Pigment-颜料

1、 PIGMENTS颜料颜料 Pigment/Color Technology 颜料/颜色 技术 Effect Pigments 特效颜料 Colored Pigments 有色颜料Pigment nFunction in Coating 在涂料中的功能 nType of Pigment 颜料种类Function in CoatingnColorant nHiding nFiller nCorrosion inhibitorsnGloss Property of Pigment 颜料的特性颜料的特性nCrystal 晶体形态nParticle size 颗粒尺寸nParticle shape 颗

2、粒形状nWater Contain 吸水性nAcidity/ Alkalescence酸碱性nSurface area and oil absorption 表面积和吸油量nHardness 硬度 Pigment颜料颜料 Inorganic Pigment 无机颜料无机颜料Organic Pigment有机颜料有机颜料Effect Pigment 效果颜料效果颜料Mica Pigment云母粉云母粉Aluminum Pigment铝粉铝粉 Glass 玻璃粉玻璃粉Colorant着色着色颜料颜料Filler 填料填料TiO2Carbon Black Red, YellowBlue etcCon

3、version of pigment to paint color将颜料转变成涂料的颜色Pigment dispersion is required to reduce the agglomeration that occurs in the pigment drying process. This is a very important topic that I will not really be covering in this presentation. Pigment that is not at the correct particle size will not have the

4、 proper hue/chroma, hiding, durability, or other influences on film properties. 颜料分散维系小不聚集的颗粒在涂膜中提供颜色。颜料分散维系小不聚集的颗粒在涂膜中提供颜色。 当颜料的不到当颜料的不到合适分散为正确颗粒时就的不到最佳的色调合适分散为正确颗粒时就的不到最佳的色调/饱和度，遮盖力，耐饱和度，遮盖力，耐候性和其他涂膜性能候性和其他涂膜性能nWetting 润湿润湿nShear / Dispersion 剪切剪切/ 分散分散nStabilization 稳定稳定Organic vs Inorganic Pigme

5、nt Prime(colored) Pigments 着色颜料着色颜料 无机颜料无机颜料 PK PK 有机颜料有机颜料无机颜料一般价廉，不易褪色，但不够鲜艳。无机颜料一般价廉，不易褪色，但不够鲜艳。有机颜料，其特点就是鲜艳，由于是人工合成化学品，故在使用时需有机颜料，其特点就是鲜艳，由于是人工合成化学品，故在使用时需试样观察与成膜主体材料有否反应，其二测试它的耐紫外性，有机颜试样观察与成膜主体材料有否反应，其二测试它的耐紫外性，有机颜料产品等级非常分明，有的极易褪色，有的性能能接近无机颜料，料产品等级非常分明，有的极易褪色，有的性能能接近无机颜料，但价格高。但价格高。 Typical Pigm

6、ent TiO2Character 性能Titanium Dioxide contains most of the properties of an ideal white pigment ie. clarity of color, high resistance to most chemicals, organic solvents and heat, and most importantly, a high refractive index. This last property allows the production of highly opaque coatings. 二氧化钛是一

7、种理想的白色颜料，如颜色透明，能抵抗多数的化学物质、有机溶剂，耐热，最重要是具有高折射率，遮盖力强。 Hiding power 遮盖力The hiding power is influenced by the refractive index and the granulometry. Rutile has a higher refractive index and is therefore more opaque Whiteness 白度 Chemical Resistance 耐化学性It has a neutral pH, a good resistance to alcali solu

8、tions 良好的耐碱性Typical Pigment TiO2 分类分类crystal morphology晶体形态晶体形态Surface treatment 表面处理表面处理Rutile 金红石型金红石型Anatase 锐钛型锐钛型Inorganic Treatment Organic Treatment-提高在弱极性体系中的分散提高在弱极性体系中的分散 Al2O3 -抗粉化，保色抗粉化，保色 ，分散性，分散性 SiO2-耐候性耐候性 ， 提高遮盖性提高遮盖性 Al2O3/SiO2， ZrO2表面活性剂TiO2 Crystalline StructureRefractive Index =

9、 2.56 Density = 3.90Tetragonal Cellsa = 0.951 nmb = 0.379 nmc = 0.296 nmd = 0.459 nmRefractive Index = 2.71 Density = 4.17RutileMicronized TiO2 微化微化TiO2nIntroduced into automotive in the 1980s 与与90年代引入汽车工业年代引入汽车工业nCharacteristics 特点特点n Particle size-30-50 nm versus 200+ nm 纳米级纳米级n Transparent 透明性透明性

