违反合作原则的20个samples

1、合作原则共包含四大准则， 其下又分为若干小则， 格莱斯曾指出， 反语(irony )、隐喻(metaphor)、夸张(hyperbole )和缓叙( meiosis ) 都会最终导致合作原则的违反现象，现根据四大准则进行举例分析。合作原则 Cooperative Principle(一)量的准则 Maxim of Quantity(1) 所 说 之 话 应 包 含 交 谈 目 的 所 需 要 的 信 息 。 Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange

2、；(2) 所说之话不应包含超出需要的信息。 Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.For example,1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comesin.Max: What? I am going to meet your kid?Earl: Well, one of them.Max: “ One of them? ” How many do you have?Earl: So far?Max: Oh, Earl, I love

3、you.Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I m thinking of.(From Bankruptcy Sisters )Analyze: This is a scene ofBankruptcy Sisters , Earl onlytold he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn t sayclearly if Max wo

4、uld meet his son together, thats why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered “ So far? ” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message“ ifhe is the one I m thinking of. ” Because of the hiatus or the redundan

5、cy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father?Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk.(FromBankruptcySisters )Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline as

6、ked if the man came into the cafe was Maxs father, Max answer “Yes” but add one more sentence “ And my mother is piece of chalk.” which indicated the man was not Max sfather at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker s rea

7、l meaning and humor.3. 柳小姐之夫：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我？柳小姐： 我干嘛要打你啊？你又没做错事。 如果我要真的 打你的话，一定就是你做错事了。从现在开始，你只许疼我一个人， 要宠我，不能骗我，答应我的每一件事情都要做到，对我讲的每一句 话都要真心，不许欺负我、骂我，要相信我。别人欺负我，你要在第 一时间出来帮我，我开心呢，你要陪着我开心；我不开心呢，你要哄 我开心。永远觉得我是最漂亮的，梦里面也要见到我，在你的心里只 有我！就是这样喽！（出自电影河东狮吼）Analyze: In this conversation, had obeyed the maxim of

8、quantity, the content of her answer was over the question requests. However, the extra message of her answer shows the true requirements of , also makes the audiences realize spersonality.4. A tourist hailed a bus at a request stop and asked the conductor, “What s the fare to Regent s Park? ”“ 5 pen

9、ce, ” said the conductor.The tourist didn t get on the bus, but instead ran along behind it after it pulled away. As he met the bus again at the next stop, he panted,“What s the fare to Regents Parknow?”“ 10 pence, ” said the conductor,“You re running the wrongway.”Analyze: In this funny story, the

10、tourist was a niggard, tried to save money by running after bus and shorting the distance to his destination. At first, he asked the fare to his destination and was told“5 pence ” ; but after he ran tiredout and asked again, then was told the fare had risen and heran the wrong direction of his desti

11、nation. It s ascribed tothe first time, the conductor did not tell detailsto thetourist, brought a misunderstanding to the tourist and thereaders: as the tourist ran more that he could saved more money.Hence, the hiatus of the conversation makes a misunderstanding, the conductor obeyed the maxim of

12、quantity, deceived the stingy tourist by omitting necessary information advisedly.5. Liz: Jon, there s something important I need to ask you.Something that I wouldn t ask most guys who come in here.Jon: Wait, no! I think I know where this is going.Liz: You do?Jon: I do. Liz, I ve wanted to ask you t

13、he same thingfor a very long time.Liz: Are you sure that we re talking about the samething?Jon: Absolutely. Yeah, uh, I ve never been more sureof anything in my entire life.Jon: Liz, I am ready to take a chance. I am ready for.Liz: Thank you.Jon: A dog! A dog! I m ready for a dog.(from movie Garfiel

14、d )Analyze: In above conversation, Liz only said she had something to ask Jon but didn t clear the details of it. AndJon was impatient to listen till the end, and then said he knew the content of that “something ” . Until Liz held a dog needed to be adopted came out, Jon realized he had misunderstoo

15、d.Apparently, Jon didn t get enough information from Liz, so he misunderstood her and violated the maxim of quantity accidentally, which makes this talk dramatically.( 二)质原则( Maxim of Quantity):(1) 不要说自知虚假的话。 Do not say what you believe to be false(2) 不要说证据不足的话。 Do not say that for which you lack ad

