新编语用学教程课后答案

1、Introduction check your understanding1. f Syntax and semantics each have their own strengths.2. f Pragmatics is also interested in howlanguage use affects the language system.3. t4. f5. tIn-Class Activities1. ASK(1) Yes, he s coming.(2) Yes. No, he isn t coming(3) His knowledge about whether Pat lik

2、es cognitive linguistics or not.2.(1) a. John is obviously not Hitler. There is only one Hitler in the world.b. Golf as an inanimate object can t play a human being (John).d. “ Idea ” does n t have color andean t sleep since it is inani mate. The whole sentence doesn t make sense.(2) a. it can be us

3、ed for com muni cati on in a con text where Joh n shares somepers on ality with Hitler.b. whe n Joh n is a poor player of golf.c. in a con text where a certa in boy has done somethi ng wrong (out of n aught in ess).(3) whe n the sentence is used in poetry to pers on alize the word idea.3. (1) a. In

4、an entrance of a park.b. I n the restroom of some public places like an airport.a. People are forbidde n to bring dogs into the park.b. This place is for adults to cha nge infantdiapers.4. (1) Here the speaker wants to express his complaint that the couple are talking too loudly (and the implicit re

5、quest for them to stop talki ng).(2) By saying so, the young man wants to convey their refusal to“ my request.The background knowledge we need is that since it is usually impolite to listento other people private conv ersati on,it is no rmal that “ I” can t hear a word (thus the couple can con ti nu

6、e their talk).5. (1) This notice implies that all those who jump the red light are uncivilized, whatever the reason.(2) 讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。6. (1) This is an advertisement for a holiday inn and its food is so delicious that it can make the customer s wife jealous. The“ French toast ” probably means atype of

7、 specialty provided by this holiday inn.(2) C: 你去哪里？吃饭了没？E: How are you?Hows everything going?7. (1) He means he doesn t speak French.(2) Russian majors don tspeak French.(3) Yes. It helps to indicate a negative answer.8. (1) a. He uses“ that ” under the assumption that his mom knows which letteris

8、being referred to.b. He uses an imperative sentence to ask her mother to close the window, whichis impolite.(2) Johnny: Mom, Ping Ping is coming to visit us this afternnoon.Mother: Who is Ping Ping?(3) Wang: It s not my fault, is it?Li: Yes.Native speaker: Hi, you look good.Zhang: Not good, not good

9、 at all.Exercises Task3.1. ? whenwe get someoneto do something, we tend to minimize the effort to be involved, but when we complain we tend to exaggerate the complaint. People want to be polite by mitigating(缓解军,减轻,平静)the imposition, which is face-threatening.2. The first imperative is a general gra

10、mmatical form, but the second, though still an imperative, can be used to sound more polite because of the addition of will you3. (in the office)Boss: Come to my office later.Clerk: Yes, sir.(during the afternoon tea)Boss: How is your dad, Tom?Clerk: He s fine. Thanks, Pat.4. He wants to suggest tha

11、t he did not break the window because he was en gaged with(? ) in something else in other places.5. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye, Holden, a middle school student always breaks the pragmatic conven tio ns and in that way shows his rebelli on.6. While we teach English to Chinese students, we no

12、t only impart linguisticin formati on (pho netics, phono logy, morphology, and syn tax of En glish) but alsopragmatic in formatio n (appropriate use of En glish in dyn amic con text). For in sta nee, how we can use the question tag( 反了？ tag questions ) to sound more tentative and be polite.Unit 1Che

13、ck your un dersta nding1. f? That is the view held by Joh n Aust in in the early stage.2. f ?Implicit performative uttera nces do not have a performative verb.3. f4. f ?The completion of the perlocutionary act requires the addressee scooperati on.5. tIn-Class Activities1. (1) If you ve ever said “I

14、promise ” or “I apologize ”, you have performe d those actions by the simple act of saying them. But“I know ” and “I believe ”are declarative. Saying them does not bring about any immediate change in the belief or knowledge of the speaker.(2) a. I wish you a great success.I admit I m wrong.b. I misu