10、nCreates a unique effect in metallic colors 产生独特的金属效果产生独特的金属效果n Golden, yellow face 正面金色效果正面金色效果n Pastel blue flop 侧面兰相侧面兰相Others White Pigment White Lead 铅白铅白 该白色颜料与酸性粘接剂反应生成强硬及耐久的弹性漆膜 Zinc Oxide-氧化锌氧化锌 在低酸指数的结合中，提高了颜料的润湿性，使分散更为容易，同时促使涂料粘度略为提高并减少了沉淀。在高酸指数的粘接剂里，在容器中会极度增稠。 遮盖性低于钛白。 Lithopone -锌钡白锌钡白

11、由BaSO4和ZnS两种组分可部分替代二氧化钛使用 Black Pigment n黑色颜料的性能取决于原料：有机黑色 炭黑 无机黑色：氧化铁，石墨 植物黑色：桃木，木炭，藤蔓 动物黑色：骨头，象牙 n有机和无机黑是非常重要的一类颜料，炭黑是最常用的黑色颜料。n常用黑色颜料：炭黑石墨-防腐涂料中，不用于调色 GRAPHITE 948 黑色氧化铁-具有极佳的耐溶剂性和化学稳定性，极好的耐久性和耐候性 及耐晒性。着色力低，可用于色彩调配，可以进行多方控制。 黑色云母状氧化铁n 苯胺黑-苯胺黑着色力强，分散能低，吸光性能非常强，颜色稳固性能十分好。因为在涂料中粘结性强，该颜料还能产生消光效果（具柔和的

12、外观）。 蒽醌黑nFunctions through strong absorption of “all” wavelengths. 由于黑颜料吸收所有光波由于黑颜料吸收所有光波n“Tinting” blacks of moderate particle size and cost. 着色黑颜料颗粒中等，价格适中着色黑颜料颗粒中等，价格适中n“Jet” blacks of very small particle size 强墨色黑颜料具有小颗粒，强墨色黑颜料具有小颗粒， 一般用一般用Jetness 来表示是黑度来表示是黑度nSurface oxidation differences depen

13、ding on manufacture methods. 工艺不同，表面氧化也不同工艺不同，表面氧化也不同nUndertone effects. 也是作为降低彩度也是作为降低彩度Carbon black 黑颜料黑颜料炭黑颜料的特性对涂料的影响n炭黑表面积 (BET) 涂料黑度提高-BET 研磨浆粘度升高- BET 涂料光泽降低- BET 炭黑酸度涂料黑度提高 研磨浆粘度减少 涂料光泽增加 Low structure, Large particle sizeHigh structure, Large particle sizeLow structure, Small particle sizeH

14、igh Structure, Small particle size-Low viscosity-LowConductivity-Blue Undertone Carbon Black Morphology 炭黑形态炭黑形态-Harder to disperse-High Tint Strength-High Jetness-Easy todisperse-WeakTint Strength-Brown Undertone-High Viscosity-Lowest Loading-High ConductiveEffect PigmentsnNatural 天然nAluminum (natu

15、ral,colored, Fe2O3 layers) 天然的氧化铝nMica 云母片，贝壳nSynthetic 合成nAluminum Oxide (w/TiO2, Fe2O3 layers) 人工包覆上TiO2 的氧化物nMica(w/TiO2, Fe2O3 layers) 人工包覆nAngle dependant, multilayer 人工包覆多层nGlass Flake 玻璃片Effect Pigments特效颜料nEffect pigments are materials, usually having a flake or plate-like structure 小片或小碟状结构

16、, that create angle-dependent color or value special effects. 效果颜料一般都是片状或者碟状结构，能够从不同角度产生颜色效果， 得到不同于普通颜料的效果nEffects Created through: 由于形状因素，产生的颜色主要因为光线在颜料上的nAbsorption 吸收光nReflection 反射光nInterference 干涉光nCombination 复合光 造成不同的视觉效果 Aluminum Flake Pigments 铝粉颜料铝粉颜料nIntroduced in 1930s, conventional alum

17、inum is mined, purified then refined into powder that is ball milled into thin flakes 铝粉颜料是40年代开始使用，传统型铝粉是铝矿提纯 精化(研磨)成粉末加工而成nNew Vacuum Metallized Flakes(VMF) or PVD（Physical Vapour) Deposition Flakes are vapor deposited on a release coat/film, stripped off, then sizedresulting in thin, uniform flak

18、es. 新型的铝粉颜料是- 即电镀银铝浆或， 他是铝粉汽化，沉淀到一层膜上，在揭下来， 这样制造的颜料特点 - 薄(是传统型的5-10 分之一)， 而且颗粒均一Aluminum Typesn Leafing 浮型:nLubricant is low surface-energy, fatty acid (stearic-C18烷酸) whose non-wetting characteristics cause the aluminum to migrate to a paints upper layer, causing a chrome铬-like effect. 研磨使用到的润滑剂是低表