16、equate evidence.For examples:1. The following is an AD:Feeding Your Body and Starving Your Hair?Aussie Hair insurance is a leave- in, multi-vitam in and mineral conditioning hair supplement that can nourish your hair from within.If your hair is dry, frizzy or unmanageable., maybeit s just hungry!Ana

17、lyze: The slogan“ Starving ” of the AD usually used todescribing humans aspiration of food. However, this AD used the word to describe hair was obeyed the maxim of quality, giving the obvious fake information to people to attract them, by this, this violation becomes meaningful.2. The following is a

18、n AD:Sophisticated,Sweet-to-drink Pink LadyAnalyze: This AD slogan created a metaphor by obeying the maxim of quality. “Pink Lady” is a brand of deluxe wine, the word “ Sophisticated ” means superior. But “Sophisticated ” generally uses to embellishing a person but other things, so it breaks the max

19、im of quality indeed. On the other hand, “ Pink Lady” also means beautiful lady, so that the using of “ Sophisticated ”was reasonable; and yet the“ Sweet-to-drink ” would violate the maxim of quality. Due to these twofold violations, this ADs hows a very different sense: if we compare the wine to be

20、autiful lady, that would be fairyand elegant. The AD mixed them up, thereby appealing readersto dreaming about this wine brand. Though it violates the maxim of quality, it wins the attention of costumers.3. The following is a slogan in a shoes shop:A room for 5 toesAnalyze: The slogan is a great par

21、allelism. Roomsa re the space for people doing activities, and shoes are the space for toes to stay, that is the similarity of these two. By this similarity, readers can easily understand the meaning of the slogan; moreover, rooms give people the impression about comfortable and safe, so the shoes d

22、o. Thus, readers associate from the rooms to the shoes both are shelters, then deep into their similarity both giving protection. With the desire of be protected, people will be willing to buy the shoes. If changes the “ room” to “box” or “pot ”, readers can understand the meaning too, but it cannot

23、 create a emotional association to be a successful metaphor, which only break the maxim of quality but not to be a good AD.4. 韦小宝：各位观众，谢谢各位凑得这么近、站得这么直听我说书， 真是太给面子啦。 今天要说的人物就是天地会的总舵主陈近南， 所谓 平生不见陈近南，便称英雄也枉然。他身高八尺，腰围也是八尺。众人：哇！那岂不是四方了吗？韦小宝：四方就四方，一样米养百样人，八角形的都有。我告 诉你！他武功的名堂呢，称之为“九天十地菩萨摇头怕怕霹雳金光雷 电掌”！一掌打出，

24、方圆百里之内，不论人畜、虾蟹、跳蚤，全部化 成了飞灰啊！（出自电影鹿鼎记）Analyze: According the maxim of quality, Wei should answer the question honestly based the truth but his own imagination. With this hyperbole expression, Wei attracted peoples attentionresourcefully, although he violated the maxim of quality.5. During the height

25、of a particularly severe air-raid inLondon in 1940, the staff of a large building was taking shelter in the basement. The raid had been on progress for several hours and bombs were still falling. Suddenly one of the typists said to her friend,“come on, Gladys, I m not stopping here anylonger. It s 5

26、 o clock. Its time to go home, raid or not raid.Out they went but within a couple of minutes they were back again.“ Change your mind? ” asked one of the other typists.“Yes, ” said the first girl.“Weve no umbrella and it spouring with rain outside. ”Analyze: These two girls in this story could not st

27、and the endless air-raid and stayed at the basement any longer, and one of them decided to go home, no matter the air-raid end or not.Maybe we will think that girl is a brave one, however, she backed, said because of she had no umbrella and outside were rain pouring that could not leave. The ending

28、of this story is really ironical, the girl is so brave that can ignore the death, but stopping by the rain; the huge contrast of that girl s images has produced a clownish reaction. The reason the story can produce a clownish reaction is it ignoring the dangerous conception but emphasizing the negli

