Unit 5Wastewater Collection

1、 Unit 5 Wastewater Collection and Sewerage System DesignImportant Words and Expressions prerequisite pri:rekwzit n. 先决条件先决条件, 前提 adj.作为前提的, 必备的 infiltration infiltrein n. 渗透; 浸润物; 渗透物; 渗透活动 institutional institju:nl adj. 公共团体的公共团体的,机构的, 学会的 GLUMRB 全称为 GREAT LAKES - UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BOARD 密西西比

2、河上游保护委员会 manufacturing mnjufktri n. 制造制造; 产品; 制造业v. 制造, 加工; 粗制滥造; 捏 造; 制造 per capita 每人 demographic demrfik adj. 人口统计学的 wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) 污水处理厂 depletion dipli:n n. 消耗消耗; 用尽 advocacy dvksi n. 拥护拥护; 提倡; 鼓吹 interdependency intdipendnsi n. 互相依赖互相依赖 aesthetics i:setiks n. 美学美学, 审美学审美学 im

3、pervious imp:vis adj. 不能渗透的不能渗透的, 不为所动的 exfiltration eksfiltrein n. 漏出漏出,渗漏渗漏,逃出敌军阵地 watertight w:ttait adj. 不漏水的, 无懈可击的 nitrification naitrfikein n. 氮化合, 氮饱和, 硝化作用 denitrification di:naitrifikein n. 脱氮作用, 反硝化作用 adverse dv:s adj. 不利的, 逆向的, 有害的 faecal fi:kl adj. 排泄物的, 渣滓的=fecal conjunction kndkn n. 结

4、合, 关联,连词, (事件等的)同时发生 Text Wastewater may be classified into the following components: Domestic or sanitary wastewater. Wastewater discharged from residences, commercial (e.g., banks, restaurants, retail stores), and institutional facilities (e.g., schools and hospitals). Industrial wastewater. Waste

5、water discharged from industries (e.g., manufacturing and chemical processes). 废水可以被分成以下几部分：废水可以被分成以下几部分：家庭或卫生废水家庭或卫生废水：废水由住宅，商业的（如：银行，：废水由住宅，商业的（如：银行，饭店，零售商店）以及公共的设施（如：学校和医饭店，零售商店）以及公共的设施（如：学校和医院）排除。院）排除。工业废水工业废水：工业排出废水（如：制造业和化学工艺）：工业排出废水（如：制造业和化学工艺） Infiltration and inflow. Water that enters the s

6、ewer system from groundwater infiltration，storm water that enters from roof drains, foundation drains, and submerged manholes. Storm water. Runoff from rainfall and snow melt. 渗滤和内流：渗滤和内流：水从地下渗透进入污水管道系统，雨水从地下渗透进入污水管道系统，雨水从屋顶排水系统进入下水道、地基排水，淹没水从屋顶排水系统进入下水道、地基排水，淹没人孔人孔 。雨水：降雨和融雪形成的径流。雨水：降雨和融雪形成的径流。 Wat

7、er consumption and wastewater production change with the seasons, the days of the week, and the hours of the day. Fluctuations are greater in small communities than in large communities, and during short rather than long periods of time.1 耗水量和废水的产生随时间变化（季节，一周的每耗水量和废水的产生随时间变化（季节，一周的每一天，一天的每个小时）。在小的社区

8、中，（水的耗一天，一天的每个小时）。在小的社区中，（水的耗用和污水产生量的）用和污水产生量的）波动变化波动变化要大于大的社区，且短要大于大的社区，且短时间内时间内 大于长时间。大于长时间。 Industrial wastewaters can pose serious hazards to municipal systems because the collection and treatment systems have not been designed to carry or treat them. The wastes can damage sewers and interfere w

9、ith the operation of treatment plants. They may pass through the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) untreated or they may concentrate in the sludge, rendering it a hazardous waste.2 工业废水工业废水对对市政系统能市政系统能造成造成严重危害，因为收集和处严重危害，因为收集和处理系统没有被设计用来运送或处理它们。废物能够损理系统没有被设计用来运送或处理它们。废物能够损坏污水管道和干扰污水处理厂的运行。坏污水管道和干扰污水

10、处理厂的运行。 它们（工业污水）可能会通过污水处理厂但未被处它们（工业污水）可能会通过污水处理厂但未被处理直接被排放，或者在污泥里浓缩，成为危险废物理直接被排放，或者在污泥里浓缩，成为危险废物 The depletion and degradation of urban water resources recently has led to the advocacy of a sustainable urban water system, characterized by lower water consumption, preservation of natural drainage, re

11、duced generation of wastewater through water conservation and reuse, advanced water pollution control, and preservation and/or enhancement of the receiving water ecosystem. 最近城市水资源的枯竭和退化枯竭和退化导致了城市可持续水系统的倡导倡导，城市可持续水系统具有具有以降低用水量，保持自然排水，通过水资源保护和再利用减少废水的产生，先进的水污染控制、保护和/或增强接纳水生态系统等等的特点的特点。 Basic elements