15、nderstand your point.? I see what you mean.(3) Yes. For example, when wesay “我在这里向你道歉”， we are performing the act of apologizing.( ?)2. (1) “A full apology ” here meansa wholly performative utterance of apology like “Weapologize to the Chinese government and the Chinese people ”. Indeed, “sorry is n

16、ot a performative verb.(2) To some extent,“sorry ” can implicitly perform the act of apology.3.(1) The kidnapper intends to perform the acts of threatening and requiring.n advice instead of a threatening.(2) He wants to make his words sound like a4.(1) a. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying

17、“Today is not a free admission day”.illocutionary act: it implicitly requires people to pay the admission fee.perlocutionary act: people pay the admission fee (if at all).b. locutionary act: the act of verbally saying“Thank you for your generousdonation and your support ”.illocutionary act: it impli

18、citly urges people to donate.perlocutionary act: people donate money (if at all).a? Admission fee required todayb? We expect your generous donation and your supportThe first is chosen to be less imposing . The second is chosen to attract people s donation.5.(1) No, it is not a verdictive. It is just

19、 an advertisement from s(a) hotel whosename happens t o be “Jurys ”.(2) The proprietor plays a game of words to attract customers.ExercisesTask 31.a. constative ? locution: “No smoking in this area”. Illocution: Forbidding people from smoking here. Perlocution: People do not smoke here.b. constative

20、. Locution: “Ticket passengers only ”. Illocution: Asking passengers to buy tickets if they want to (enter the museum). Perlocution: Passengers buy tickets to enter the museum.c. constative. Locution:Token vending machine ”. Illocution: Informing thepublic of the fact that they can buy tokens throug

21、h this machine. Perlocution:People buy tokens through this machine (if at all).2.Yes. It solves the problem that constativescan indeed be regarded as implicit waysof doing things. Thus, all utterances are“rt ” performative ” in essence.Yes, I agree. Suppose A said to Bits stuffy here ”. The actual e

22、ffect may bethat A is understood to becomplaining, but the intended effect is that someoneshould open the window or the door and it may bring B toperform the act insteadof letting him just listen to As complaint.3. (1)a, (2)a, and(3)a are performative utterancesand can stand the test “hereby ” .Howe

23、ver, in (1)b, (1)c and (2)b, (2)c, “know”think ”, “amuse” and “flatter ”are not performative verbs. In (3)b, the third pers on subject is used. In (3)c, simple past tense is used.4. Both verdictives and exertives invo Ive a dem on stratio n of powers, rights, orin flue nee. However, verdictives have

24、 the illocuti onary force of issu ing a formalor officialjudgment and giving a verdict, while exertives invoIve making decisionsin favor of or aga inst a certa in course of acti on, or advocacy of it.5. These utterances are not true or false, that is, not truth-evaluable. Theutteri ng of them on for

25、mal occasi ons is or is part of thedoing of a certa in kindof action, the performanee of which, again, would not normally be described as just “saying ” or“describing something (cf. Austin 1962, 5).“ This meet ing is now adjour ned.”The court is now in sessi on.“This church ishereby de-sanctified .

26、” 批准,认可,使合法化Unit2Check your un dersta nding1. f ?It is criticized as lacking criteria for classification.2. f ?The hearer is held resp on sible.3. f4. t5. fIn-Class Activities1.(1) No, they are essentially directives.(2)? “你能帮我还书吗，谢谢哦。”“Well be very grateful for your presence.”(3) Because they expec

27、t other people s compliance instead of refusals.One feelsindebted 感激的 , 受惠的 , 蒙恩的 i f one does not comply with the request.2.(1) Commissives(2) Yes. The second promise is achieved with a condition which may turn the promise (a commissive) into a requirement (a directive).3.(1) No. Utterance a is a t

28、hreat. Utterance b involves something that the speaker cannot xcontrol. Utterance c describes something in the past rather than something that the speaker will do in the future . Utterance d involves an act that the hearerrather than the speaker will do in the future. Utterance e has a third person

29、asthe subject. Utterance f is a statement about something that happened in the past.(2) a. propositional content condition (what is said is about something that thespeaker has done wrongly); b. sincerity condition (the speaker is serious or sincere in making the apology; c. preparatory conditions .

