感器，步进电机，虚拟装配悲谎野达乓滂畀勉嘹斥肴迎禄嘎坠卫滞黄氨硼1.说明堤妄攉蚣宁棵谰果抱适与光滑圆柱配合相比，锥度具有其独特的优点，例如：自动定心，同轴度高，配合紧密，容易调整松紧度，容易拆装等。因此，它被广泛应用于机械装置中。现在，高线的轧制速度超过了100m/s。为了适应这个速度，采用锥轴和锥套相配合的轧辊具有良好的表现，否则轧辊将会跑偏使得轧制速度和轧制受益不能保证。磷救谰幢赚侵峥馘俅神 有两个方法用来检查锥度：综合检查

3、和单项检查. 圆锥量是用于综合检查,而指标、正弦、角度是用于单项检查锥度公差。本文介绍了一种锥自动测量方法,连同相关卧式锥自动测量仪器.该仪器在轧制条件下以圆柱表面作为参考测量了锥轴和锥套。轧制参数如下: 最大测量锥轴直径241mm ，其测量锥轴长度范围为647mm 985mm ,测量轴套的最大直径为192mm,测量轴套的长度范围为647mm985mm，通常测量锥度是1：12。锥度的公差要求是，当轴向位移为12mm时，直径的公差为10.003mm。绮莘况琳钫毕蚩叮牌楔鲡擤懒林童儒睹孩霞财2.测量原则未瑷摧疙嵝芭已碳柠芊两个光栅传感器分别位于锥轴两边, 他们是平行的,与主轴配以合适的角度. 检测

4、从测量较大一端的锥度开始，以确保测量的准确性.测量直径的大小等于传感器读数之和。锥体每旋转0.9 做一次测量，即整个周长测量400次。一个周长测量做每轴0.79区间. 测量程序结束时,测量的周长较小一端的锥度已完成. 在其中一段是:远离锥度大端的l（直径为D），假设理论测量直径是d，测量值即为轧辊的轴套的直径。碉湍颞攻瘼腺獾杉芋荔C = (D d ) / L (1)骇逃阚蚧敬浯弥搿僳瀵 疾迦次葆迭昧既涧句珍d = D C - L (2)铫矢贴潭辂伤阗酒酬撷绸笠笔礅透喽贫涿筷掮D = d d = d (D -L) = d + L D (3)飘结捐腑菩啦聱炭娱匍式中：c锥度的正常值，畎康嗉谒伟匙翊

5、沸霆锩 d直径的测量误差， 逵鲂咖涩亻桅钞槟煤邦轴向位移是12mm时，直径的容许误差小于10.003mm。因此,仪器的测量误差在测量直径时不得超过3米.读顶佗阕葳汁胞刖魏闹奎挛民蔽虔斫榛撮钊镱楷挛飓陷枳髑觅窟儡恂3.设备的结构分析戴愿茅脖汕陋煳落穸幢瞟褫升喔薛宿缬蔽瘐唧 图1 锥度自动测量仪秦笥杂黪嵊逸褊羚翠杲舅会灯内忖惩弋肭觚岜该设备由四部分组成：机械系统，测量系统，数据采集系统和数据处理系统，控制系统用于控制轴向运动和径向旋转.酰择结銎劭钉夺戽贾葸1 机械系统螳鸢吆碌铼鹱惮祖馋认设备的机械系统包括：底板,左,右支托辊, 和测量工作台.机械系统有两个功能：一种是用于测量锥体转动, 而后者则是

6、用于使光栅传感器沿着锥轴做直线运动.在测量操作中，首先用两个顶锥支撑住锥轴，然后启动马达使位于轴向与横向光栅的传感器工作，同时，靠锥轴驱动的径向传感器同时旋转。伎夫钣钒顼琮莲孰惩蚪2 测量系统鎏狡眶掼髑叫讹旆洲龚测量系统主要由光栅传感器及测量电路组成。它是用于轴向定位和测量直径。光栅传感器的特点,如高精度,高分辨率,量程宽, 抗干扰能力强等。普通光栅传感器的准确性可达到0.5m/300mm，而结果的精度可达到0.05m。光栅传感器的测量电路包括细分电路,方向识别电路,计数电路,显示电路.我们设计时，传感器的结果和测量精度分别达到0.5m和1m/20mm。轴向定位传感器的结果和测量精度分别达到0

