SMU研究生航海英语期末考试复习材料

1、SMU研究生航海英语期末考试复习材料1 名词解释1. Bill of Lading (B/L)：a bill of lading is a receipt issued by a carrier that an identifiable consignment of goods has been received by him for shipment, or actually loaded on board his ship. It serves as a document of title, a contract of carriage and a receipt for goods.2.

2、 C/P Charter Party: Charter party is a contract between the ship-owner and the Charterer,sets forth the terms of arrangement,such as duration of agreement,freight rate and ports involved in the trip.3. L/C: A L/C is a written undertaking by the issuing bank to the beneficiary, under which the bank w

3、ill pay a sum certain in money to the beneficiary if the beneficiary of the L/C provides the bank with specified documents within a prescribed time period, which all comply with the terms and conditions of the credit.4. sea waybill(海运单): documents indicating the goods were loaded on board when a doc

4、ument of title(B/L) is not needed. Typically used when a company is shipping goods to itself.5. NVOCC(non-vessel operating common carriers): An NVOCC is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled service. He does not own or operate the vessels by which sea transportation is provided.6. Transshipment

5、：Transshipment means to transfer goods from one transportation line to another or from one ship to another. One possible reason is to change the means of transport during the journey,another reason is consolidation.7. Ship broker: Ship brokers are specialist intermediaries /negotiators between shipo

6、wners and charters who use ships to transport cargo,or between buyers and sellers of ships. Ship broker is a third party and middle man. 8. Mates receipt: A mates receipt is a receipt issued by a carrier in the acknowledgment of the goods received on board(export cargo) that is subsequently exchange

7、d for a bill of landing.9. Certificate of origin ：This document serves as a proof of the country of origin of goods for the importer in his country and declares the details of goods to be shipped and the country where these goods are grown, manufactured or produced. 10. shipping instructionShippers

8、communications to its agent and/ or directly to the international water-carrier. Instructions may be varied, e.g, specific details/clauses to be printed on the B/L,directions for cargo pickup and delivery.11. RORO ship : a RORO ship referred to as roll-on/roll-off ship. These ships carry trucks, tra

9、ilers, and construction equipment much like a multilevel ferryboat, especially effective when ports dont have cranes. RORO: a shortening of the term“Roll on/Roll off”. A method of ocean cargo service using a vessel ramps which allows wheeled vehicles to be loaded and discharged without cranes. Also

10、refers to any specialized vessel designed to carry RO/RO cargo.12. Conference: A shipping conference is a group of shipping lines operating on any particular route under agreement to provide a scheduled service with a common tariff and a fixed itinerary of ports of call.13. Container freight station

11、: CFS is a place where containers are stuffed, de-stuffed and aggregation/segregation of export/import cargo take place.14. the inland container depot: ICD is a common user facility with Public Authority status . It is equipped with fixed installations and offering services for handling and temporar

12、y storage of import/export laden and empty containers and other agencies competent to clear goods for home use,warehousing.15. CY(container yard): A materials-handling/storage facility used for completely unitized loads in containers and/or empty containers.16. Liners: a passenger or cargo vessel th

13、at operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table.17. Tramps: tramp service has no fixed itinerary or schedule and is operated on any route according to supply and demand.Tramp line: an ocean carrier company operating vessels not on regular runs or schedules. They call at any po

14、rt where cargo may be available.2 问答题：1. 班轮运输（liner transport）的特点：fixed route, ports, schedule and relatively fixed freight ;loading and unloading charges included in freight ;simple procedures and ideal for cargo of small quantity2. 多式联运的优点（Benefits of Multi-Modal Transport）： Multimodal Transport i

15、s generally considered as the most efficient way of handling an international door to door transportoperation. Multimodal Transport allows to combine in one voyage the specific advantages of each mode, such as the flexibility of road haulage, the larger capacity of railways and the lower costs of wa

16、ter transport in the best possible fashion. Multimodal Transport also offers the shipper the possibility to rely on a single counterpart, the multimodal transport operator (MTO) who is the architect of the entire journey and only responsible party from pickup to delivery, rather than having to deal

17、with each and every modalspecialist of the transport chain.In a word: High efficiency; Good quality; Cost and time saving; Economy and simplicity of documentation3.集装箱种类（Types of Container）：General purpose containers 通用集装箱Refrigerated containers 冷藏集装箱Bulk containers 散货集装箱Open top containers 敞顶集装箱ven

