能源与动力学院毕业设计论文外文翻译 改

1、外文文献翻译能源与动力学院School of En ergy and Power专业班级：能动B141学生姓名：徐宇辰学生学号：15指导教师：杜祖成2016年03 月16 日、目的:1了解国外相关知识的发展；2 .熟悉外文科技文献的写作格式及特点；3 熟悉和巩固所学专业外语的有关知识；4.学会中英（外）文文献的检索方法。二、选题要求：1 学生自主选题，经指导教师审查合格。2.篇幅在3000汉字以上，较完整的一篇外文论文3 内容与所学专业相关，并注明来源。三、译文要求：1 译文正确，内容完整，图可以复印后贴于适当位置。 2译文打印在A4纸上，原稿复印后附在译文后。四、时间安排：在毕业设计开题 3

2、周内完成。外文文献资料简表学生姓名徐宇辰专 业能动B141英语程度 其它外语A级指导 教师杜祖成毕业设计题目300MW机组热力系统局部初步设计外k文文献卄来y源刊名热力发电,Thermal Power Gen eratio n, 2012 年 03 期期次外乂乂献来源篇名对300MW汽轮机凝结水的便携式集成式 孔板流量测量装置的研究页码内 容 提 要对300MW汽轮机凝结水的便携式集成式孔板流量测量装置的研究 1介绍2便携式集成流量测量装置的设计3便携式集成流量测量装置的校准3.1简介标准校准3.2便携式集成流量测量装置的校准3.3连接法兰的结构分析3.4法兰连接的发展4总结指导 教师 评审

3、意见指导教师签名：年月日对 300MW 汽轮机凝结水的便携式集成式孔板流量测量装置的研究为了保证电厂汽轮机热力试验的准确性，应保证凝结水的流量测量精度。在本文中，对 300MW 汽轮机通流冷凝水的便携式集成式流量测量装置的设计，这是基于冷凝水的参数和具体 的管道的条件下，在 5 号低压加热器出口的 300MW 机组。本文通过对非标准差压式孔板流量计 的一体化设计是通过在标准实验系统标定，误差较大的原因是，流场被不稳定的起源板式向下焊 接连接法兰。流场连接法兰的分布弱化，测量精度可满足汽轮机热力试验的要求。1 介绍 汽轮机热力试验是确定汽轮机热经济性的最有力的工具之一。通过汽轮机热力试验、热效

4、率、实现汽轮机经济性能的评价。最常见的是，经过技术改造，新建的单元和单元机组大修前后 应进行测试，对汽轮机的经济性分析。考虑到如节流损失的因素，流量测量装置不应安装用来测 量汽轮机主蒸汽流量，蒸汽流量的每个再生器的提取以及加热蒸汽流量。在整个蒸汽循环系统， 只有流动的给水和凝结水流量测量装置的进水流量位于给水泵，承受相对高的压力。焊接是比较 常见的连接给水和主给水管道流量测量装置在一起的方式，但在规范给水流量测量装置的时候， 会面临一系列的困难。凝结水流量测量装置在给水泵前，具有相对较低的压力。采用法兰连接冷 凝管，规范凝结水流量测量装置将更方便。目前，通过测量凝结水流量间接获得所需的给水流量

5、 和蒸汽流量以及再热蒸汽流量的汽轮机热力试验。因此，凝结水流量是最重要和最基本的测量方 法。在汽轮机热力试验中，测量精度直接影响汽轮机热力试验的准确性，汽轮机运行的经济性。 换句话说，提高测量的精度是汽轮机热力试验的一个重要阶段，节能降耗。 根据标准 ASME ， 高精度差压元件应采用高精度流量测量。冷凝水流量测量装置大多采用标准孔表测量装置，具有 测量精度高、应用范围广、价格低的特点。它的安装定位一般在除氧器或凝结水泵出口处。但传 统的差压流量计具有耗散结构，需要安装在高标准，具有既不同轴也不垂直节流元件，除了节流 副室生产步骤和偏心或环形的大小。所有这些因素的会导致标准值有偏差影响的精度。