30、the person who is apologizing should have mademistakes) d. essential condition (both sides understand that what the speaker says is an apology).Zhang: 这件事你不应这样处理的。Li:? 好嘛，算我错了行了吧。 where the speaker is not sincere4.(1) The customer when he says there is a fly in my soup (which is meant to be a compla

31、int).(2) Because saying that can normally attract the waiter s attention and the waiter knows what to do in acontext like this.Yes. Sometimes, we speak indirectly to save our or others face.(3) Yes, I agree with her. Hearing thecustomer s words, the waiter may not takeit seriously (if he is not joki

32、ng).5.(1) The role of the underlined part is explaining the reason of the refusal so that Andy will accept Jack s refusal more readily.Not necessarily. A white lie also does the same trick.(2) a. Calling on people to save water.b. Denying people the right to park here.The “irrelevant ” information i

33、s used to enhance the chances of successfully performing the directive acts.ExercisesTask3.1.a. Austin was a leading exponent of analytical or Ordinary Language philosophy. His work in the 1950s provided both a theoretical outline and the terminology for the modern study of speech acts developed sub

34、sequently. He was the initiator of the speech act theory. He drew the distinction between constative utterances and performative utterances, although he latter discarded the distinction. He introduced the trichotomy of locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.John Searle is widely n

35、oted for his contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and social philosophy. Searle has introduced the notion ofindirect speech act. He has reclassified illocutionary acts. He has developedthe theory into a general theory about human communication.b. Speech act sequence; respo

36、nsive acts.2.No. Threatening seems to be a directive as well as a commissive act.Open.how to do speech acts in L2. Doing the same speech act in L1 and L2 may not be the same.on whether the sincerity condition is violated or not.5.a. declaration b. representative c. representative d. directive e. exp

37、ressive f. commissive ?g. directive? ?h. commissive? ?i. declaration6.“Excuse me” is usually used to interrupt other people, so its preparatory condition is that there are others talking about or doing something, when the speaker s interruption is not expected. However, “sorry ” is used in a differe

38、nt situation, and its preparatory condition is that the speaker has made a mistake.7.Effectiveness: abcd? other things being equalPoliteness: abcd? other things being equal8.a. It runs counter to the preparatory condition that the door must be closed atthe moment.b. It goes against the sincerity con

39、dition. It is felicitous as an act of thankingc. It goes against the preparatory condition that what the speaker is going to domust be to the hearer s disadvantage yet refusing to eat dissert is not.Unit 3Check your understanding1. f2. f3. f4. f5. fIn-Class Activities(1) a. direct answer about his f

40、athers profession? b. His father can help.c. His father cannot help.(2) A: Your father must be very great.? B: He is a lawyer.? A: Does your father earn a lot of money? B: He is a lawyer.2.(1) Both of them are implicit rather than stated by the actual meaning of the words.(2) An implicature can be p

41、art of sentence meaning or dependent onconversationalcontext, and can be conventional or unconventional . But connotation is conventional and attached to words.(3) “Fox” can connote cunningness. When we say“he is a fox ” in response to“what do you think of Jack?”, we indicate that Jack is cunning li

42、ke a fox.3.(1) Yes, it implies that Jack has one and only one brother.(2) Entailments are true whenever the statement uttered is true, but different implicatures may be derived when the sentence is used in different contexts.No.Yes. For instance, Jack has a brother; indeed, he has two.(3) A: Jack mu

43、st be spoiled by his parents.B: Jack has a brother.4.(1) cancelability or defeasibility.(2) Yes. The words “not yet ” has the conventional implicature that something is possible after the given time.5.(1) Jack may refill his car in the garage.(2) Yes, the garage may be closed at the moment.(3) a. Th

