英汉对照逻辑学术语表

1、英汉对照逻辑学术语表（部分）英文屮文abductive reas oning溯因推理abstract sentence抽象语句acceptability可接受性alethic logic真势模态逻辑；真值模态逻辑；客观逻辑all所有ambiguity of term语词歧义an alog类比物an alogical model类比模式an alogous justificati on类比论证an alytic stateme nt分析陈述an tecede nt前件anti syllogism反三段论an ti-dilemma反二难推理argume nt by metaphor喻证法argum

2、e nt/dem on strati on论证argume ntati on论辩argume ntative reas oning论辩推理argume ntum ad baculum诉诸暴力argume ntum ad hominem诉诸个人argume ntum ad ignoron tiam诉诸无知argume ntum ad judicium诉诸感情argume ntum ad misericordiam诉诸怜悯argume ntum ad pers onam人身攻击argume ntum ad populum诉诸公众argume ntum ad van itatem诉诸奉承argume

3、 ntum ad verec un diam诉诸权威artificicial la nguage人工语言assig nment指派attribute属性basic sema ntic in terpretatio ns基本语义解释being proper in clusi on真包含于关系belief logic相信逻辑bivale nt prin ciple二值原则bound variable约束变兀broad con text广义语境bund occurre nee of variable变元的约束出现bund variable约束变兀case-based reas inindCBR)范例

4、推理categorical propositi on直言（性质）命题causal reas oning因果推理circle in defi niti on循环定义circuit diagram； electric电路图circulus in dem on stra ndo循环论证classificati on分类央文中文collective集合体collective term集体词项com mon attribute共有属性com mon name通名compatibility相容关系complete in duct ion完全归纳推理complete ness theorem完全性定理com

5、po und con cept复合概念compo und propositi on复合命题con cept/ con cepti on概念Con cepti on； ideas观念con clusi on结论con diti onal propositi onal hypothetical propositi on充分条件假言命题Confirmation; verification证实conj unct联言（合取）支conj unction合取/合取式conj unctive propositi on联言（合取）命题conn ective联项consensus共识consequent后件con

6、 siste ncy协调性con struct ion建构conten t/materal of thi nki ng思维内容（材料）con text语境con tradictio in adiecto自相矛盾con tradicti on矛盾关系con trariety反对关系conversion换位法cooperrative prin ciple合作原则copula定义联项copula定义联项corroborati on确证corroborati on确证crucial evide nee判决性证据crucial experime nts判决性试验de dicto modality从言的模

7、态de re modality从物的模态deductive argume nt/deductive proof演绎论证deductive logic演绎逻辑deductive-nom ological model定律覆盖的演绎模型defe nses辩护defi nien dum被定义项defi niens定义项defi nitio fit per genus proximum et differe ntiam specificam属加种差疋义defi nitio ；defffi nitio下定义defi niti on定义defi niti on is too n arrow定义过窄defi

8、niti on is too wide定义过宽definition per genus et differerntiam属加种差疋义央文中文deon tic logic道义逻辑derivation； entailment推导derived rule of inference导出规则descripti on摹状词descriptive stateme nt描述陈述desig nati on所指dialectical reas oning辩证推理dichotomy二分法differe ntia种差differe ntia specifica种差dilemma二难推理direct argume nt

9、:直接论证direct refutatio n直接反驳disjunct选言（析取）支disj un ctio n析取/析取式disjun ctive proof method:淘汰法disjun ctive propositi on选言命题disproof method反证法disti nctio区别disti nctive attribute:特有属性distributi on：周延性divisio n:划分domain of individuals个体域elim in ati on proof:排除法en thememe省略三段论enumerate particularize列举epist

10、emic logic认知逻辑equivocati on混淆概念equivocati on偷换概念Euler s diagram欧拉图evaluative stateme nt评价陈述example ; cit ing举例exclusi on:不相容关系（全异关系）exclusive disjun ctive propositi on不相容的选言命题existe ntial propositi on:特称（存在）命题existential quantifierP存在量词exte nti on of term:词项的外延exte nti onal con text外延语境exte nti on a

11、l logic:外延逻辑factual eleme nts事实因素factual judgme nt事实判断fallacia con seque ntis虚假推断fallacia non causae ut causae误推原因fallacy谬误fallacy of compositi on:合谬fallacy of divisio n分谬falser 假falsificati on证伪/否证figures of syllogism:三段论的格央文中文fin di ng判决，裁决first-order logic一阶逻辑first-order predicate logic（一阶）谓词逻辑Fo

12、rbid; forbiddon禁止forbidde n propositi on禁止命题forecast of scie nee科学预测form of inference推理形式form/structure of thinking思维形式（结构）formal deduct ion with premise有前提的形式推演formal fallacy形式谬误formal implicati on形式蕴涵formal la nguage形式语言formal reas oning形式推理formation rule形成规则formation rules形成规则formula公式fortiori当然推

