新剑桥商务英语(高级)单词总结

1、1. autonomous: independent, able to take decisions without consulting a higherauthority2. decentralization: dividing an organization into decision-making units that are not centrally controlled.3. function: a specific activity in a company, . production, marketing, finance4. hierarchy: system of aut

2、hority with different levels, one above the other.5. line authority: the power to give instructions to peopleat the level belowinthe chain of command6. report to: to be responsible to someone and to take instructions from him orher7. subordinates: people working under someone else in a hierarch8. in

3、dustrial belt: an area with lots of industrial companies, around the edge of a city9. wealth: the products of economic activity10. productivity: the amount of output produced (in a certain period, using acertain number of inputs11.corporate ethos: a company s ways of working and thinking12. collabor

4、ation: working together and sharing ideas13. insulated or isolated: alone, placed in a position away from others14. fragmentation: breaking something up into pieces15. motivate :To inspire, to induce, to give a reason or incentive to someone to do something.16. employee: A person employed by someone

5、 else, working for money.17.labor relations: Relations between employers and employees, managers and workers, management and unions.18. responsibility: Having control of something as part of your job19. wages: Money paid (per hour or day or week) to manual workers20. salary: A fixed regular payment

6、made by employers, usually, for professionalor office work.21. benefits or perks: Advantages that come with a job, apart from wages or salary.22. promotion: To be raised to a higher rank or better job.security: Knowing that there is little risk of losing one s job.24. skilled: Having particular abil

7、ities, acquired by training.25. subcontractor : Any company that provides goods or services for another one26. component : Any of the pieces or parts that make up a product, machine, etc.or contracting out : Buying products or processed materials from other companiesrather than manufacturing them28.

8、 capacity : The (maximum) rate of output that can be achieved from a production process29. plant : The buildings, machines, equipment and other facilities used in the production process30. location : The geographical situation of a factory or other facility:31. inventory : The stock of any item or r

9、esource used in an organization (including raw materials, parts, supplies, work in process and finished products)32. lead time : The time needed to perform an activity . to manufacture or deliversomething)channel: all the companies or individuals involved in moving a particular kind of goods or serv

10、ice from the producer to the consumer.launch a product: to introduce a new product onto the market.opportunities: possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which acompany can profitably produce goods or servicesresearch: collecting, analyzing and reporting data relevant to a specific

11、marketing situation (such as a proposed new product)segmentation: dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have differentrequirements or buying habits: wrappers and containers in which products are soldof sale: places where goods are sold to the public - shops, stores, kiosks, market sta

12、lls, etc.concept: an idea for a new product, which is tested with target consumers befores attention.the actual product is developedfeatures:attributes or characteristics of a product: quality, price, reliability,etc.representative: someone who contacts existing and potential customers, and triesto

13、persuade them to buy goods or servicesadvertising: free advertising, when satisfied customers recommend products totheir friends.or prestige advertising: advertising that mentions a company s name but notspecific products.agencies: companies that handle advertising for clients.account: a contract wi

14、th a company to produce its advertising.advertising budget: the amount of money a company plans to spend in developing its advertising and buying media time or space.brief:the statement of objectives of an advertising campaign that a client worksout with an advertising agency.campaign: the advertisi

15、ng of a particular product or service during a particularperiod of time.customers or target market: a defined set of customers whose needs a company plans to satisfy.planners: the people who choose where to advertise, in order to reach the rightcustomers.threshold effect: the fact that a certain amo

16、unt of advertising is necessary toattract a prospective customercomparative-parity method: choosing to spend the same amount on advertising asone s competitors.advertising: advertising during periods or seasons when sales are normally relatively poor.: writing down the details of transactions (debit

17、s and credits): keeping financial records, recording income and expenditure, valuing assets and liabilities, and so onaccounting: preparing budgets and other financial reports necessary for management accounting: working out the unit costs of products, including materials, labor and all other expens