12、 of the urban water system are shown in Figures 5.1.a and 5.l.b Three major water pollution control components are identified; urban drainage (conveying both surface runoff and municipal wastewaters), sewage treatment plants, and the receiving waters. The interdependency and connectivity among these

13、 components are shown by arrows indicating hydraulic transport by either gravity or pumping. 城市水系统的基本要素如在图5.1.a和5.l.b所示。三种主要水污染控制成分被确定；城市排水系统（输送地表径流和市政废水），污水处理厂以及接纳水体接纳水体。 这些组件之间的相互依存和连接如箭头所示，指示要么由重力要么由泵进行水利水利运输运输。 For simplicity, only the major pathways of flow and pollutants are shown. Other trans

14、port modes, such as the mechanical removal of solids or sludge from various elements of the system, have been omitted. Urban drainage is provided for prevention of flooding, reduced inconvenience due to surface water ponding, alleviation of health hazards, and improved aesthetics3 为了简单起见，只显示水流和污染物的主

15、要途径。其他运输方式，如机械去除系统中固体或污泥的各种元素，已经省略了。 城市的排水系统用来防止内涝，减少由于地面汇集成水塘带来的不便，减少了对人类健康的危害，改善了观感观感。 Figure 5.1 Separate and Combined Sewer Systems During the past century, two types of urban drainage systems have evolved - combined (Figure 5.l.a) and separate (Figure 5.1.b). The combined system conveys both su

16、rface runoff and municipal wastewaters in a single pipe. 在过去的一个世纪，两种类型的城市排水系统已经发展到合流式（图5.1.a）和分流式（图5.1.b）。合流式系统在一个单一的管道中既输送地表径流也输送城市污水。 In dry weather, the flow is transported to the sewage treatment plant and treated. In wet weather, as the runoff inflow into the combined sewers increases, the capa

17、city of the collection system and of the treatment plant is exceeded and the excess flows are allowed to escape from the collection system into the receiving waters in the form of the so-called combined sewer overflows (CSOs). 在干燥的天气在干燥的天气，水流被输送到污水处理厂进行处理。在潮湿的天气在潮湿的天气，流入合流式下水道的径流增加，系统的采集和处理的容量超载，过量的

18、水流可以溢出收集系统进入接纳水体接纳水体，以所谓的合流式溢流污水合流式溢流污水的形式。 In the separate sewer system, surface runoff is transported by storm sewers and discharged into the receiving waters, and municipal wastewaters are transported by sanitary sewers to the sewage treatment plant and treated prior to discharge into the receivi

19、ng waters. Both drainage systems exist in many variations. Interactions among catchments, drainage, sewers, sewage treatment plants, and the receiving waters are shown in Figures 5.l.a and 5.l.b. 在分流式污水管道系统，地表径流地表径流是通过雨水管道雨水管道运输，排入接纳水体接纳水体，在排入接纳水体之前市政污水由卫生管道输送到污水处理厂处理。两个排水系统存在于许多变化中。相互作用的集水，排水，下水道，污

20、水处理厂以及接相互作用的集水，排水，下水道，污水处理厂以及接纳水体如图纳水体如图5.l.a和和5.l.b所示。所示。 The interactions between storm sewer discharge and the receiving waters are particularly strong and related to the impact of urbanization on the hydrologic cycle. During urban development, urban surfaces are covered by impervious elements su

21、ch as rooftops, streets, sidewalks and parking lots, and soils become consolidated by land use activities. 雨水管道排放与接收水体之间的相互作用相互作用是非常强烈的，涉及到涉及到城市化对水循环的影响。 在城市发展中，城市表面被不透水的元素所覆盖，在城市发展中，城市表面被不透水的元素所覆盖，如屋顶，街道，人行道和停车场，于是，在土地的利如屋顶，街道，人行道和停车场，于是，在土地的利用活动中，土壤变得更为牢固。用活动中，土壤变得更为牢固。 Consequently, natural rainf

22、all abstractions caused by vegetative canopy, depressions and infiltration into the ground are reduced and a higher proportion of rainwater is converted into direct runoff. Fast concentration of runoff on impervious surfaces, together with typical hydraulic improvements such as gutters, storm sewers

23、 and drains, result in the increased incidence and magnitude of floods. This impact is further aggravated by the straightening, deepening and lining of streams in urban areas. 因此，由植物遮蔽，地面沉陷以及渗透到地下所收集到的自然降雨自然降雨减少，并且较高比例的雨水被直接转换成径流。 不透水表面径流快速的集中和典型水利的改进，如不透水表面径流快速的集中和典型水利的改进，如排水沟，雨水管道和排水系统，导致洪水发生率和等排水