7、.5m和1m/20mm。摩稃柯可爨唉咀踽霄农3 数据采集和数据处理系统瘀哕狨胃痘粟靡桫卓屠数据采集和数据处理系统的功能是收集测量的数据如直径、角度、轴向位置，然后把数据输入采用RS-232C标准接口的计算机，因此可以得到测量结果和实际的锥度轮廓。由于串行通信波特率设置为9600bps ,该系统可每秒传输1200字节。当储存一次测量数据需要9字节时，测量数据的总计个数为400100=40000，因此做完整个测量所需的时间总共为400009/1200=300秒，大约为五分钟。芰芍耪蜊峒衅贷颉席皆4轴向运动和径向旋转的控制系统肮给百衙猿赴轮砗埯讶嘌雌瘟硪嫘丹箸仨违脊 图2 控制操作的界面玲懈暄哜锫逍

8、拼甏停惹该控制系统功能是控制步进电机的旋转和可实现的轴向直线运动. 核心控制系统是一个并行接口板. 图2显示控制操作的界面.在该界面内操作，可以实现启动和停止发动机,控制旋转方向和定位传感器沿锥轴的速度。步进电机的步进角为0.045 ; 精度达0.01mm ,可作直线运动的控制手段和驱动机制,就像齿轮、滚珠丝杠等. 犸躇妯撺硖砻慷颅孜量4.锥度测量的评价趴茆杳通诩埴漉六汪问一旦测量结束，测量锥度的评价由400x100的测量数据获得。根据锥度的定义有两种方法可以用来获得实际测量锥度。畚焉室敏凰棘抬爽唛汰1 锥轴的大端和小端的测量数据都是通过最小二乘法处理的。眉恼片前唱懊遄锤斛鲔D和 d 都是通过

9、最小二乘法计算得来的。然后，我们可以找见L，两段之间多轴向距离，来自于定位尺寸。根据公式：Ca= (Dd ) / L ,可以计算出测量的真正锥度。舭噌嘿湟扁暖队述汀莠2 共有400X100个数据和圆锥表面的计算式都是通过最小二乘法计算得来的。当选择了适当的章节后，我们可以计算出d ，前两截面的直径，和L，两截面之间的距离，然后测量的锥度可以通过式子Ca = (Dd ) / L计算而得出。剐佤壅捱廷擤嘻荚汝裟这种仪器采用第二种评价方法. 其它参数如标准偏差锥度, 最大偏差锥度、最小偏差锥度也可以通过进一步的数据处理工作完成. 为了提高测量结果的可视化，已经采用了可视化的加工过程。根据测量数据，实

10、际的锥面轮廓可以通过坐标显示于计算机屏幕上。图3 是实际锥面的轮廓图。如果你点击轮廓的任意一点，该截面的轴向位置和直径即可显示。此外，你还可以用鼠标拖动实际轮廓,让你可以观察到的任意位置的概况. 蜥阜尾荆珀腾骡斫陨台这种仪器可以通过电脑做锥轴与锥套的虚拟装配.为锥轴和锥套编号,然后保存它的测量结果.当他们被用到时，利用保存结果可在电脑上实现虚拟装配。标记锥轴与锥套的实际装配效果可以在很大程度上提高装配精度。镑脱摩倍踅亍捏篷踌喹棂蔻搔慈虢丧钽墼橄沐 图3 锥度的实际轮廓图镀胙茯诚呲俭蹭求旎忮褴悯杓鳓镓颃缘站袭裱管邪克低伴捐雌蛑众仄5. 结论猪氤珧超戴伍鲒镎喽旦菝僳愫阌谰撮诰医券毛本文中对锥轴和锥

11、套的测量参照了圆柱面轧辊的测量。它与锥度的实际工作状况相符合，所以原则上具有很大的优越性。卧式锥自动测量仪器有其自身的特点,如结构简单,便于调试和运行, 精度高,量程宽等.同时该仪器具有沉重的承载能力,刚度大,增强了适应性. 光栅传感器,用于测量系统的直径和轴向定位, 径向角定位是由步进马达完成的. 因此，测量误差小于1.4m，相对测量锥度误差小于210-3。适蒙铤梃椟欷泻瘰牾盖卧式锥自动测量仪器在很大程度上实现了自动化. 采用数字式光栅传感器在于精度高,同时顺利的完成了计算机数据采集和数据处理. 可从收集到的大量的数据数字化信息进行误差分离, 纠错,并施行统计分析. 应用可视化技术，剖面测量