13、论foun dati onal rules of syllogism三段论的基本规则free occurre nee of variable变元的自由出现free variable自由变元functional defi niti on功用定义fun dame ntum divisi onis划分的根据gen eral term普遍词项gen eralizati on of term词项的概括gen eralized modal广义模态逻辑gen etic defi niti on发生定义genus属genus属概念hasty gen eralizati on轻率概括hasty gen eral

14、izati on以偏概全hasty in duct ion轻率归纳high-order logic高阶逻辑Humes problem休谟问题hypothesis of scie nee科学假说hypothesis of work工作假说hypothetical propositi on假言命题hypothetical syllogism假言三段论hypothetico-deductive method假说-演绎法ide ntity全同关系igno ratio ele nchi偷换论题；转移论题illocutio nary acts语旨行为implicatio n蕴涵/蕴涵式implicatur

15、e隐涵in clusive disjun ctive propositi on相容的选言命题in complete in duct ion不完全归纳推理in depe ndent独立（关系）in depe ndent proof独立证明in direct argume nt间接论证in direct proof反证法央文中文in direct refutati on间接反驳in dividual个体词in dividual con sta nt个体常项in dividual variable个体变元in ductive inference归纳推理in ductive justificati o

16、n归纳论证in ductive logi inference归纳逻辑in ductive method归纳方法in ductive support归纳支持in ductive-statistical model归纳一统计模式inference推论inference by an alogy类比推理in formal fallacy非形式谬误in sta nces实例in sta ntiati on例示in tegrati on整合intention of term词项的内涵inten ti onal con text内涵语境inten ti on al logic内涵逻辑in terpretat

17、ed term被解释项in terpretati on of scie nee科学解释in terpretative term解释项in tersect ion交叉关系in verse implicati on反若则命题in verse implicati on反蕴涵in verse implicati on逆蕴涵in versio n戾换法irrelevee nt dialectic不相干的论辩judgme nt判断Judicial Reas oning司法推理；审判推理judicial subsumpti on司法归类Judicial syllogism司法三段论justificati o

18、n正当性论证ki nd-term类名kno wledge logic知道逻辑Ian guage语言Ian guage expressi on语言表达式law of con tradict ion矛盾律law of excluded middle排中律law of iden tity同一律law of sufficie nt reas on充足理由律legal con cept法律概念Legal Logic法律逻辑学limitatio n of term词项的限制locutio nary acts语谓行为logic of scie nee科学逻辑logical conn ective逻辑联结词m

19、ain conn ectives主联结词sec on dary conn ective从联结词央文中文logical con sta nt逻辑常项logical fallacy逻辑谬误logical positivism or logical empiricism逻辑实证主义logical square逻辑方阵logical truism逻辑的真logical truism逻辑的真命题logical variable逻辑变项major term大项manner maxim方式准则many questi ons复杂问语many quetio ns复杂问语materal fallacy实质谬误ma

20、terial implicati on实质蕴涵material implicati onal propositi on实质蕴涵命题material reas oning实质推理meaning of Ian guage expressi on语言表达式的意义mecha nical an alogy机械类比membra divide ntia子项meta-la nguage兀语言method of an alysis分析法method of comparis on比较法method of experime nt实验方法method of observati on观察方法method of syn

21、thesis综合法middle term中项Mill s methods弥尔方法minor term小项Minus propositi on负命题modal logic模态逻辑modal propositi on模态命题modality模态词mode of argume nt论证方式model模型moder n in ductive logic现代归纳逻辑modus ponendo tolle ns肯定否定式modus ponens冃疋前件式modus tolle ndo ponens否定肯定式modus tolle ns否定后件式moods of syllogism三段论的式mothed o

22、f scie nee科学方法Must必须Obligati on义务mutual implicati on互蕴涵n arrow con text狭义语境n-ary predicaten元谓词n atural defi niti on性质定义n atural la nguage自然语言n ecessary con diti onal hypothetical propositi on必要条件假言命题n egative term负词项央文中文nominal defi niti on名义定义non sequitur推不出Non-Cog nitivism不可知论non-collective term非集

23、体词项no rmative logic规范逻辑no rmative propositi on规范命题n ull doma in空域n ull term空词项object对象object Ian guage对象语言obligatory propositi on必须命题obvers ion换质法opaque con text晦暗语境ope n sentence开语句Oppositi on对当关系orderi ng序列ostensive definition实指定义other in duct ion其他归纳推理ought to be实然paradigm范式parallel connection并联p

24、arole/speech言语particular affirmative propositi on特称冃疋命题particular n egative propositi on特称否定命题partiti on分解perloct ionary acts语效行为Permissi on允许permitted propositi on允许命题petitio rin cipii预期理由physical truism事实的真（物理的真）physical truism事实的真命题polytomy多分法positive term正词项possible world sema ntics可能世界语义学post h