6、根据 gb2624-81 规定， 孔应与节流装置精确的直线长度为中心， 通过孔的偏心距在 2%所引起的测量误 差，和偏心影响较大而孔径比的变化。同时，由于错误的设计和装配，使孔弯曲或让步，导致了 低的测量误差数据。 最大的错误是通过弯曲孔 3.5%甚至以上。 这样的话， 它对提高测量精度， 会 导致更大的误差甚至在使用之前就出现了。 但它只能对节流元件本身而不是差压变送器与节流模 型，流量测量误差的实际流量测量工作现场表演中的差压变送器测量误差。目前，为了解决现有 的孔表的不足之处，有广泛的文件，寻找有前途的方法来提高精度。但现有的参考提高仪表的精 度，提高安装质量和消除安装误差。这些文献提出

7、了一些解决方案，但没有从根本上解决了孔板 流量计精度低的解决方案。采用集成式流量测量装置，是为克服现有孔板流量计的短的主要手段。集成式流量测量装置 是一个完整的流量测量，它由节流装置，差压变送器的流量，并显示装置组成。节流装置及差压 变送器作为一个整体，节流装置和低故障率，保证了安装精度，使动态特性得到改善。差压流量 计已达到一个更高的发展阶段，由于各种现代技术，在本文中，创造便携式，集成式流量测量装 置的意义是，考虑到汽轮机凝结水的孔板流量计不便对现有植物的在线标定。它是一个完整的流 量测量，它由节流装置，差压变送器流量，显示结构。焊接法兰对管道的领口对于连接法兰孔影 响有所减少。便携式集成

8、式流量测量装置的设计有助于电力试验做汽轮机热力试验的研究。通过 标定，结果表明，便携式集成式流量测量装置具有较高的精度，可以轻松地满足在热力实验中汽 轮机的测量精度。如固定节流装置，一个新的差压变送器，流量显示装置，计算机软件和先进的 加工技术。2 便携式和集成式流量测量装置的设计 当标准节流装置的设计，制造和使用，基于国际标准 iso5167 技术条件， iso9300 和国家标 准 GB / t2624-2006 采用。 标准节流装置是由三部分组成： 标准节流元件， 用于开发一个标准的方法，挖掘和管道条件在节流装置的装置，可用于无误差校准和记录流量数据。所有不符合以上三 个条件，被称为非标

9、准节流装置。在本文中，对300MW汽轮机通流冷凝水的便携式集成式流量测量装置的设计，这是基于冷凝水参数及在300MW机组5号低压加热器出口特定管道条件，如图1所示。hgurv 1. The ponabk and m忙gmurd type pliUc 0。】* rncasunng dmm它的孔径比X是0.640439孔，采用标准孔板流量计。连接法兰直管的标准节流孔装置的宽 度约为3、2前后长度分别为。在连接法兰在实际安装过程中长度为15d和6D的上游和下游直管。与连接对直管的上游和下游之间的法兰，便携式和集成式流量测量装置，属于非标准节流装置， 实流校准要求。3便携式集成流量测量装置的校准3.1

10、简介标准校准在标定实验中，长春流量测量装置被采用。如下面的图2所示。Ccwidvl ldcx morTetod fkmiwvcr 珂穴Figure 2 Thtf bkvh dupwm ol noftiiiulMera该系统主要由液压系统，标准体积管的标准流量计组，校准表，控制和数据处理系统组成。活塞式体积管 S-25人加里布朗公司引入标准体积管。它的测量比是 1200:1,流量测量范围 从0.48立方米/小时到567立方米/小时，重现性在 0.01%误差内，测量精度在0.05%误差内。三组并联连接的高精度标定系统k-2d来自美国的史密斯公司介绍了涡轮流量计的标准流量计集团，作为检验工作的流程。