29、gible things (raining), which violates the maxim of quality.( 三)关系原则( Maxim of Relation )：要有关联，要切合题。Be relevant, and connecting to the theme.For examples:1. Scene: Max was serving the customerMax: Hi, ready to order?Customer: Do you have anything that s real special?Max:Not according my high school

30、guidance counselor.(From BankruptcySisters )Analyze: Max is asking if the customer ready to order food, and the customer wants to know if the restaurant has any special dish. Whats for fun, Max misinterprets the meaning purposely to violate the maxim of relation, and helps the audiences realize the

31、funny point.2. Two rather deaf old gentlemen were traveling on the underground. As the train drew into WembleyS tation, one of them shouted,“ Is this Wembley? ”“ No,” shouted the other,“it s Thursday! ”“ What did you say? ”“ Thursday Thursday! ”Yes, so am I, shall we get off here and have a drink? A

32、nalyze: From the above conversation we know that those two old gentlemen are both deaf, so they cannot hear each other clearly. One of them asked if there was the Wembley Station, another heard as if today was Wednesday ， because the pronunciation of “Wembley”are close to “Wednesda”y . Then the one

33、who answered “ Thursday” had repeated his answer over and over again, made the first one of them thought that man was thirsty, so he suggested to get off to have a drink. In this joke, both of them are replying irrelevant information and violating the maxim of relation, with this result to make read

34、ers laugh.3. Jamal Malik: “Come run with me. ”Latika:“ Run? Where? Life of what? ”(From movie Slumdog Millionaire )Analyze: For Jamals ask, Latika should be only answer “ Yes, I ll run with you. ” or “ No, I wont run with you. ” Instead of these two appropriate answers, Latika replied irrelevantly t

35、hat violating the maxim of relation.4. Luca: You re on the wrong side of the street, fat cat. Beat it!Garfield: And you, Luca, the wrong side of the evolutionarycurve.(from movie Garfield )Analyze: The conversation between Garfield and dog Luca, the greedy cat Garfield wanted to steal the cake from

36、Lucashome. When Luca warned Garfield shouldnt come across thestreet (on the wrong side of the street), and Garfield replied him that he was on the wrong side of evolutionary curve. Garfield did not tell the reason why he came the other side of the street but say Luca is the failure of evolutionary c

37、urve, which satirize Luca is ugly. The jape comes from the violation of the maxim of relation.5. Jon: What am I gonna do with you?Garfield: Love me. Feed me. Never leave me.Jon: Come on. Let s go for a ride to some place youlove.(from movie Garfield )Analyze: This talk happened after Garfield had at

38、e four boxes of spaghetti which should be Jons. In order to punish Garfield,Jon asked how should he treat Garfield as the cat had ate his spaghetti; what s unexpected, Garfield didnt say sorry toJon but something irrelevant about his greedy act. As the reply of Garfield violates the maxim of relatio

39、n has amused the audiences .（四 ）方 式原 则 （ Maxim of Manner） ： 要 清楚明 白 。 The conversation should be clear and reasonable.（1）避免晦涩。 Avoiding obscurity .（2）避免歧义。 Avoiding ambiguity.（3）简明扼要，井井有条。 Be brief （ avoid unnecessaryprolixity）, and be orderly.For examples:1. Jenny: Are you stupid or something?Forre

40、st: Mamma says that stupid is as stupid does.（from ForrestGum）pAnalyze: According the maxim of manner, the content of thes reply isanswer should be clear and precise, but Forrest ambiguous and vague, so he breaks the maxim of manner.2. Max: What? No way. No way. Is this Narnia? I m about tosay somet

41、hing I swore I d never say. “ Again It s lame, but nothing else really nails it. This is the room that born for.Caroline: Max, it s just my closet.(from BankruptcySisters )Analyze: Max compares Caroline s closet as Narnia, to express her surprise that her never saw such luxury room and closet before

42、, just like being in the Heaven, and says “on, my god” repeatedly as “ Though it violates the maxim of manner, it does make the audience laughing.3. Garfield: This is exactly what I deserve anyway. I promise if I survive, I ll never compete with a dog again. Okay! You got me! But before I say goodbye.Oh, isn t it the final irony?(from movie