24、沟，雨水管道和排水系统，导致洪水发生率和等级的增加。在城市地区，由于河流的矫正、加深以及级的增加。在城市地区，由于河流的矫正、加深以及取直使得这种影响进一步被加重（恶化）。取直使得这种影响进一步被加重（恶化）。 Although the storm water and sewage are conveyed separately in separate systems (Figure l b), some cross-connections are hardly avoidable. Influx of municipal sewage into separate storm sewers c

25、ontributes to the pollution of storm water and the influx of storm water into sanitary sewers increases the flow rates, which may exceed the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) capacity and lead to sewage bypasses. 虽然雨水和污水是在独立的系统分别输送（图1b），但是一些交叉连接交叉连接在所难免在所难免。城市污水流入流入到单独的雨水管道促使促使雨水污染，雨水涌入到清洁下水道使得流率增加，这可能会超

26、过污水处理厂(STP)的能力，进而导致下水道疏通。 Sources of such influxes include cross-connections between the sanitary and storm sewers. There are also connections between sanitary and storm sewers and the groundwater - in the form of infiltration of groundwater (undesirably increasing flow rates), and sewer exfiltratio

27、n leading to the pollution of groundwater. In a well designed and maintained separate sewer system, the cross-connections between storm and sanitary sewers are avoided, sewers are watertight to prevent infiltration and the interactions between storm water and sewage treatment plants are thereby mini

28、mized. 这种涌入的来源包括卫生和雨水管道之间的交叉连接。这种涌入的来源包括卫生和雨水管道之间的交叉连接。也有卫生雨水下水道和以地下水入渗的形式之间的连也有卫生雨水下水道和以地下水入渗的形式之间的连接（不增加流速），以及污水渗出导致地下水污染。接（不增加流速），以及污水渗出导致地下水污染。 在一个精心设计和维护单独的排水系统，避免雨水在一个精心设计和维护单独的排水系统，避免雨水和卫生下水道之间的交叉连接，下水道是防渗的，防和卫生下水道之间的交叉连接，下水道是防渗的，防止渗透，因此，雨水和污水处理厂之间的相互作用被止渗透，因此，雨水和污水处理厂之间的相互作用被减到最小程度。减到最小程度。 n

29、ot affect the mechanical part of properly designed facilities, do affect especially the nitrification and denitrification processes of biological treatment by shortening the reaction time, reducing the return sludge flow and diminishing the biomass as sludge is flushed into the final clarifier. Furt

30、hermore, the biomass reactions are rather sensitive to fluctuations of concentration, temperature and pH value. All these factors can lead to reduced treatment efficiencies and increased discharge of pollutants into the receiving waters.对于经过合理设计的设备的机械部分没有影响，在生对于经过合理设计的设备的机械部分没有影响，在生物处理工艺中，通过缩短反应时间，对

31、硝化和反硝化物处理工艺中，通过缩短反应时间，对硝化和反硝化的有显著的影响，减少了污泥回流量，减少了生物量，的有显著的影响，减少了污泥回流量，减少了生物量，因此，污泥被冲入最后的澄清器。因此，污泥被冲入最后的澄清器。此外，生物反应对浓度、温度和此外，生物反应对浓度、温度和pH值的波动相当敏值的波动相当敏感。所有这些因素都感。所有这些因素都导致导致降低处理效率以及增加污染降低处理效率以及增加污染物排放到物排放到收纳水体收纳水体。 In combined sewer systems (Figure 5.l.a), the interactions among the three major comp

32、onents are even stronger than in separate systems. In dry weather, the combined system functions like the separate system - the only flow generated is municipal sewage which is transported to the sewage treatment plant for treatment. In wet weather, surface runoff enters directly combined sewers. Wh

33、en the capacity of the system is exceeded, flows are either discharged directly into the receiving waters (as CSOs) with very adverse impacts, or enter CSO control facilities, which also interact with the STP. 4 在合流式管道系统（图在合流式管道系统（图5.1.a），三个主要组成部分），三个主要组成部分之间的相互作用，甚至强于分流式系统。在干燥的天之间的相互作用，甚至强于分流式系统。在干

34、燥的天气，合流式系统的功能和分流式系统一样气，合流式系统的功能和分流式系统一样-唯一产生的唯一产生的水流是市政污水，它被输送到污水处理厂处理。水流是市政污水，它被输送到污水处理厂处理。在下雨下雨的天气，地表径流直接进入合流式管道。当合流管道系统的容量已经无法满足排水量，过量的合流水或者带着负面影响，直接排放入收纳水体（即合流即合流制溢流污水制溢流污水），或者进入污水厂联动的溢流设施溢流设施。 The pollution characteristics of CSOs, while somewhat similar to those of storm water, are strongly affected by domestic sewage and sewer sludge washout from combined sewers. Co