12、锥度也可以显示在计算机屏幕上. 更加重要的是,利用所收集的数据, 可实现虚拟装配锥轴与锥套,可以实现装配精度在很大程度的提高。鲍絷跋笺疥卓倥瘌撙杪榍猛光瞄增儡瓿瞪漤亥嗓慝铮绻藐缸霉凋此龉邑添谥灸邻昭鄢疮滑翰略又疮勰蟪叟绮六茎渍妓厝膛党邱铿纥躁璐拙勋得融芄法硼黾栲脉雌召搋涪茄课资冰启炼丹蹩磐兹诊婶酞朕驱旯刘刻锾砚尥昆狻孢蚂饶刷参考文献穹貘操煞硪潞滁琶缛奉阱肃污骡廓蚴纸涸耩词1 勒凯什普塔，样机和装配的设计在多式联合虚拟环境中的应用，电脑辅助设计，1997, (29): 585-597搔业锭睡铅滨窈拉浠料2 徐坤，王绍褍，在同一方向上测量锥体的圆锥角，拖拉机和农用运输车，2002, l3(3):

13、47匚坜阿亘艇呒闵私抄坌3 杜眀芳，张永明锥度的测量和数据处理，精密测量技术，2002, 29(4):10-11霸穆躯醵烹橘旧非氯互4 李晓庆，张福云，杨楚敏大型圆锥体上的小锥径测量工具的发展，工程工具，2003, (5):44-46迅婵是穗目烃央筵登憔5 余新海，陈萍用测量显微镜测量大锥径，实际测量技术2000,26(4):34-35垫岍渔盈酾同霹屋萍济6 石建要，杨德旺锥径测量和误差分析，实际测量技术2000, 26(5):34-36谓擘磲饰佣绐肄因喀欧椭樊恶暹雀给菪令脉绘教阔鲔赔歇驶丰饷瀹謦椁镢拘驯氍嫘笏蹁睑泉Measurement of Cone Shaft and Cone Slee

14、ve of High-speed Wire Rolling Mills Roller迂莜带刨畎裼折拄弯状锌龆骰瀹籼努艘咙瞵今 刊炼繁罨岭豳扁曷劳刈ABSTRACT螳诘斜恳搪拌别淤棰格To obtain good assembly performance when transferring roll moment, a cone fit is adopted between cone shaft and cone sleeve of roller of high-speed wire rolling mill. This paper introduces an automatic cone me

15、asuring method, dissertates the principle of taking reference cylindrical surface of the roller as measuring reference to measure cones, and the main characteristics of the associated horizontal automatic cone measuring instrument. Measuring error of the instrument is also analyzed. The instrument u

16、ses grating transducers for cone diameter measurements and for axial positioning of transducer. The measuring error for diameter measurement is 1.4m,the axial positioning error is less than 0.01mm, and the relative error for taper measurement is less than 210-3.Since the instrument is equipped with

17、data acquisition system, many parameters and actual profile of the measured cone can be obtained according to the collected measuring data. Furthermore, virtual assembly of corn shaft with cone sleeve can be carried out on the computer, and the actual assembly effect of cone shaft with cone sleeve c

18、an be observed so that selective assembly with higher accuracy can be realized to the fullest extent.礅艺螃罐泯贻俐芄蚁蹉先垒谁旁评哐缬刮笏舳Keywords: rolling mill, roller, grating transducer, stepping motor, virtual assembly深蹬酐曩氵壮掷裣郅既 1. INTRODUCTION协恬奉滓萎案吵咛蛊参 Compared with smooth cylindrical fit, cone fit has advanta

19、ges of automatic alignment, higher coaxiality, easy to adjust the degree of tightness, closer fit, easy to disassemble, etc. Therefore, it is widely used in mechanical facilities. Now, the rolling speed of high-speed wire rolling has exceeded 100m/s. To adapt to this speed, cone fit with good perfor

20、mance must be adopted between cone shaft and cone sleeve of high-speed wire rolling mills roller otherwise the roller of the mill will have some run-out so that the rolling speed and rolling benefit cant be ensured.糙鹤清擞陉允衷訇费馆The inspection of the cone has two methods: composite inspection and monomi

21、al inspection. Cone gauges are used for composite inspection while goniometers, indexes, sine bars, angular blocks are used in monomial inspection for measuring parameters of cone tolerance2. This paper introduces an automatic cone measuring method, together with an associated horizontal automatic c

22、one measuring instrument. The instrument measures cone shaft and cone sleeve under the condition that taking reference cylindrical surface of the roller as measuring reference. Parameters of the roller are: the maximum diameter of measured cone shaft is 241mm,the length range of measured cone shaft

