天津大学翻译课unit4讲义

1、UnitUnit FourFour句子翻译技巧作为世界上丰富发达， 使用人数众多的两大语言， 英语和汉语在语法结构上都具有各自 的不同特征。体现在句子层面上，最大的区别莫过于汉语注重意合，英语注重形合。汉语句 子根据逻辑思维的联系，简单明快，但形式略显松散；而英语句子以动词为核心，结构严谨清晰。因此，在进行英汉互译时，要各自遵循相应的技巧和原则。、英语句子的翻译技巧一、分句、合句法在进行句子的翻译时，有时我们可以保留原文的整个句子结构或只稍加变动。但是，还有很多情况下则必须将原文的句子结构做较大的改变。而改变原文句子结构有两个重要的方法，即分句法和合句法。所谓分句法，是指把原文的一个简单句译成

2、两个或两个以上的句子。 而合句法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。1.1.分句法1）把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。例 1: They, not surprisingly , did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的.。（副词译成分句）例 2: That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是.大家.最.容.易.看.得.出.来.的. （形容词译成分句）例 3: As a place to live, i

3、t left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new pla ne, it was an excelle nt site, its remote ness effectively mask ing its activity.作为居住的地方，这里有许多不足之处。但作为完全新型飞机的秘密训练基地却是非 常理想的。它地处边陲.，人们不易了解其中的活动。（名词译成分句）2） 把原文中的一个短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。例 1: She sat with her hands c

4、upping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房.的一角.。（分词短语译成分句）例 2: I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录.。（名词短语译成分句）例 3: He arrived in Wash ington at a ripe mome nt intern ati on ally.他来到华盛顿，就国际形势来说，时机正合适.。（介词短语

5、译成分句）3） 把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。例 1: But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations. 但是，如果该地区再次发生战争，显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。2.2.合句法1） 把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句。例 1: There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the South.从全国各地来的人中有许多是南方人。2） 把原文中的

6、主从复合句译成一个单句。例 1: When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite. 我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。3） 把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句。例 1: The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.十点三十分的时候，街上来往的车辆稀少了。二、 名词性从句的译法英语中的名词性从句主要指主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句这四大类。这些从句的翻译一般遵循按照原文语序翻译的原则。

7、1.1.主语从句的译法1）以what, whatever, whoever等代词引导的主语从句翻译时一般可按原文顺序翻译。例 1: Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.他此行所见所闻 都给他留下了深刻的印象。2）以it做形式主语所引出的真正主语从句，翻译时视情况可以提前，也可以不提前。例 1: It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. 飞行员在飞机坠毁之后，竟然还能活着，这看来是不可想象的。例

8、2： It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己.的缺点.。2.2.宾语从句的译法1）用that, what, how等引起的宾语从句，汉译时一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。例 1: I also told him how appealing I found the offer.我也告诉他，这提供的机会对我有多么大的吸引力.。2）用it作形式宾语的句子，汉译时 that引起的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序；it不译。例 1: I take it for granted that

9、 you will come and talk the matter over with him.我想你会来跟他谈这件事的。3）有时在译文中也可将that引起的宾语从句提前例 1: I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.我为被选中参加会议而感到光荣。3.3.表语从句的译法英语中的表语从句和宾语从句一样，一般可按原文顺序翻译。例 1: What he emphasized over and over again was that, no matter how difficult it might be, th

10、ey should n ever retreat eve n for an in ch.他所再三强调的是，不管多么困难，他们绝不应该后退半步.。4.4.同位语从句的译法同位语从句在进行汉译时，根据情况可以提前，也可以不提前。还可以采用增加“即”（或“以为”）或用冒号、破折号分开的译法。例 1: But I knew I couldn trust him. There was always the possibility that he was a political swi ndler.但我知道不能轻信他。他是政治骗子.这种可能性总是存在的。（同位语从句提前）例 2: He expressed

11、 the hopethat he would come over to visit China again.他表示希望再到中国来访问.。（同位语从句不提前）例 3: But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good. 但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样的事实：我们的前景并不妙.。（用冒号分 开）三、 定语从句的译法1.1.限定性定语从句的译法1）前置法把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。例 1: Lan

12、guage is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.语言是人.们.赖.以.交.流.思.想.的.工具。2）后置法如果定语从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得过长而不符合汉语的表达习惯时，往 往可以译成后置的并列分句。例 1: They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which , in the past, many Chinese have laid down their

13、lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。例 2: It is he who received the letter that announced the death of her uncle .是他接到那封信，说她的叔叔去世了 .。3）溶合法溶合法：将原句中的主句和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立的句子。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系紧密，所以溶合法比较适用于翻译限制性定语从句。英语中There be的结构汉译时往往这样处理。例 1: There are many people who want to see th