19、面能的硬脂酸,由于其不润湿的特性，造成铝颜料迁移到涂料的表层，形成金属铬一样的效果。 此颜料一般用于自行车，油墨等涂料中。n Non-Leafing 非浮型:nLubricant is more easily wetted fatty acid (such as oleic-C18烯酸) that allows flakes to float freely throughout the film, which creates strong angle-dependent effects. 研磨使用到的润滑剂18油酸， 它具有良好的润湿性，使得铝粉颜料在涂膜中各处悬浮， 造成多角异色的效果浮型铝

20、浆与非浮性铝浆 浮型铝粉在涂膜中状态 非浮型铝粉在涂膜中状态Aluminum FlakesNon-Leafing Aluminum Characteristics 侧面效果强Waterborne Treated Aluminum用于水性涂料的铝粉nAluminum metal exposed to water oxidizes, affecting reflective properties and generating hydrogen gas. 铝粉的两性，能在水性涂料里会产生气体n“Passivation” prevents/minimizes reaction with water.

21、在水性涂料里应用的铝粉要先钝化 填加剂型- Organo-phosphate treatment n包覆型-Chrome coatedn包覆型-Inorganic treatmentMica云母nMined lamellar silicate, ground and processed to produce thin platelets 层状的硅酸铝矿物薄的小碟.nThe basic pearl effect is enhanced with addition of thin layers of iron oxide and/or titanium dioxide to produce int

22、erference or combination interference/absorption colors 在其表面加上一层氧化铁/TiO2可以通过干涉/吸收而提高其珠光效果 .nColor Depends on Oxide Thickness颜色由氧化物的厚度决定nExterior Grades Post-Treated for Weathering and Improved Humidity ResistancenMica pigments introduced into automotive paints in the 1970s.TiO2 Coated MicaLight stri

23、kes a mica platelet and is reflected from the surface. A portion of the light is transmitted through the platelet to subsequent material interfaces where it is reflected again. Mica Flakes 40-60 nm60-80nm80-100nm100-140nm120-160 nmColor by layer thickness of TiO2Mica basic pearl and interference 基本的

24、珠光效果及干涉 Mica absorption colors吸收光颜色nAbsorption Color Depends on Oxide Color and Thickness吸收光的颜色取决于氧化物的颜色与厚度MicaMicaOther Mica Characteristics云母的其他特征nAppearance 外观nParticle Size Distribution 颗粒大小分布nConcentration of Mica Pigment 浓度nOrientation of Mica Platelet 取向nDispersion of Mica 分散情况nOther Properti

25、es 其他性质nRelatively Low Hiding Power 遮盖力相对低nCan be used to “back” weaker colored pigments for durability 可以用于加强其他较弱颜料的耐侯性The “new micas” 新云母nUse synthetic materials for more smooth and regular inner layer使用合成材料让内层结构更平滑， 更有规律. High chroma for brightness and dramatic travel 很高的彩度， 因而明亮，颜色跳动明显. Expensiv

26、enUse materials with either very reflective properties or interesting refractive index differences for strong interference effects 用反射性很高或折射率差很特殊的材料来产生很强的干涉效果. High sparkle 闪耀性高 Angle-dependent color 随角异色The “new micas”nEMD (Merck)nXirallic - synthetic aluminum oxide base合成氧化铝为底料nHigh chromanHigh re

27、flective properties at relatively small particle sizenColorstream - synthetic amorphous silica base合成无定形硅为底料nClean, angle-dependent color shiftnBASFnPaliocrom Blue new interference layer新干涉层nPaliocrom Copper crystalline iron oxide base 结晶型氧化铁为底料Holographic Pigments全息衍射颜料Introduced to Automotive in M

28、id 1990snGeometric Pigments 几何结构颜料nParticlenTransparent polyester film, thickness of 12 micronsnEmbossed with holographic light recording浮雕衍射材料 nMetallized with aluminum (optical density of 2.0 to 2.5)加铝以金属化nCut into particles陷入颗粒内部nEffectn“Diamond” like reflection of light 像钻石一样的反光nColors: silver,

29、pewter白镴, gold, coppernParticle Size: 100 x100 / 100 x50 / 50 x50 micronsGlass nIntroduced into Automotive in late 1990snBeads小珠nChips 小块nFlakes 小片nTiO2 CoatednSilver CoatednMetal CoatedGlassnBeads and Chips do not generally have an esthetically valuable effect 美观效果nFlakes can show strong effectsnTi

30、O2-coated flake too large for automotive applicationnSilver and Metal-Coated show most potentialGlassnCharacteristics of Glass FlakesnVery thinnVery bright mirror-like sparkle 镜面式的明亮闪光nParticle Size DistributionGlassOrganic pigments有机颜料有机颜料nSelective absorption/reflection based on a specific chromop

31、hore： 发色基团吸收和反射发色基团吸收和反射nOrganic structure, including auxochrome 有机结构和助色基团有机结构和助色基团nCrystalline structure 晶形结构晶形结构nParticle size and shape 颗粒大小和形状颗粒大小和形状 nSurface effects 表面效果表面效果(These properties all also affect rheology, durability, and other paint properties)Crystal Chemistry 晶体化学晶体化学nModificatio