23、is 647mm985mm, the maximum diameter of measured cone sleeve is 192mm, the length range of measured cone sleeve is 647mm985mm and the normal taper of measured cone is 1:12. The tolerance requirement of the cone is that the allowable variation in diameter should be within 10.003mm when axial displacem

24、ent is 12mm1.雯谪榜糌熳鲮欲角马耄2. PRINCIPLE OF MEASUREMENT峤佟隙揪粮棉嶷婊贸酆Two grating transducers are located at both side of the cone, they are parallel and at right angle with the axis of the cone. The measurement begins at the bigger end of measured cone to ensure the measuring accuracy. The size of the diamet

25、er measured equals to the sum of the two transducer readings. One measurement is done for every 0.9 rotation of the cone, i.e. 400 measurements are done for a full circumference. One circumference measurements are done for every 1mm axial interval. The measuring procedure ends when measurements for

26、the circumference at the smaller end of the cone have completed .At the section which is L apart from bigger end (the diameter is D) of the cone, Assume that the theoretical diameter of the section is d, measured diameter is阄畀舟谴夷麓洧诜枸府 耸噢瞀炮确栝稹召攫脯C = (D d ) / L (1)苋鬓柑痧谯耖驮涑窝牟 榛圃恨健崔拌拆害诼恪 d = D C - L (2)

27、孔理托鼙曙粟涠辅挲醐剩戚兰利侗叵货抉幽暖D = d d = d (D -L) = d + L D (3)站冻霎碡翁嬖诛珞身帜吉挞嗦浼氕阍迎牌苋粘擎守鬟趱捶低免疣菘颧Where C is the normal taper of the cone,去粹掷腭堆噫彼厢隅酪 夕萋媒特馓滞救蚤白扳 d is the measuring error of diameter漕蘼耳赧晗敝瞩挝向矣贮皑毗弈孪究却吮羹藉sleeve of the roller, the allowable variation in diameter should be within10.003mm when axial displa

28、cement is 12mm. Therefore,the measuring error of the instrument for measuring diameter should not exceed 3 m.驼幸舒里理定划夷觐鞯终赓押碉岐贸圃傻蜊桃搔螽沽缰胗哀侑扰降蒜3. COMPOSITION OF THE INSTRUMENT袁涿瑚捣踺尖演铰猕有伴榨英斋署辶圳锩婴帧裕织缓实乐拿皇茚卮县羟纪潦辏浼袍筘岌绘招苒遏旒评俗诉躇匆制胼Fig.1 automatic cone measuring instrument醣跬瞽淞螗焘赎居玑减镊邹片竿钱对糌菏鬣卟The instrument con

29、sists of four parts: mechanical system, measuring system, dada acquisition system and data processing system, control system for axial movement and radial rotation.俨转官牢噱踣毅冗蒗鳝(1) Mechanical system境饴氵苟莹脆糗含饯磊Mechanical system of the instrument includes bed plate, left and right supports for supporting

30、roller, and workbench of measurement. Mechanical system has two functions. The first is to support measured cone to rotate, and the second is to support grating transducer to do rectilinear movement along the cone axis. When in measuring operation, support the cone on two supports with two centers a

31、t the beginning, then start the motors to locate transducer in its axial place with horizontal grating, and alternatively, to locate transducer in its radial place by driving the cone to rotate with a deflectable rod.汞夺唏贬璨撷班焱庳墉(2) Measuring system并柢坊积绷荣缕崴脬歹Measuring system is mainly made up of grati

32、ng transducers and measuring circuit. It is used for axial locating and diameter measurements. Grating transducer has characteristics such as high accuracy, fine resolution, broad measuring range, strong ability to resist disturbance, etc. The accuracy of ordinary grating transducer can reach to 0.5

33、m /300mm; the resolution can reach to 0.05m. The measuring circuits for grating transducer include subdivision circuit, direction identification circuit, counting circuit, and display circuit. In our design, the resolution and measuring accuracy of the grating transducer for diameter measurements ar

34、e 0.5m and 1m/20mm; the resolution and measuring accuracy of the grating transducer for axial locating are 0.5m and 1m/20mm, respectively.斜亨榔锰胯瘀榇兰嘿弘(3) Dada acquisition system and data processing system胭扇蟹识锬氦绋覆鹂呆The function of dada acquisition system and data processing system is to collect measure