44、e sea foods are fresh. / Do buy the sea foods.? b. You can win here. /Play here.(1) Hearer meaning is the hearers understanding of the speakers utterance.(2) A: Tom is quite clever in that aspect.? B: I agree. He s the cleverest person Ive ever seen.? A: But I dont mean he is really clever in that a

45、spect.(3) a. Hearers and speakers background knowledge may be different.? b. Their expectations, beliefs, and the like may be different. ExercisesTask31.a. There is convention of usage in natural language.b. Today I declare you husband and wife.He is at sixs and sevens.2. A: Are you happy.? B: Yes.?

46、 A: Are you happy?B: Yes. Quite, quite.less than what they say.There are other possibilities. . Speakers mean ? A: Are you happy.? B: Yes. I am thehappiest person in the world.3. Saying does not necessarily amount to the same thing as meaning. By sayingone thing a speaker might meananother thing ent

47、irely. There is a sense of saying on which you cant say anything without meaning something.4.?A: She is a charming lady. I mean only when she smiles.By saying the first sentence, A mayimply he is attracted by the lady, but by adding the second sentence he denies the implicature.5. No.? Yes.a. Jack:

48、Lets go out drinking tonight.? Jane: My grandma is ill. (But, my mother is coming)b. Jack: How did Philip and Pike do in the Olympics? Jane: Philip won a medal.Obviously, a has a particularized implicature and b has a generalized implicature. b it is difficult. Anyhow, we use other ways to achieve t

49、he same implicatures inIt is comparatively easy to add a sentence to a tocancel the implicature,but ina and b. Whats more, particularized implicatures are more unconventional and they have greater indeterminacy .6.a. conventional (theres no need for context information) One cannot use the door befor

50、e 6 . ( “ before ”)b. Conventional No free refills for non- same visit ( “ only ”)7. openOne may say no, though. Conversational implicature is context dependent. To some extent, it is arbitrary, because different people may get different implicatures even in the samecontext and different contexts ma

51、ygenerate different implicatures as well.8.A. when people talking about boys qualities.B. When people are talking about boys ability to do mathematics.9.Conversational implicatures are sensitive to context and dependent on the observance of Cooperative Principle while flouting a particular maxim. Pe

52、ople may arrive at different conversational implicature for the same utterance. Thecon clusi ons arrived at by syllogism arecon text freeand people get the samecon clusi on be means of reas oningUnit 4Check your un dersta nding1. f2. f3. f4. f5. f?In-Class Activities1.(1) Both metaphors and irony go

53、 aga inst the maxim ofquality that requires thespeaker to be truthful. A metaphor invoIves saying that one thing isanother andan irony consists in the expression of ones meaning by using Ianguage that normally sig nifies the opposite.(2) Understatement (“ It s not too bad ” ) is a f orm of speech in

54、 which a lesserexpression is used than what would be expected; hyperbole ( “Haven t seen you for ages” ) is a figure of speech in which statements are exaggerated. Their use runs counter to the maxim of quantity as well as that of quality.2.(1) Yes, the maxim of manner is exploited. Mr. Bennet impli

55、cates that he will lethis wife tell him who has taken the house. Also, the maxim of quantity is violated when Ms. Bennet responds to her husbands question “Is he married or single?(2) By saying I have no objection to hearing it, Mr. Bennet means that his wifehas the freedom to supply the information

56、 in front of him, which in turn means he agrees to listen to his wife although he is not enthusiastic about it.(3) The author implies that Mrs. Bennet is very enthusiastic to tell other peoplethings even at a small hint of agreement.3.(1) One may be only superficially relevant in terms of the litera

57、l meaning; one can also be interactionally relevant in terms of the illocutionary goal.(2) Yes, it may run into similar trouble. It is difficult to define be brief,obscurity of expression, and be orderly. Brevity and orderliness are matters of degree.4.(1) a. quality ?b. quantity ?c. relation ?d. manner说来话长。(2) Quality? .: I am not so sure, but. C:事情可能是这样的。?