14、e film.许多人要看这部电影。带有定语从句的英语复合句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成汉语词组作主语，而把定语从句译成谓语，溶合成一个句子。例 1: We used a planeof which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某些标志。2.2.非限定性定语从句的译法1） 前置法一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限定性的定语从句，也可译成带“的”的前置定语， 放在被修饰词前面。这种处理方法不如用在英语限制性定语从句那样普遍。例 1: The sun, which

15、had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.那个整天躲在云层里的 太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。2） 后置法在译文中把原文从句后置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。例 1: I told the story to John, who （=and he） told it to his brother.我把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又.告.诉.了.他.弟.弟.。在译文中从句后置，省略英语关系词所代表的含义。或在译文中从句前置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。例 1: After dinner, the four key negotiators re

16、sumed their talks, which continued well into the ni ght.饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜.。.例 2: The men had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles, （flowers） which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.这些花以前一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下，现在他们突然意识到这些小玩意儿的美丽和意

17、义了。四、状语从句的译法1.1.时间状语从句的译法1） 译成相应的表示时间的状语例 1: While she spoke, the tears were running down.她说话时，泪水直流。2） 译成“ 一就”的句式例 1: He had scarcely handed me the letter when he asked me to read it.他把信一交给我，就叫我念给他听。3） 译成并列的分句例 1: They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid.他还没有交赎金，他们就把他释放了。2.2.原因状语从句的译法

18、1） 译成表“因”的分句例 1: Because we are both prepared to proceed on the basis of equality and mutual respect, wemeet at a mome nt whe n we can make peaceful cooperatio n a reality.由于我们双方都准备在平等互尊的基础上行事，我们在这个时刻会晤就能够使和平合作成为现实。2） 译成因果偏正复句中的主句例 1: Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck t

19、o his opinion.他深信这件事正确可靠，因此坚持己见。3） 译成不用关联词而因果关系内含的并列分句例 1: After all, it did not matter much, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free. 反正关系不大，二十四小时以后他们就要自由了。3.3.条件状语从句的译法1） 译成表条件的分句例 1: Once the men had been accepted by the Comet organization, they were brought to Brussels.他们一旦被彗星组织收下了 ，就被带到

20、布鲁塞尔去。2） 译成表假设的分句例 1: If one of them collapsed , as they often did, the guide used to carry him over the mountains.如果其中一个人垮了 ，这种事时常在他们中间发生，向导就要背着他过山。3） 译成补充说明情况的分句例 1: You can drive tonight if you are ready.你今晚就可以出车，如果你愿意的话.。4.4.让步状语从句的译法1） 译成表示让步的分句例 1: I still think that you made a mistake while I

21、 admit what you say.就算你说得对，我仍认为你做错了2） 译成无条件的条件分句例 1: No matter what misfortune befell him , he always squared his shoulders and said:“Nevermind, I ll work harder. ”不管他遭受什么不幸的事情，他总是把胸一挺，说：“没关系，我再加把劲儿。”5.5.目的状语从句的译法1） 译成表示“目的”的前置分句例 1: We should start early so that we might get there before noon.为了正午以

22、前赶到那里，我们应该早点动身。2） 译成表“目的”的后置分句例 1: Wouldn t it be better if we were somehow to organize an escape route so that these men could get back to Britain into the war again?要是我们有点什么办法来安排一条可供安全逃脱的路线，使这些人能回到英国重新. 投入战争，这不更好吗?五、长句的译法1.1.顺序法有些英语长句所叙述的一连串动作基本上都是按照动作发生的先后顺序排列的，也有 一些英语长句是按照内容的逻辑关系安排的，这与汉语的表达方法基本一

23、致，因此在翻译时可以按照原文的顺序进行。例 1: The problem is that in the last generation or so we e come to assume that women should be able, and should want, to do everythi ng that by traditi on men have done at the same time as pretty well everyth ing that by traditi on wome n have done.问题是，在过去的二三十年时间里，我们已经认定，妇女们应该能够并

24、且应该想做男人们传统上所做的一切，而同时也能够做得跟妇女们传统上所做的一切一样好。例 2: Olaf is 6 foot 3 inches tall; he can walk and climb all day and he never feels tired.奥来福身高6英尺3英寸；他能整天步行和爬山而不觉得疲劳。2.2.逆序法有些英语长句的语序与汉语的表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反。那么，翻译时就应该将 英语长句中所表达的信息在译文中分割成若干短句，然后按照汉语习惯表达法进行重新安 排。而很多时候，汉语译文中各分局的顺序和原文中信息铺陈的顺序正好相反。例 1: A great number o

25、f graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.这是20世纪50年代后期在美国出现的一个真实现象：贫穷的知识分子在“垮掉的一代”这个颇为浪漫的姿态掩护下成为美国典型的穷人，正是在