11、它的流量测量的范围从80立方米/小时到1500立方米/小时，再现性是0.02%，其测量精度为0.01%。它可用于在两个标准体积管和流量计作为衡量工作流程，重叠时流量测量范围是 80立方米/小时到567立方米/小时，但是应用时取决于在给定流量计流量标定的 具体范围。3.2便携式集成流量测量装置的校准在标定实验，集成式流量测量装置和流量标准装置是由标准的焊接法兰连接，上游和下游 直管是在实际安装过程中长度分别为15、6d，和300MW汽轮机实际情况大致相同。考虑到最大的300MW汽轮机凝结水流量为 770立方米/小时，峰值电负载或凝结水流量一定的变化范围在汽 轮机热力试验。校准实验流量范围在500

12、-1000立方米/小时范围内。通过实验，获得数据库的便携式集成流量测量装置如表一所示。SlABdardh|ihr cnjuil (MflvHMital PiYM-irr 1 kPilTbe BdiJAThe rtliiLhfrrorDiKbjiie501 012146174,52143%1 26l!f心J泸”Q625S76LMS7W.2642.6202617 Ai心哄0625OS71.21%5O675Z73(37-2.9 IKM22W7I.2S%S5.6JITT3A3-341*.1,4?*.7OQI4?&7J.4Qd剜LJ7%：IN叮 4191.36Q.6C446Jl0%从上表可得出结论，该便

13、携式集成流量测量装置的最大误差达到4.09%，不再能够满足汽轮机热力试验要求。 更大的流量测量误差引起的比较标准孔板流量计的安装要求和创建连接法兰的 漩涡在直管的二维和三维的长度之前和之后的节流元件。内部的流体的流场变化，这将影响节流 元件的压力差测量。因此，连接法兰的内流体流场的影响应该被淘汰，并找出解决问题的方法。3.3连接法兰的结构分析对于标准节流元件的直管的长度不足的缺点进行了讨论，并在不同的文学和各种材料开展研究。冷伙 Li ntjil Jiu-ytHiii/Ewrgy Pnn editi 17/ 9/J -9J9ipire The pl3k dounwsrJ wcMmg一系列的标准

14、喷嘴流量计进行标定的孔板流量计在7房流。应用积分标定方法，但它几乎没有对直管段起到任何作用。内流量计应用于解决直管长度不足的问题。但这种流量计的测量结 果会有很大的影响，尤其是在使用不当的锥角的时候。在这里，有一种改进的法兰连接结构的方 法，以减少测量误差。在300MW机组凝结水系统，焊接板式法兰作为冷凝水管道的连接类型，如在图3看到。其公称直径（DN ）为300mm，公称压力1.6MPa（ PN），内径三二八毫米，与 法兰厚度32mm。同时，直径和300MW汽轮机凝结水管道外径 309mm 325mm，分别，和凹槽台 宽24mm，19毫米深将出现在法兰连接。图3可知，当凹台被衬托在法兰的连接

15、处，内部的流体分布发生变化，压力和内部的流体的速度分布的改变，最终导致非标准节流元件的压力差测量的 影响。3.4法兰连接的发展传统的法兰上的内部流体的流场有很大的影响。长颈法兰类是能够减少的影响，是具有最 小的影响的法兰种类，甚至消除对内部流体流场的影响在连接法兰，如图4所示。I iguhz 4. The welding neck flanges做切割氧常规连接焊接板式法兰，磨切槽和保持一个平面切割后。然后，做焊接对新设计的 焊颈法兰，保持对新设计的焊颈法兰焊接过程中对焊法兰与管的轴线的中心线。进行完善的集成式流量重复测量装置的标定实验，验证了法兰连接对便携式集成式流量测量装置。获得校准数 据

16、库表中所示的n。TABU ILTHECAUBItilTlO KESLI IS FOR THF EKTK4LI! ATED TYPE RO* WASl ITMS DEICI ITH THEWELDINCii NECK FL4MGESMwdBrd1W MtuiThe reftwit Flv tmrl fliZ?411Q 409( VI0 J2%600 J55*5 TJflKVKTOOQ fpMWj015%M1114?；JQi0 41%Ki 14Uli 1?QQQ Xl74 MHJMOtaOMI?0 M%吧山1 MS5U042%表n表明，当使用改进的集成式流量测量装置0.85%最大流量误差，能满足需

