句子成分及种类

1、句 子 成 分 & 句 子 结 构一、 句子成分句子成分主要包括主语、 谓语、表语、 宾语、定语、状语和补足语等。 主语和谓语是句子的必需局部 ； 宾语、表语和补足语是句子的必要局部 ；其他成分如状语和定语，是句子的辅助局部 。有些句子还带有感 叹语、插入语，它们在句法上与句子其他成分不存在关系，称为独立成分。1. 主语: 主语是句中动作、行为、性质或状态的主体，是一个句子谈论的主题。主语可以由名词、代词、 数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等来充当。Some people can t use the compute词作主语 He teaches us English. 代词作主语 Three a

2、nd five is eight. 数词作主语 To read in bed is bad for your eyes. 不定式作主语 Eating more vegetables is good for us. 动名词短语作主语 That you forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused me lots of trouble. 从句作主语 广东 Do you need more time to complete the task?Yes, another ten days enough.A, isB, areC, wasD, were

3、2. 谓语: 谓语用来说明主语的行动、 动作或所处的状态。 谓语由动词或短语动词充当， 一般放在主语之后。 谓语可分为简单谓语和合成谓语。The boy speaks Japanese.简单谓语Don t get off the busuntil it has stopped. 简单谓语 I can play the baseball. 合成谓语 Our city becomes more beautiful. 合成谓语 3. 宾语: 宾语表示动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、数词、动名词、动词不定式或起名词作用的其他成 分充当。I bought a book. 单宾语，名词 The news

4、surprised us. 单宾语，代词 He told me the news about it. 双宾语，代词 /名词 A friend lent some money to me. 双宾语， 名词/代词We consider him an honest boy . 复合宾语 Mr. Wang always makes his classes interesting. 复合宾语 4. 表语：表语用来说明主语的特征、属性、状态、身份等，与前面的连系动词一起构成系表结构作复合谓语。My pen friend is an American boy. 名词This book isn t n代词He

5、 was the first to come to school yesterday. 数词 The man looks strong. 形容词 My father is out. 副词 His job is to clean the school. 动词不定式短语 The dictionary is in the bag. 介词短语Wasting time is killing yourself. 动名词短语 The trouble is that she has lost his phone number. 从句 5. 定语：定语是用来修饰名词或代词的句子成分，分为前置定语和后置定语两种。

6、1 前置定语：常用来充当前置定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格，动词-ing 形式等。We had agood time in the park. (adj.)His father is doctor. (pro n.)She cut the meat into two pieces. (nu meral)This is a stone table. (n.)Let s put the child in theeeping bag. (v-ing)(2) 后置定语：常用来充当后置定语的有形容词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、分词短语和从句等。I have got something i

7、nteresting to tell every one of you. (Adj.)The trees around were cut last week. (Adv.)Would do you like something to drink ? (Infinitive)The book on the bed is mine. (Prepositi onal phrase)The model pla ne flying in the sky is made by Bill. (Prese nt participle)The woman who stands at the gate is my

8、 mother. (Subordinate clause)6. 状语：状语常用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。它可以表示时间、地点、程度、原因、目的、 结果等。状语常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词短语、从句等担当。They are walking in the park.He was looking everywhere for Jane.She was deeply moved by the story I told her.I m sorry keep you waiting for a long time.He spoke so fast that I couldn t hear

9、 clearly what he sa id7. 补足语：补足语是用来说明主语或宾语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。含有宾语补足语的句子变为 被动语态时，宾语补足语成了主语补足语。可以作为补足语的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分 词、动词不定式等。You must keep your bedroom clea n.He was once aga in found wan deri ng along the street.(现在分词作主语补足语 )His parents made him stay at home .(动词不定式作宾语补足语 )f He was made to stay at h

10、ome by his parents.(动词不定式作主语补足语 )8. 同位语：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与其在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分即同位语。 同位语常置于被说明的词之后。同位语由名词、代词、数词、从句等充当。This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster .We each have a cellph one now.You may leave it to us two .We are excited about the newsthat we win the match .9. 独立成分：在句子中插入一个词或短语，这个词或短语并不和其他成分发生语法关系，此

11、时这个词或 短语就是一种独立成分。独立成分包括称呼语、感慨语、插入语等。Hurry up, friends , or we ll be lat称呼语作独立成分)Aha ! I ve got you right here感慨语作独立成分)By the way , what do you usually do at weekend?(插入语作独立成分)二、句子结构英语句子按照结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。1. 简单句：只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫简单句。中文名称英文名称英文简称主语+谓语动词Subject+ verbS+V主语+谓语动词+宾语Subject+ ve

12、rb+ objects+v+o主语+连系动词+表语Subject +verb+ predicativeS+V+P主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Subject+ in direct object+ direct objectS+V+Oi+Od主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语Subject+ verb+ object +object compleme ntS+V+O+OC判断以下句子属于哪种简单句的根本句型：We walked and laughed.The childre n are playi ng.Childre n ofte n sing this song.I don t know

13、what to do.My bike is n ew.He became a famous scie ntist.Mr. Wu teaches us En glish.My father bought me a new camera.We can hear some one play ing the violi n n ext door.We can keep it warm.拓展：There +be +主语+状语英语中有一个独特的句型叫there be结构，该结构表示某地/某时存在某人/某物 There无意义，be是谓语动词，它后面的名词是主语，两者在数上必须保持一致。句子最后为地点状语或时

14、间状语。There is a car in front of the house.There are many books in his school bag.2. 并列句：并列句是由并列连词and, but, or, so等把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。并列连词的根本句子结构为：简单句+并列连词+简单句。(1) 表示并列的并列连词I help her and she helps me.伙 Both Wendy and Kate are from American.(2) 表示选择的并列连词The girls can go with us, or they can stay a

15、t home.伙 Either he or she is going to help us.(3) 表示因果的并列连词The days are short, for it is now December.The boy did his homework carefully, so he n ever made any mistakes(4) 表示转折的并列连词It is very good, yet it can be better.He is old but he is in good health.That regi on has ple nty of n atural resources

16、 while this one has none.3. 复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句为句子的主体，从句不能独立，仅用作句子的一个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等。We shouldn t give our children whatever they want.I ll never forget the stories that my gradma told me.He worked for a foreig n compa ny whe n he was in Sha nghai.一. 划出以下句子中的主语 A moon cake is a

17、 delicious, round cake. I don t know if it will grow. Doi ng your homework in time is importa nt. To win the game is difficult. There are some people in our classroom. Five is not eno ugh.二. 划出以下句子中的谓语 I saw a girl. I love you. You should work English hard. You had better take a bus. I want to give

18、you a book. 三划出以下句子中的宾语 I saw a cat in the tree. We think you are right. My father bought me a book. We call him LaoWang. We forgot to close the window. 四划出以下句子中的定语 That is a beautiful flower. This is my book, not your book. I have a lot of things to do. I have met the boy in that room. He has something important to say. 五划出以下句子中的状语 He is playing under the tree. Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. The house is dirty because he didn t clean it. He buys a gift to make her happy. If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you. 六 . 划出以下句子中的表语 These desks are yello