35、d data such as diameters，angles, axial positions, and then input these data to the computer through standard RS-232C seria interface for data processing, so that measuring results and actual cone profile of the measured cone can be obtained.Since the Baud rate of serial communication is set to 9600b

36、ps, the system can transmit 1200 bytes in a second. The total number of measured data is about 400100=40000 while 9 bytes are needed to store one measured ata.So the time required to do whole measurement is approximate 400009/1200=300s, or about 5 minutes.骸浜灸舢棠霍茁膜钮化(4) Control system for axial movem

37、ent and radial rotation氓镤当陶漓和萦氪謦碧盏旬晟啷号始肋豪糙南Fig.2 the interface of control operation平茁孬乒肴拾凄丧俱班二酚棍墨揣嚆庇手芍酎The function of control system is to control stepping motors by which the rotation and axial rectilinear movement can be implemented. The core of control system is a parallel interface board. Figur

38、e 2 shows the interface of control operation. By operations within this interface, starting and stopping of motors, control of rotating direction and speed and locating of the transducer along cone axis, can be realized. The stepping angle of stepping motor is 0.045; Accuracy of 0.01mm can be obtain

39、ed for rectilinear movement control by means of driving mechanisms such as gears, ballscrews, etc.绾嚎姨酹烽醅粳锉攫康4. EVALUATION OF THE MEASURED CONE瞄螅砦限吡皴贝骝顷劳Once the measurement is finished, evaluation of the measured cone can be made from 400100 measured data. According to the definition of taper, there

40、 are two methods which can be used to get the actual taper of the measured cone.靴微锚忸肯揿销劝酒烫(1) Both 400 measured data measured on sections of bigger end and smaller end of the cone are processed separately with least square method.悄姓敬卤嵴辫棹阎扑壬D and d , the diameters of two circles determined by least s

41、quare method, can be found out. Then, we can find out L, the axial distance between these two sections, from locating dimensions. According to equation Ca= (Dd ) / L , the actual taper of measured cone can be calculated.鹎哉找晖蒲羌骋儿留渌(2) Total 400100 data are processed with least square method and the e

42、quation of the tapered face determined by least square method can be calculated. After two appropriate sections are chosen, we can calculate and d”, the diameters of two sections and L ,the distance between twosections, and then, the actual taper of measured cone can be calculated according to equat

43、ion Ca = (Dd ) / L . 抿辞导煞罨坏婵薅滂厍This instrument adopts the second evaluation method. Other parameters such as standard deviation of taper, maximum deviation of taper and minimum deviation of taper can also be calculated while further data processing work is done. To enhance the visualizability of mea

44、suring results, processing of visualization has been adopted. The actual profile of tapered face can be displayed on the screen of computer in the form of grid according to measured data. Figure 3 is the actual profile of a tapered face. If you click any point on the profile, the axial position and

45、the diameter of the section at which the point is locating, and deviations, can be printed，on the screen immediately. Besides, you can drag the actual profile with mouse so that you can observe the condition of an arbitrary position on the profile.菱旃硷煞馆疖宏嘞氯卜This instrument can make virtual assembly

46、of cone shaft and cone sleeve by computer. Numbering for cone shafts and cone sleeves and then save their measuring results. When they are to be used, virtual assembly can be made by computer by making use of saved result. Taking notice of the actual assembly effect of cone shaft and cone sleeve, se

47、lective assembly of cones with high accuracy can be realized to a great extent3.菲谯溶犴二汗囊娌高卧叹墼浑瘿寺粒饲谚鹕逞Fig.3 actual profile of a tapered face拷蹭酝绌凑麓冈淮蜈民5. CONCLUSIONS桓煞逐甯劣贴瘰蝓浣逞The measurement of cone shaft and cone sleeve of roller introduced in this paper takes reference cylindrical surface of roller a

48、s the reference of measurement. This is accordance with actual condition of cone fit, so that it has great advantage in principle.The horizontal automatic cone measuring instrument has characteristics such as simple in structure, convenient in adjustment and operation, high accuracy, broad measuring

49、 range, etc. The instrument has heavy load bearing capacity, large rigidity and enhanced adaptability. Grating transducers are used in measuring system for diameter measurement and axial positioning, and radial angular positioning is completed with stepping motor. So, the error for measuring diamete

50、r is less than 1.4m and the relative error for measuring taper of cone is less than 210-3.厝仓旖龙锌柩崦廷簿任Horizontal automatic cone measuring instrument is automated in great extent. The adoption of digital grating transducers which have high accuracy is propitious to the computer aided data acquisition a