17、求的汽轮机热力和例行试验，其凝结水流量测量误差小于1%。这主要是由于采用对焊法兰，其上游和下游的孔是改进的内部流场，测量差压孔周围更像是标准孔板节流装置的直线长度标准的压差。4、总结本文分析了便携式集成流量测量装置，我们可以得到以下主要结论：连接法兰，安装在便携 式集成式流量测量装置。然后，上游和标准孔板下游直管变小，涡流在连接法兰，内部的流体的 流场发生变化。标定实验的便携式集成式流量测量装置显示的标准孔板节流装置得到较小的压 差，流量系数变大，随后，最大流量测量误差达到4.89%，严重影响测量精度的孔板流量计。 通过对便携式集成式流量测量装置的连接法兰的改进，该便携式集成式流量测量装置的最

18、大误差可达到约0.85%。采用对焊法兰代替原来的板式平焊法兰连接，它可以满足汽轮机热力试验要求。参考文献1 The RELAP5 Code Developme nt Team. RELAP5/MOD3. 3 CODE MANUAL VOLUME 巨 M习.USA:In-formation Systems Laboratoriesnc. 2001.2 Westi nghouse Electric Compa ny LLC.AP1000 Desig n control Doeume nt Z.Revision 10.2004.原文Study on the Portable and Integrat

19、ed Type Pore Plate Flow Measuring Device for Condensate Water of 300MW Steam TurbineIn order to insure the accuracy of steam turbine thermal test in power plant, the flowrate measurement accuracy of condensate water should be insured. In this paper, the portable and integrated type flow measuring de

20、vice for condensate water of 300MW steam turbine flow is designed, which is based on the condensate water parameters and the specific pipeline conditions at the exit of the No. 5 low pressure heater for 300MW unit. A integration of nonstandard differential pressure orifice flow meter is designed in

21、this paper Through calibration in standard experimental system, the reason of the large error is that the flow field is disturbed by the origin plate type downward welding connecting flanges. Then the welding neck flanges is designed for the connecting flanges. The distribution of connecting flanges

22、 of flow field is weaken, and the measurement accuracy can meet the demand of steam turbine thermal test.1 IntroductionSteam turbine thermal test is one of the most powerful tools to identify the heat economy of steam turbine. Through steam turbine thermal test, heat rate and achieve evaluation on e

23、conomic performance of steam turbine can be acquired. Most commonly, the newly-built unit and unit after technological upgrading, unit before and after overhaul should be tested and analyzed on economic performance of steam turbine. Considering the factors such as the loss of throttling, the flow me

24、asurement device should not be installed to measure the main steam flow of steam turbine, the steam flow of each regenerator extraction aswell as heated steam flow. In the whole steam circulatory system, only the flow of feedwater and the flow of condensate The flow measurement device of feed water

25、is situated behind feed pump, bearing a relatively high pressure. Welding is a more common way of joining the flow measurement device of feed water and main feed water pipe together, will bring somedifficulties when standardize the flow measurement device of feed water. And the flow measurement devi

26、ce of condensate water is situated before feed pump, bearing a relatively low pressure. Adopting the connection of flange and condensate pipe, standardizing the flow measurement device of condensate waste will more convenient. Currently, the required feed water flow and main steam flow as well as re

27、heated steam flow of steam turbine thermal test are obtained indirectly via measuring condensed water flow. Therefore, condensed water flow is the most important and basic measurement in steam turbine thermal test. The measurement accuracy directly influences the accuracy of steam turbine thermal te

28、st, the economy situation of steam turbine operation. In other words, enhance the measurement accuracy is an important stage in steam turbine thermal test and saving energy and lowing consumption. According to standard ASME, high precision difference pressure elements should be adopted to do high pr

29、ecision flow measurement. Available flow measuring device of condensate water are mostly implemented in standard orifice meter, which features high measuring accuracy, wide application area, low prices. Its installation locates before the defecator or the export of condensate pumps generally. But tr