18、esaccounting: calculating an individual s or a company s liability for tax: inspection and evaluation of accounts by a second set of accountants61. Creative accounting : using all available accounting procedures and tricks to disguise the true financial position of a company62. shareholders or stock

19、holders :A company s owners63. earnings or income : The revenues received by a company during a given period,minus the cost of sales, operating expenses, and taxes64. liabilities : All the money that a company will have to pay to someone else inthe future, including taxes, debts, and interest and mo

20、rtgage payments65. turnover : The amount of business done by a company over a year66. assets : Anything owned by a business (cash investments, buildings, machines,and so on) that can be used to produce goods or pay liabilities67. depreciation or amortization : The reduction in value of a fixed asset

21、 duringthe years it is in use (charged against profits)68. debtors or accounts receivable : Sums of money owed by customers for goods or services purchased on credits own69. creditors or accounts payable :Sums of money owed to suppliers for purchasesmade on credit70. stock or inventory : (The value

22、of ) raw materials, work in progress, and finished products stored ready for sale71. overheads or overhead : The various expenses of operating a business that cannot be charged to any one product, process or department: an arrangement by which a customer can withdraw more from a bank account than ha

23、s been deposited in it, up to an agreed limit; interest on the debt is calculated daily. card: a card which guarantees payment for goods and services purchased by the cardholder, who pays back the bank or finance company at a later date.dispenser or ATM: a computerized machine that allows bank custo

24、mers to withdraw money, check their balance, and so on: a fixed sum of money on which interest is paid, lent for a fixed period, and usually for a specific purposeorder or direct debit: an instruction to a bank to pay fixed sums of moneyto certain people or organizations at stated times.: a loan, us

25、ually to buy property, which serves as a security for the loancard: a plastic card issued to bank customers for use in cash dispensersbanking: doing banking transactions by telephone or from one s own personalcomputeror checking account: one that generally pays little or no interest, but allows the

26、holder to withdraw his or her cash without any restrictionsor time or notice account: one that pays interest, but usually cannot be used forpaying cheques (GB) or checks (US), and on which notice is often required to withdraw money: to place money in a bank; or money placed in a bankcurrencies: the

27、money used in countries other than one: how much money a loan pays, expressed as a percentage: available cash, and how easily other assets can be turned into cashinterest: the date when a loan becomes repayable: to guarantee to buy all the new shares that a company issues, if they cannot be sold to

28、the public: when a company buys or acquires another: when a company combines with another one: buying and selling stocks or shares for clientsmanagement: taking care of all aclient s investments: the ending or relaxing of legal restrictions: a group of companies, operating in different fields, that

29、have joined togetherchip: a company considered to be without risk: ability to pay liabilities when they become due: anything that acts as a security or a guarantee for a loan: having a responsibility or an obligation to do something, . to pay a debt: a person or organization to whom money is owed (f

30、or goods or services rendered, or as repayment of a loan): to be insolvent: unable to pay debts.: everything of value owned by a business that an be used to produce goods, pay liabilities, and so onliquidate: to sell all the possessions of a bankrupt business.: money that a company will have to pay

31、to someone else (bills, taxes, debts, ad mortgage payments, etc.)put up capital: to provide money for a company or other projectcapital: money invested in a possibly risky new business: the people who begin a new company: the place in which a company does business: an office, shop, workshop, factory

32、,warehouse, and so on: to guarantee to buy an entire new share issue, if no one else wants it: a proportion of the annual profits of a limited company, paid to sharehodelrsfund: a company that spreads investors capit al over a variety of securities: an investor s selection of securities: a person wh

33、o can advise investors and buy and sell shares for themchip: a stock in a large company or corporation that is considered to be a secure investment.stock:a stock - in an industrynot much affected by cyclical trends - that offersa good return but only a limited chance of a rise or decline in pricesto

34、ck:a stock - which usually has a high purchasing price and a low current rateof return- that is expected to appreciate in capital value: a wholesaler in stocks and shares who deals with brokers.investors: financial organizations such as pension funds and insurance companieswhich own most of the shar