18、tilated containers 通风集装箱insulated Container 隔热集装箱4.集装箱装箱注意事项（Stuffing of cargo in the container） Different types of packages should be packed separately. Container should be lined with paper or foil in case of specially sensitive goods. Packing in the boxes should be carefully checked. Exporter shou

19、ld not pack together: Wet goods with dry goods Goods with sharp edges or corners with goods in soft packaging Dusty goods with dust sensitive goods Placing heavy packets on light packets Odour emitting goods with odour sensitive goods5.集装箱检查（Precautions for Packing the Containers）（4点）The container s

20、hould be thoroughly checked to ensure that: There are no holes or cracks in walls or roofs. The doors can be easily operated. Locking doors and handles function properly. There are no labels pasted of the previous cargo. Container is water proof. Container is absolutely dry from inside. Container is

21、 clean and free of dust. Container is odourless.6. 信用证类型：Sight payment credits即期付款信用证 Deferred payment credits延期付款信用证Bankers acceptance credit 承兑信用证 Negotiable credits议付信用证revolving credits 循环信用证 transferable credits 可转让信用证7. 提单种类：Shipped B/L 已装船提单 Straight B/L 记名提单Clean B/L 清洁提单 Dirty B/L 不清洁提单Dire

22、ct B/L 直达提单 Through B/L 联运提单8. 提单的作用（function）A receipt for goods shipped 货物装船的依据 A document of title to the goods 货物所有权凭证Evidence of the terms of the contract of affreightment 货物运输合同条款证明9. 船舶类型Dry cargo vessel: General Cargo Vessel杂货船; Bulker散货船; Container Ship 集装箱船Liquid cargo vessel:Tanker 油轮，液货船

23、;liquid chemical carrierMiscellaneous vessel:Ferry boat 轮渡; Pilot ship 引航船;barge tramp10. 租船类型Voyage chartering 航次租船voyage chartering means that the shipowner promises to carry on board a specific ship a particular cargo for a single voyage from one or more loading ports to one or more discharging p

24、orts.Time chartering 定期租船Time chartering means that the shipowner provides a designated manned ship to the charter, and the charter employs the ship for a specific period against payment of hire.Bareboat chartering 光船租船Bareboat chartering ordinarily means that the vessel is put at disposal of the ch

25、arter for a long period of employment without any crew.11. 租船合同格式（举例）Voyage charting - GENCON formTime charting - NYPE(New York Produce Exchange ), BALTIME(Baltic and International Maritime Conference Uniform)Bareboat charting-BARECON form12. 装卸条款free in(FI) 船东不负责装货 free out(FO) 船东不负责卸货free in and o

26、ut(FIO)船东不负责装卸free in , out, stowage(FIOS) 船东不负责装卸和积载free in , out, stowage and trimming（FIOST）船东不负责装卸、积载和平舱 Liner船东负责装卸（亦称班轮条款） liner in free out（LIFO）船东负责装货不负责卸货free in liner out（FILO） 船东负责卸货不负责装货13. 航次租船的类型 Single Voyage Chartering Return Voyage Chartering Consecutive Single Voyage Chartering Con

27、secutive Return Voyage Chartering 3 缩略词写全称。ICC international chamber of commerceCFR cost and freight (.named port of destination)CIF cost, insurance, and freight (. named port of destination )CPT carriage paid to (.named place of destination)CIP carriage and insurance paid to (. Named place of desti

28、nation)FOB free on board (. named port of shipment )FCA free carrier (. named place)EXW ex works (. named place)FAS free alongside ship (. named port of shipment )DAF delivered at frontier(. named port of delivery )DES delivered ex ship4 翻译短句Unit 31. Later amendment and additions were made to it to

29、bring the rules in line with current international trade practices.此后又对此做了修改和补充，以便使这些规则适应当前国际贸易实践的发展。2. Each term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for arranging such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and other obligations. They specify at which po

30、int the risk of loss and/or damage passes from seller to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities. A buyer and a seller who conducted their purchase and sale under one of the incoterms, therefore, will have an understanding of their rights,costs, and obligations.每一个术语都明确规定由谁来办理出口许可证

31、，出口清关，商品检验及其他义务。同时还明确了灭失及或损坏的风险在哪一点由卖方转移到买方，以及哪方需要承担的相应的费用。这样，卖方和买方如果采用2000年国际贸易术语解释通则中的一个术语做贸易的话，就会清楚双方各自的权利，需支付的费用以及各自的义务。3. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. However , the risk of loss or damage to the goods, as well as any ad