30、aditional difference pressure flow meter has dissipative structure, needs fitted in the high standard, possesses neither coaxial nor vertical throttling element, besides the size of throttling accessory or annular chamber produce steps and eccentric. All those factors make the discharge coefficient

31、out of standard value, influence measuring accuracy subsequently. According to the regulations of GB2624-81, orifices should be centered with the straight length of throttling device accurately, The measurement error caused by orifices eccentricity within 2% , and eccentricity has greater influence

32、while aperture ratio changes. Meanwhile, due to faulty design and assembly, it makes orifices bend or give way, leads to the errors off low measurement dates bigger. The maximum error is about 3.5% by bending orifices. Thus, remark it to improve the precisi on of measuri ng further before used. But

33、it could only calibrate throttli ng eleme nt in itself in stead of differe ntial pressure tran smitters and throttle molds, the flow measurement error is caused by the measurement error of differential pressure tran smitter duri ng the performa nee of the actual flow measureme nt work on site. Curre

34、 ntly, for resolving the deficiency of existing orifice meter, there are extensive documentation such as in 3, 4, search ing for promisi ng ways to improve the precisi on. But all prese nt refere nee in crease the precisi on of in strume nt accuracy by enhancing the quality of in stallati on and eli

35、m in at ing in stallati on errors.These literature puts forward some solutions, but not find the solutions to solve the low precision of orifice meter fun dame ntally. As show n in 5, adopti ng the in tegrated type flow measuri ng device is the prime mea ns to overcome the short of existi ng orifice

36、 meter. The in tegrated type flow measuri ng device is a complete flow measureme nt, which con sists of throttli ng device, differe ntial pressure tran smitter flow, and display device. Throttli ng device and differe ntial pressure tran smitter are marked an in tegral whole, installation accuracy of

37、 throttling device and lows breakdown rates are guaranteed, the dynamic characteristics is improved. Differe ntial pressure flow meters has reached a higher stage of developme nt, because a variety of moder n tech no logies such as fixed throttli ng device, a new type of differe ntial pressure tran

38、smitter, flow display device, computer software and adva need process ing tech no logy are assembled. In this paper, the portable and integrated type flow measuring device is proposed, con sideri ng that orifice meter of steam-turbi ne conden sate water is inconvenient on line calibrati on in existi

39、ng plants. It is a complete flow measurement, which consists of throttling device, differential pressure tran smitter flow, display structure. Mean while, for carry ing it, the in tegrated type flow measuring device self-contains straight pipe about 3D and 2D separately before and after it, welded f

40、lange to pipelines is connected by neckband in order to reduce the effect of flange to orifice. The desig n of the portable and in tegrated type flow measuri ng device is helpful for Electric Power Test and the Research Departme nt to do steam turb ine thermal test. Through the calibrati on, results

41、 show that the portable and integrated type flow measuring device has high precision, can meet the need of the measuring precision in steam turbine thermal test easily.2 The Desig n of the Portable and In tegrated Type Flow Measuri ng DeviceWhen the sta ndard throttli ng device is desig ned, manu fa

42、ctured and used, the tech ni cal con diti ons based on in ternatio nal stan dards ISO5167, IS09300 and state stan dards GB/T2624-2006 are adopted. The sta ndard throttli ng device is composed of three parts: sta ndard throttle eleme nt, a sta ndard way for tapping, the device of tapping and pipeline

43、 conditions around throttling device, can be used without error calibrate and the flow coefficients. All that can not meet the above three conditions, are called non-standard throttling device. In this paper, the portable and integrated type flow measuring device for conden sate water of 300MW steam

44、 turb ine flow is desig ned, which is based on the conden sate water parameters and the specific pipeline conditions at the exit of the No. 5 low pressure heater for 300MW un it, as show n in Fig. 1.Figure 1. Thr potubk and intcgRitcd lype plMc meisunng deviceThe orifices which aperture ratio x is 0

45、.640439, the sta ndard orifice flow-meter is adopted. The width of standard throttling orifice device to the straight pipe of connecting flange is about 3D and 2D in len gth before and after it respectively. The straight pipe of upstream and dow nstream in connecting flange is about 15D and 6D in le