35、es of all leading companies (over 60%, and rising)share dealing: the use of information not know to the public to make a profit outof buying or selling shares.: providers of fundsbonds: borrowing money: the amount of a loan: date at which the money will be returnedfunds: retirement moneyinvestors: k

36、eep their bonds till maturity: defaultappreciation: fall in interest ratesdepreciation: rise in interest ratesgains: profits on the sale of assetsare tradeby selling: contract to buy or sell fixed quantities of a commodity, currency, or financial asset at a future date, at a price fixed at the time

37、of making the contract: contracts giving the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a security a currency, or a commodity at fixed price during a certain period of time: raw materials or primary products (metals, cereals, coffee, etc.) that on special markets: making contracts to buy or sell

38、a commodity or financial asset at a pre-arranged price in the future as a protection or insurance against price changes.: buying securities or other assets in the hope of making a capital gain them at a higher price (or selling them in the hope of buying them back at a lower price)share: a company s

39、 sales expressed as a percentage of the total market: short-term tactics designed to stimulate stronger sales of a product: the situation in which there is only one seller of a product: companies offering similar goods or services to the same set of customers: a short and easily memorized phrase use

40、d in advertisingsegmentation: the division of a market into submarkets according to the needs or buying habits o different groups of potential customers: a small and specific market segmentadvantage: a factor which makes you superior to competitors in a certain respect: a business s total sales reve

41、nuerecession: a period during which an economy is working below its potential143. to innovate (innovation) : designing new products and bringing them to the marketdiversify (diversification): to expand into new fieldsmerge (a merger): to unite, combine, amalgamate, intergrate or join together raid :

42、 buying another company s shares on the stock exchange, hoping to persuade takeover bid : a public offer to a company s shareholders to buy their shares, at a particular price during a particular period, so as to acquire a company integration: to merge with or take over other firms producing the sam

43、e type of goods or servicesintegration: joining with firms in other stages of the production or sale of a productintegration : a merger with or the acquisition of one s supp liersintegration : a merger with or the acquisition of one s marketing outlets: combined production that is greater than the s

44、um of the separate parts insecurity: the fear that you might lose your job: the period of holding a job: the extent to which a person has skills that employers want: decreasing the number of permanent employeesemployment: temporary jobs in companies, arranged by employment agencies: the central part

45、 of something . a company s workforce): language used to persuade people to believe something wisdom: generally held beliefs ( that are probably false): reducing the value of a fixed asset, by charging it against profits: something which discourages an action: an adjective describing a tax that is p

46、roportionallyhigher for people with lessmoney: spending money to buy things, rather than saving it: working for yourself, being your own bossinsurance: a tax on incomes that pays for sickness benefit, unemployment benefit, and old-age pensions: non-financial benefits or advantages of a jobshelters:

47、a way to delay the payment of tax to a later time: an adjective describing expenditures that can be taken away from taxable income or profitshavens : a country offering very low tax rates to foreign businesses“ peg” a currenc y against something means to: fix its value in relation to it forces: the

48、determination of price by supply and demand ( the quantity available and the quantity bought and sold )173.hedging: trying to insure against unfavourable price movements by way of futures contracts: the willingness and ability to offer goods or services for sale: the willingness and ability of consu

49、mers to purchase goods and services forces: supply and demand: a state of balance, for example when supply meets demandpolicy: government measures concerning taxation, public expenditure, and so on policy: government or central bank measures concerning the rate of growth of the money supply (the amo

50、unt of money in circulation)180. visible trade (GB) or merchandise trade (US) : trade in goodsimports and exports : trade in services ( banking, insurance, tourism,and so on)or counter-trade: direct exchanges of goods, without the use of moneyof trade: the difference between what a country receives and pays for its exports and imports of goodsof payments : the difference between a country s total earnings from exports andits total expenditure on imports: the (impossible