32、ditional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery , are transferred from the seller to the buyer.卖房必须支付货物运至目的港所需的运费和费用，但交货后货物灭失或损坏的风险，以及由于各种事件造成的任何额外费用，即由卖方转移到买方。4. However , the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss or damage to the goods during the ca

33、rriage.但是，卖方还必须办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的海运保险。5. “Free carrier”means that the seller delivers the good, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place.“货交承运人（.指定地点）”是指卖方只要将货物在指定地点交给由买方指定的承运人，并办理了出口清关手续，即完成交货。6. It should be noted that the chosen place of delivery has an impact

34、 on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place.需要说明的是，交货地点的选择对于在该地点装货和卸货的义务会产生影响。7. If delivery occurs at the sellers premises, the seller is responsible for the loading. If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading.若卖方在其所在地交货，则卖方应负责装货，若卖方在

35、其他任何地点交货，卖方不负责卸货。8. This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport, including multi-modal transport.该术语可以用于各种运输方式，包括多式联运。9. If the buyer nominates a person other than a carrier to receive the goods, the seller is deemed to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they are

36、 delivered to that person.若买方指定承运人以外的人领取货物，则当卖方将货物交给此人时，即视为已履行了交货义务。10. “Carriage paid to.”means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him, but the seller must in addition the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. This means the buyer bears

37、all risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.“运费付至（.指定目的地）”是指卖方向其指定的承运人交货，但卖方还必须支付货物运至目的地的运费，亦即买方承担交货之后的一切风险和其他费用。11. However , the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. Consequently, the sel

38、ler contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.（CIP）但是，卖方还必须办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的保险。因此，由卖方订立保险合同并支付保险费。12. “Carriage and insurance paid to.”means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him, but the seller must also pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goo

39、ds to the named destination. This means that the buyer bears all risks and any additional costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.“运费和保险费付至.（指定目的地）”是指卖方向其指定的承运人交货，但卖方必须支付货物运至目的地的运费，亦即买方承担卖方交货后的一切风险和费用。13. CPT has much in common with the term CFR. The major difference is that CFR can o

40、nly be used for sea and inland waterway transport, while CPT can be used for any mode of transport including multi-modal transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ships rail, the CPT term is preferred.CPT 术语与CFR术语有许多相似之处。主要的区别在于CFR术语仅适用于海运和内河运输，而CPT术语可适用于任何运输方式，包括多式联运。如

41、果双方不打算将货物越过船舷交货，应使用CPT术语。Unit 71. Consequently , it is very important for the freight forwarder to be able to identify the formalities relating to carriage of goods by sea to be able to provide an efficient service.因此，对货运代理来说，重要的是能够了解有关海上运输的手续，以便提供有效的服务。2. An international freight forwarder should b

42、e familiar with international trade routes.国际货运代理应熟悉国际贸易线路。3. A shipping conference is a group of shipping lines operating on any particular route under agreement to provide a scheduled service with a common tariff and a fixed itinerary of ports of call.班轮工会是按预定的船期表在特定的航线上从事营运的班轮公司的组织，具有共同的费率表，固定的挂号

43、港。4. The purpose of a shipping conference is to eliminate price competition among member lines and reduce outside competition by trying to capture most of the tariff for member lines through loyalty arrangement with shippers.班轮运输的目的是消除会员公司之间在运价上的竞争，通过与托运人之间达成的忠诚协议为会员争取大量货源，以减少外部竞争。5. The main advant

44、age of the conference system to shippers are stability of freight rates and regularity of services.班轮公会对于托运人而言，具有稳定的运费率，定期的运输服务等方面好处。6. Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand as in tramp service. Rules and procedures are inflexible.班轮运输不像不定期船那样，运费率随供求关系的变化而变动。规则和程序不灵活。7. In recent yea

45、rs, along most international routes, non-conference lines have posed a challenge to the conference system.近几年，出现在大多数国际航线上的非班轮工会运输，对班轮公会提出了挑战。8. This is attributable to the development of containerization and the emergence of many independent carriers.这是由于集装箱运输的发展和许多独立承运人的出现。9. As a result , along so