46、ngth respectively in the actual installation process. With connecting flange between upstream and downstream of the straight pipe, the portable and integrated type flow measuring device belongs to non-standard throttling device, real-flow calibration is demanded.3. Calibrati on of the Portable and I

47、n tegrated Type Flow Measuri ng Device3.1 Brief Introduction about Standard Calibration In the process of the calibration experime nt , the flow measureme nt device of Chang Chun was adopted. As the follow ing show n in Fig. 2tkiirjulK11 edcd AouiviclcT nttJun 加）贰Figure 2 The btxkef rwcninolThe syst

48、em is mainly constituted of hydraulic system, standard volume pipe, standard flow meter group, calibration tables, control and data handling system. Its measure ratio is 1200:1, flow measuring ranges from 0.48 m3/h to 567 m3/h, the reproducibility is 0.01%, and the measurement accuracy is 0.05%. Thr

49、ee set of parallel connected high accuracy calibration system K-2D from US Smith Corporati on for turb ine flow meters are in troduced in sta ndard flow meter group, as admeasure of flow work. Its flow measuring ranges from 80 m3/h to 1500 m3/h, the reproducibility is 0.02%,the measurement accuracy

50、is 0.01%. It can be used in both standard volume pipe and flow meter as a measure of flow work when overlapped flow is 80 m3/h to 567 m3/h, which one is applied depends on the specific range of flow calibration of the given flow meter.3.2. The Calibration of the Portable and Integrated Type Flow Mea

51、suring Device In the calibrati on experime ntthe in tegrated type flow measuri ng device and the flow meter sta ndard device are lin ked by the sta ndard welded flan ge, the straight pipe of upstream and dow nstream is about 15D and 6D in len gth respectively in the actual in stallati on process, wh

52、ich is approximately ide ntical to the actual situati on of 300MW steam turb ine. Con sideri ng that the maximum conden sed water flow of 300MW steam turbi ne is 770 m3/h, do steam turbine thermal test under the peak electrical load or the certain variation scope of condensed water flow. The flow sc

53、ope of the calibration experiment is 500-1000 m3/h. Through experime nts, obta ined database about the calibrati on of the portable and in tegrated type flow measuri ng device as show n in Table I.TAIU.f 1.TH L U.lE!RRI.Sl L TS FC)W THI ll (iRAHD 1YPIEME SL.KId)l M hI hr ariiMil IKflvmriW Fivnirr 1

54、kPi iTheTk rH*Lhi厦 rhra FTCiTPiKht 僚 rwflficKiiE(LffTferrivhcArw501 012146174W.S2QAMJ12JS141%&钊1 26IKJ 31%0 62? 576IMS42.6202CH.I50怕帥Tum7W.5J5aTS2731372.91%0622597I.2S%800.9655.MI77jja-341* a昭宙用400.067OQ|4?B7J.4ALJ7%JOOJ 427.633491.360 相 44MLIO%From the above Table, the maximum error of the portable

55、 and in tegrated type flow measuri ng device has reached 4.09%, no Ion ger able to meet the dema nd of steam turb ine thermal test. Greater flow rate measurement error is caused by comparing installation requirements of the standard orifice flow meter and creating vortexes around connecting flange w

56、hich the straight pipe is 3D and 2D in length before and after throttle element. The flow field of the internal fluid is changed, which will affect the differe ntial pressure measureme nt of throttle eleme nt.Therefore, the in flue nee of conn ect ingflange to the flow field of the internal fluid sh

57、ould be eliminated, and find out some methods to solve the problems .I.3.3. The Structural Analysis of Connecting FlangeThe drawbacks of length insufficient in the straight tube of the standard throttle element are discussed and researched in differe nt literature and various materials.W世 Li and Jia-yttnii 用川呛 fPnn edia-ipire 3. The phlv type donwird welding thngcA series of the sta ndard no zzle flow meter is adopted to demarcate the real-flow of orifice meter in 7. The method of in tegral demarcati ng is applied