信息系统外文文献翻译

1、膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂

2、芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃

3、艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄

4、芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁

5、莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂

6、莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螁膈膇蚁蚇膇芀蒄羅膆莂虿袁芅蒄蒂螇芄膄蚇蚃芄芆蒀肂芃蒈螆羈节薁薈袄芁芀螄螀袇莃薇蚆袇蒅螂羅羆膅薅袁羅芇螁螇羄葿薃螃羃薂莆肁羂芁蚂羇羁莄蒄袃羁蒆蚀蝿羀膆蒃蚅聿芈蚈羄肈莀蒁袀肇薂蚇袆肆节蕿螂肅莄螅蚈肅蒇薈羆肄膆螃袂肃艿薆螈膂莁螁蚄膁蒃薄羃膀膃莇罿膀莅蚃袅腿蒈蒅螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆

7、蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄

8、葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅

9、薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅

10、薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃

11、腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄

12、芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄

13、芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂

14、莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃

15、荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁

16、莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁

17、蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂

18、蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀

19、蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀

20、薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁

21、膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿

22、芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀

23、芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀

24、芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈

25、莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿

26、莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆膆节蕿螂膅蒄螅螈膅薇蚇肆膄芆蒀羂膃荿蚆袈膂蒁葿螄芁膁蚄蚀芀芃蒇罿艿

27、莅蚂羅艿薇蒅袁芈芇螁螇芇荿薃肅芆蒂蝿羁芅薄薂袇莄芄螇螃羁莆薀虿羀蒈螆肈罿芈薈羄羈莀袄袀羇蒃蚇螆羆薅葿肄羆芅蚅羀肅莇蒈袆肄葿蚃螂肃腿蒆蚈肂莁蚂肇肁蒃薄羃肀薆螀衿肀芅薃螅聿莈螈蚁膈蒀薁羀膇膀螆袆 i 1 引 言如今的世界，已经是步入了信息化的时代，特别是互联网的迅猛发展，带动了信息进入我们生活的各个领域，也使得信息化建设成为各行业、各领域增强自身管理效率和核心竞争力的重要手段。出版业作为我国社会主义文化产业的一部分，在信息化建设方面相对于其他领域，有成绩是肯定的，但仍然显得滞后，建设水平不够高，离市场需求还有一定距离，还有很大的发展潜力，在我国信息化建设中应该发挥更大的作用。同时要充分利用先进的电

28、子信息技术改造出版业，来加快出版业信息化建设的步伐。出版社信息化建设是用一种全新的、先进的管理理念，一种全新的机制，一种全新的企业文化来改变以前的管理模式，是一种管理模式的变革。它充分利用信息技术与出版社管理模式的结合，来推动管理水平的提升。面对日益激烈的竞争，出版社必须转变思路，确立全新的经营理念，确立以读者需求为中心，提供专业化的一流服务。信息化建设更是一场管理体制的革命，它要用先进的思想模式和技术手段改变以前的管理模式，用数字化、规范化、程序化、标准化来进行管理，用量化的指标支持奖惩与分配政策，体现激励机制。通过这场改革和革命，最终实现出版社的办公自动化、管理网络化、资源数字化、商务电子

29、化。而在整个的出版过程中，编务管理是出版行业信息管理系统的重要部分,它将编务人员及图书管理人员从繁重的事务性工作中解放出来,并使管理工作更透明、更科学,此次的系统如果有了良好的分析与设计,不但对编务管理,而且对整个出版行业的管理信息系统的建设都具有十分重要的意义。本文将以北京科学技术出版社为例，为出版企业编务管理部门的信息化建设提出一个可行性方案，为将来的出版社进行信息化建设打下良好的基础。附录1 外文翻译(原文)systems analysis and design working under control of a stored program, a computer processes

30、 data into information. think about that definition for a minute. any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. merely writing a program isnt enough; because the program is but one component in a system.a system is a group of components that work to

31、gether to accomplish an objective. for example, consider a payroll system. its objective is paying employees. what components are involved? each day，employees record their hours worked on time cards. at the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where th

32、ey are read into a payroll program. as it runs, the program accesses data files. finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. for the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. note that the program is but one compo

33、nent in a system.computer-based systems are developed because people need information. those people, called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the users field. to

34、complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. a systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.like an engineer or an architec

35、t, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps;1. problem definition2. analysis3. design4. implementation 5. maintenan

36、ceat the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. the idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.picture a small clothing store that purchases mer

37、chandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. on the one hand, too much stock represents an unnecessary expense. on the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.complicating matters is the fact

38、that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. 1 the owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder and given item just before the store runs out. for a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. unfortu

39、nately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. perhaps a computer might help.2-1 problem definitionthe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. the analysts objective is determining what the user (in this case, the

40、 stores owner) needs. note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. few users are technical experts. most see the computer as a magic box, and are not concerned with how it works. at this stage, the analyst has no business even

41、thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own term.the idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing-thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analysts understanding of the problem is essenti

42、al. the user should review and correct this written statement. the time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money and effort are wasted.often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. the study a brief capsule version of the ent

43、ire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:1. can the problem be solved?2. can it be salved in the users environment?3. can it be solved at a reasonable cost?if the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. given a good problem d

44、efinition and a positive feasibility study, the analyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.2- 2 analysisas analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. the next step is determining what must be done to solve it. the user knows what must be done 1 during analysis; this kn

45、owledge is extracted and formally documented. most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. the objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.start with the systems basic functions. the

46、key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. the stores owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short s

47、upply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.fig 1given the systems basic functions, the analysts next task is gaining a sen

48、se of their logical relationship. a good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. as the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. four symbols are used (fig. 1). data sources and destinations are represented by sq

49、uares; input data enter the system from a source, and output data flow to a destination. once in the system, the data are manipulated or change by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. a process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. data can be he

50、ld for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. a data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a persons memory. finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, end data stores over data flows, which are represented by arr

51、ows.fig 2figure 2 shows a preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. start with customer. transactions flow from a customer f into the system, where they are handled by process transaction. a data store, stock, holds data on each item in inventory. process transaction changes the data t

52、o reflect the new transaction. meanwhile, management accesses the system through communicate, evaluating the data in stock and, if necessary, requesting a reorder. once, a reorder is authorized. generate reorder sends necessary data to the supplier, who ships the items to the store. note that, becau

53、se the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products it is handled as a transaction.the data flow diagram describes the logical system. the next step is tracing the data flows. start with the destination supplier. reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the

54、store might want 25 pairs of jeans. to fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. where do these data elements come from? since they are output by generate reorder, they must either be input to or generated by this process. data flow into generate reorder fo

55、r stock; thus, product descriptions and reorder quantities must be stored in stock.other data elements, such as the item purchased and the purchase quantity are generated by customer. still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by management. the current sto

56、ck-on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to .stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.to keep track of the data elements, th

57、e analyst might list each one in a data dictionary. a simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. the data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and de

58、sign process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.the idea of analysis is to define the systems major functions and data elements methodically. remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. since the system starts with the user, the fir

59、st step is defining the users needs. users think in terms of functions and data. they do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware .and during this initial, crucial analysis stage it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. they provide a format for recording key information ab