46、me routes, the conference lines have been forced to come to terms with the non-conference lines with regard to rates, and terms and conditions of service.结果航运公会被迫在运价，运输条件上和非班轮公会公司达成协议。10. A NVOCC is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled service. He does not own or operates the vessel by which s

47、ea transportation is provided.无船承运人是从事定期营运的承运人，但并不拥有或经营航海运输所需的船舶。11. The documents commonly used in the carriage of goods by sea are bills of lading, sea waybill, manifest, shipping notes, delivery orders, and mates receipt.海上货物运输常用的单证包括提单，海运单，仓单，托运单，提货单和大副收据。Unit 81. Chartering is the business of p

48、roviding employment for a vessel and arranging suitable sea transport for a variety of commodities.船舶租赁是提供船舶和为各种货物安排适当海上运输的业务。2. The term charter party is employed to describe contracts relating to the use of vessels owned or controlled by others.租船合同这一术语被用来描述租用他人船舶的各种合同。3. The three principal metho

49、ds of chartering a tramp ship are voyage charter, time charter, and bareboat charter.租用不定期货船的三种主要租约是航次租船，定期租船和光船租船。4. Voyage chartering means that the shipowner promises to carry on board a specific ship a particular cargo for a single voyage from one or more loading ports to one or more discharging

50、 ports.航次租船是指船东承诺按一个单程航次装运约定的货物，从一个或多个港口运至另一个或多个港口。5. Under a voyage charter, the shipowner retains the operational control of the vessel and is responsible for all the operating expenses such as port charges, bunkers, taxes, and so on.在航次租船中，船东仍保有对船舶的控制，负责港口使费，燃油费，税费等所有的营运费用。6. Time chartering mean

51、s that the shipowner provides a designated manned ship to the charter, and the charter employs the ship for a specific period against payment of hire.定期租船合同是指船东将配备好船员的指定船舶提供给承租人，在约定的期限内，由承租人控制船舶的运营并支付租金。7. Bareboat chartering ordinarily means that the vessel is put at the disposal of the charter for

52、 a long period of employment without any crew.光船租船通常是承租人在一定租期内取得对特定船舶的控制，由承租人负责配备船员。Unit 91.Marine bills of lading are used primarily in international sales of goods the carriage of goods is by sea.海运提单主要用于国际货物销售的海上运输中。2. Broadly , a bill of lading has been defined as a receipt for goods shipped on

53、board a ship ,signed by the person(or his agent) contracting to carry them, and stating the terms on which the goods were delivered to and received by the ship.总体而言，提单是货物装船的收据；它由达成货物运输协议的承运人签字，上有货物送到船上及被船方接收的条款。3. Generally ,it is a receipt for the goods shipped, a document of title to the goods, an

54、d evidence of the terms of the contract of affreightment.总体而言，提单是货物装船的收据，是货物所有权凭证，是货物运输合同条款证明。4. A bill of lading is a receipt issued by a carrier that an identifiable consignment of goods has been received by him for shipment, or actually loaded on board his ship.提单是承运人签发的有关承运人已接管提单所明确记载的货物或将货物装船的证

55、明。5. Order bills made out to consignee “or order” can be transferred by endorsement.载有收货人及“或指示”的指示提单可通过背书进行转让。6. In contrast with the order bills of lading, straight bills are those made out to named consignees without the addition of the words “or order”. They are not negotiable and can not be tran

56、sferred to third party. Delivery of goods, therefore, can only be taken by the named consignee.与指示提单不同的是，记名提单载有特定的收货人，没有加上“或指示”的字样。记名提单不能流通，不能转让给第三方。因此，货物只能交付给指定的收货人。7. Whatever its form, a bill of lading contains some main elements, such as quantity of cargo, accurate cargo description and conditio

57、n, date of the bill of lading, names of the shipper and consignee, port of loading and discharging, ships name, terms and conditions of carriage, and payment of freight.无论格式如何，提单的主要内容大同小异，例如货物的数量，货物确切的品名和状态，提单的签发日期，托运人和收货人的名称，装货港和卸货港，船名，货物运输的条款和条件，以及运费的支付。8. A ships port agent, in fact, may be given

58、 the task of drawing up bills of lading. If these are subsequently required for letter of credit transactions, it is useful that the agent be supplied with appropriate details of the letter of credit so that all relevant material can be included in the wording.实际上，承运人可委托港口的代理制作提单。如果以后的信用证交易也需要使用提单，应给代理适当提供有关信用证的详细资料，这样在提单的措