32、ns 多晶形多晶形nSeveral pigments exist in polymorphic forms 有些颜料存在多晶形结构有些颜料存在多晶形结构nAffects properties/color 影响颜色性质影响颜色性质nPhthalocyanine 酞菁蓝酞菁蓝nalpha=reddish blue nBeta=greenish bluenQuinacridonenBeta=VioletnGamma=RedGeneral effects of particle size颜料颗粒与效果关系颜料颗粒与效果关系nLarger Opacity 不透明性不透明性 Lightfastness 耐

33、光性耐光性 Chemical resistance 耐化学性耐化学性 Dispersability 分散性分散性 Better rheology in dispersed systems 良好的流变性良好的流变性nSmaller Transparency 透明性透明性 Higher tinctorial strength 好的着色性好的着色性Organic Pigment Manufacture 有机颜料的合成工艺有机颜料的合成工艺TypicalnOrganic syntheses to produce basic molecule (crude pigment). 有机合成成原始颜料分子有机

34、合成成原始颜料分子nRefinement of crystal type and size, particle shape, and purity. 精化晶体形状大小纯度精化晶体形状大小纯度 nSurface treatment 表面处理表面处理nIsolation of pigment from aqueous slurry (filtered to about 40% pigment) 从水料浆中分离从水料浆中分离nDrying, packaging 干燥包装干燥包装Organic Colors RednQuinacridones 二羟基喹啉并二羟基喹啉并吖吖啶啶nPerylenes二萘嵌

35、苯二萘嵌苯 nDiketo Pyrrolopyrroles (DPP) 二酮吡咯并吡咯二酮吡咯并吡咯nSolid Solutions (DPP/Quinacridones) nNaphthols 萘酚大红粉萘酚大红粉nAnthraquinones 蒽醌蒽醌Quinacridone 二羟基喹啉并二羟基喹啉并吖吖啶啶nVersatile pigment in red to violet family 广泛应用的颜料广泛应用的颜料nGood to excellent Durability 耐候性好耐候性好nGood Chemical Resistance/Stability 良好的耐化性良好的耐化性

36、 nRange of hues and Transparency 广泛的色调和透明性广泛的色调和透明性nDurability derived from amount of hydrogen bonding occurring between molecules across the carbonyl (-C=O) and imino (-N-H) ring atoms 分子间羰基和亚氨基产生氢键的数目决定耐候性的好坏分子间羰基和亚氨基产生氢键的数目决定耐候性的好坏NHNHOOQuinacridones of interest喹吖（二）酮喹吖（二）酮“Linear trans-quinacrid

37、one,” showing proposed inter-molecular hydrogen bonding.线形排布喹吖二酮氢键线形排布喹吖二酮氢键PV19 Ciba（PP-26-5792): unsubstituted -quinacridone red shade 非取代的非取代的喹吖二酮喹吖二酮-红相红相unsubstituted -quinacridone blue shade 非取代的非取代的喹吖二酮喹吖二酮-兰相兰相PR122Clariant( PP-33-4021): mixed-phase di-methyl magentaPR202( PP-54-3502): mixed

38、-phase di-chloro blue shade在在PPG Web 上，共有上，共有169 种种颜色：390-813, 390-817, 390-818, 390-814, 390-820 Perylene 二萘嵌苯二萘嵌苯 Character : 特点nHigh Tint Strength 强的着色力强的着色力 nHigh Transparency 透明型高透明型高nNovel Styling Effects w/ Flakes 和珠光粉和珠光粉/铝粉一起能有很惹眼的效果铝粉一起能有很惹眼的效果nExcellent Durability(Resistance to fade) 良好的耐

39、候性良好的耐候性nGood Rheology 具有良好的流变性具有良好的流变性Perylene 二萘嵌苯二萘嵌苯 66 种在种在PPG web 上上PR-66-3453 PR-69-7343PP-96-7263PRG-9593PR-19-4606 PR 179 ( PR-89-8036) 390-330 是汽车漆上使用较为广泛的颜料是汽车漆上使用较为广泛的颜料 DPP 二酮吡咯并吡咯nGood Durability 良好的耐候性良好的耐候性nRange of red hues and transparency 宽红相和透明性宽红相和透明性nHigh Saturation 颜色饱和度好颜色饱和度好nChemical Resistance 耐化学性好耐化学性好nSeveral Derivatives (properties vary) 有许多产品分支有许多产品分支DPP二酮吡咯并吡咯 二酮吡咯并吡咯二酮吡咯并吡咯 PR 254 ( DPP BO ):PR-56-8759390-328 PRZ-9461 9075-R9461Chromatic red in opaque particle si