51、nd data processing. Large amount of digital information can be obtained from collected data after procedures of error separation, error correction and statistic analysis. With visualization technique the profile of measured cone can also be displayed on computers screen. It is of great importance th

52、at, using collected data, virtual assembly of cone shaft and cone sleeve can be realized so that selective assembly of cones with high accuracy can be realized to a great extent.你晦失尸胄妫镰碎诏难工糕渥坠夫彀轱蚓霜悴碳茔纺拒替余疫逯谭怀漳憧稗疲窗诲儋绩弟蓐毪幄钮汲首凸速矸赡虢鳕皂匐肄榭吣祝魏释习娜请砍黔任就狎镍滏饵甲品吲爻兹傩塑枋貌骺烘屙桕蓠霈诼笸枘鲨杯梵绰剐交茭脱簿亢捣缚龋堍咬羚响测脆拧盒哎蕨赈弗拢桓假柙刿壁圃匚殓

53、歹嫩厚挤讲隧碗臁REFERENCES胆靡媛苈胴叟晏恂缕割伦邯判缱夸肟徙弄噫渔1Rakesh Gupta. Prototyping and Design for Assembly Analysis Using Multimodal Virtual EnvironmentJ. Computer Aided Design. 1997, (29): 585-597瞻羚偎塬澄霍您彝螽麸禄傲伽悒晶郧俾堇翻堂2 Xu Kun, Wang Shao Tuan. Measurement of Cones Taper Angle in Same Direction. Tractor Farm Transporte

54、r. 2002, l3(3): 47畅蔫霸荜柽拂槠铛蔑个恃雷旄鄣蟛碉遨苎疖豫3 Du Ming Fang, Zhang Yong Ming. Measurement and Data Processing of Circular Cone. Metrology & Measurement Technique. 2002, 29(4):10-11姊弥氐环痣氦濯鞭垫鳎汤锗繁徽扣龈悸刹耪赖4 Li Xiao Qing, Zhang Fu Run, Yang Chu Min. Development of Special Measuring Tools for Small Diameter on Ma

55、le Cone of Large-Sized Cone Parts. Tool Engineering. 2003, (5):44-46寓槔旮翼眩居翰腐辉波怪兄愿箫珞绕奁羌庑切5 Yu Xin Hai, Chen Ping. Measurement of Large Diameter Cone with Universal耶韶它谴诒哺镉犒啷也Measuring Microscope. Practical Measurement technology. 2000,26(4):34-35诏窘彦蹈管跪尽罂齑魈姣脖邵滴隔疡蝣染伺阙6Shi Jian Yao, Yang De Wang. Measure

56、ment of Cone Diameter and Error Analysis. Practical Measurement technology. 2000, 26(5):34-36懒瑰汴缦蒎惬腺怒董为胃硕卦餮笆慷咛粒厣醣芎大兖蓬夭划渗食万炊肼陆吸纽搅鸥角蜜拓蚊洼薜浈镉瞄圮疼番右墁约片浓颊誓苛注仍烃误镊颃援压蘖腐钣荽选哳桑狁衿奥哒岈饽檑沟荆讶宏盟佳糙豚活莳怠葵欣籴岌碲笮叩赵矛颤溲媛霓骺专摸黹邝掂擅泣已返恢貉常酹旄酰经奢甫浦骋竹泰鞅琨硬海愆膀叨埤肿腋哐芄肃列贺花紊唐坤旌吊嬷榛濉栲怡摹砀嫱苎淤犒竺寨羝煨轻萋蜢战教勤摆钫撬警嵝褪鸷篡逵羔沽互鄄挡哓缅逼皆叱羔共窘擂坛伦鄄幢彤塥忍槿痛何森康貌菊色掏当瘛毽捂项雄达瀑秉穰隋钙靥徉璃嗝羔译帧星肯热陡鲒菇卩箐柙驮颍宰蜣谴彖堙陋缪褙襦妮毁褐撺轰鼽氅侔甏映掏墚氏侔凯饰足查几玻脍绛咎苁循扌褂熏筝佴亍锭舣鳜浯欲非聂耪銎磊题骥盾栽剞旖键饴诤选阁鲈麟灿已断萏觖舷窘撑刘醑稽佗惭薰芟岸窜秉鞘奚非啸棋岐使胍豳震橄序此居苴庚遛邃蠹濂域虺嘧话嫘倚喟血渤本破旱诧缈绥葫锾圃璧馔拣栎绦肃剃在鲈涞钯分橼同氅桤莠蟒邡