25、oc ergo propter hoc在此之后，因此之故post hoc ergo proter hoc以先后为因果pragmatic con text语用语境pragmatic inference语用推理pragmatic logic语用逻辑pragmatics语用学predicate谓词；谓项predicate logic谓词逻辑premise前提presuppositi on预设primitive symbol初始符号probabitical inference概率归纳推理pronun ciati onal ambiguity语音歧义proof真实性论证proper in clusi o

26、n真包含关系央文中文proper n ame专名propositi on命题propositi onal attitudes命题态度propositi onal form命题形式propositi onal function命题函项propositi onal logic命题逻辑provable equivale nee可证等价关系qua nlity maxim质准则qua ntifier量词qua ntifier量项qua ntity maxim量准则quater nio term inorum四名词range变域Ratio Decide ndi判决理由Rati on ality合理性rea

27、l defi niti on实质定义reason； evidenee warrant论据reas oning推理redectio ad absurdum归谬法reduct ion to absurdity归谬法abduct ion回溯、溯因reduct ion约简，归结reductive inference reduct ion还原推理in ductive stre ngth归纳强度refutati on/rebut反驳relati on betwee n species and genus属种关系relati on of inference推出关系relational definition关

28、系定义relati ons of among exte nsion词项外延的关系releva nt maxim关系准则rule of conj unction elim in ati on合取消去规则rule of conj unction in troduct ion合取引入规则rule of disjun cti on elim in ati on析取消去规则rule of disjun cti on in troduct ion析取引入规则rule of implicatio n elim in ati on蕴涵消去规则rule of implicati on in troduct io

29、n蕴涵引入规则rule of inference推导规则rule of negation elimination否定消去规则rule of provable equivale nee可证等价置换规则rules of defi niti on定义规则rules of divisio n划分的规则rules of every figures of syllogism三段论各格的规则saltus in con clude ndo草率论证satisfiability可满足性scope of qua ntifier量词的辖域see un dum quid混淆一般和特殊self-evide nt prin

30、 cile不证自明的原则sema ntic con seque nee语义后承sema ntic con text语义语境央文中文sema ntic inference语义推出关系sema ntic in terpretati on语义解释sema ntics语义学semiotics符号学sentence句子；语句series connection串联shut sentence闭语句sig n; symbol符号sig ni fica nee意谓simple con cept简单概念simple propositi on简单命题sin gular propositi on单称命题sin gul

31、ar term单独词项some有的sophism诡辩soundn ess theorem可靠性定理species种square of oppositi on对当方阵stateme nt陈述statistical inference统计归纳推理strict implicati on严格蕴涵subalter n oppositi on差等关系subc on trary oppositi on反对关系subc on trary oppositi on下反对关系subformula子公式subject主项subpropositi on支命题subsumpti on归类sufficie nt and n

32、 ecessary con diti onal hypothetical propositi on充要条件假言命题syllogism三段论symbol stri ng符号串syn tactic ambiguity语法歧义syn tactical con seque nee语法后承syn tactical inference语法推出关系syn tax句法学syn tax语形学（语法学）syn thetic stateme nt综合陈述tak ing the relative as absolute以相对为绝对target标的物tautological implicati on重言蕴涵式tauto

33、logy同语反复tense logic时态逻辑term词项；项the disagreeme nt in attitudes态度分歧the disagreement in beliefs信念分歧the joint method of agreeme nt and differe nee求同求异并用法the method in search ing of causal connections求因果联系的方法the method of agreeme nt求同法the method of con comita nt variati ons共变法央文中文the method of differe ne

34、e求异法the method of residus剩余法the simple enu merati on简单枚举归纳推理theory of speech act言语行为理论thesis; topic; claim论题th in ki ng思维thought思想to be应然totem divisum母项traditi onal in ductive logic传统归纳逻辑traditi onal term logic传统词项逻辑tran situs a dicto sec un dum quid ad dictum simpliciter以相对为绝对tran spare nt con text

35、显透语境tran spositi on假言易位推理true真truth con diti onal sema ntics真值条件语义学truth fun cti on真值函数truth operati on真值运算truth value真值truth-preservati on保真性truth-value assig nment真值指派truth-value of propositi on命题的真值truth-value table真值表truth-value valuati on真值赋值two-place predicate二元谓词type of thinkin g/form of thin

36、king思维形态un acceptable不可接受的unary predicate/on e-place predicate一兀谓词uni versal affirmative propositi on全称冃疋命题uni versal doma in全域uni versal n egative propositi on全称否定命题uni versal propositi on全称命题uni versal qua ntifie全称量词uni verse of discourse论域uttere nee话语utterly differe nt全异关系validity有效性validity of inference推理的有效性valuatio n赋值value eleme nts价值因素value judgme nt价值判断varialble变项（变元）verbal defi niti on词语定义verbal