26、这个时候，一大批大学毕业生被赶进了“知识分子的贫民窟”。3.3.插入法插入法就是利用破折号、括号将原文句子中的某部分信息以插入成分的方式插入到译 文中。例 1: The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten: by the river and the pond, on the hill and in the valley.雪，飘落在每一片森林、每一片田野上；河边、湖畔、山上、谷底等到处都是一一 就连岩石上的裂缝中也都盖满了雪。4.4.综合法英语长句的翻译中，分别使用上述方法的情况并不多，更多时候是需要将以

27、上方法或 各种翻译方法进行综合运用，其关键在于透彻理解原文的意思，抓住原文的及精神实质，在汉语表达时求得神似而不求形似。例: What the New Yorker would find missing is what many outsiders find oppressive and distasteful about New York its raw ness, tension, urge ncy; its braci ng competitive ness; the rigor of its judgme nt; and the con gested, democratic prese

28、 nee of so many other New Yorkers en cased in their own world.纽约的粗犷、紧张，那种急迫感和催人奋发的竞争性，它的是非观念之严酷无情，那种各色人等熙熙攘攘，兼容并蓄于各自的天地之中的格局，这一切都使那些非纽约人感到厌恶和窒息；而这一切，又正是纽约人所迷恋的。汉语句子的翻译技巧一、 无主句的译法在汉语中无主句是一种常见特殊句型。这种句子的作用在于描述动作变化等情况，而在于谁”或“什么”进行这一动作或发生这一变化，不需要特定的语言环境就能表达出完整 而准确的意思。无主句的翻译是英译汉的一个难点，通常要补出主语或改变句型。1.1.补充主语

29、无主句英译时，可以根基上下文或原句中的逻辑关系来确定主语，使之符合英语的表 达习惯。例1不入虎穴，焉得虎子。You cannot catch tiger cubs without entering the tiger lair. (No venture, no gain.)2.2.译成英语的被动句把原文中的宾语译成被动结构中的主语。例1:那地方讲什么语言？What Ian guage is spoke n there?3.3.译成英语中的祈使句原文中表示命令、要求，以及标语、口号等的无主句可以译成英语中的祈使句。 例1:请勿践踏草坪！Please keep off the law n!4.4.

30、译成英语中的 ThereThere bebe句型例1:没有改革开放，就没有今天的经济发展。Without reform and opening to the outside world, there would be no economic developme nt of today.5.5.译成英语中的itit句型 例1 ：要成功就要付出劳动。It will cost you much labor to succeed in anything.6.6.译成英语中的倒装句例1 :大门两边各站着一名持枪的武警战士。On either side of the gate sta nds an arm

31、ed policema n.二、 连谓句和兼语句的译法1.1.连谓句的译法汉语中连谓句非常普遍。在这样的句子中往往有两个或两个以上的动词，中间没有任何的关联词，这些动词拥有同一个主语。在翻译时，应该根据英语的特点，将连谓句中的主要动词译成英语中的谓语动词，其余动词处理成相关的非谓语动词形式、介词短语或从句中的谓语动词等。1)当连谓句中的动词之间是先后关系或同时发生的关系时，通常译成英语的并句，中 间用and连接，或将其中一个动词用分词短语译出。例1他站起来走到窗边往外看了看。He stood up, walked to the window and looked out of it for a

32、 while.2）当连谓句中的动词表示手段、条件、方式、目的、因果等关系时，通常把主要动词 译成英语中的谓语动词，将后一个动词译成介词短语或不定式充当的状语。例1:去年，我和父母回老家去看了那里的亲朋好友。Last year I went back to my hometown with my parents to visit the relatives and friends there.3）连谓句的其他译法例1:他站在门口笑。He stood at the door, grinning.例2:这个小孩打电脑游戏打输了总爱发脾气。The kid is likely to lose his t

33、emper when he is defeated in playing computer games.2.2.兼语句的译法汉语中，谓语有两个动词，前一个动词的宾语又是后一个动词的主语，这样的句子就是兼语句。因此，兼语句中前后两个动词是不共用一个主语的。1） 把兼语句中的第二个动词处理成英语“主语+谓语+宾语+补语”结构中的宾语补语， 形式可以是非谓语动词、介词或介词短语、副词、形容词或名词。例1 :地震使大量的房子成为了废墟。The earthquake reduced many a house to ruins.2） 把兼语句中的第二个动词处理成英语句子中的状语或状语从句。此时兼语句中的第

34、 一个动词常常表示责怪、埋怨、批评、表扬之意。例1 :这位法国朋友称赞他法语好。The French friend complime nted him on his excelle nt Fren ch.3）利用英语中具有“致使”、“促成”之意的动词来翻译兼语句中的动词。 例1:她卖掉房子的消息让大家感到震惊。Her family were amazed at the n ews that she had sold the house.4） 兼语句的其他译法例1:年轻人，我劝你少管闲事。Young fellow, you better mind your own bus in ess.例2:五

35、年前当局禁止该片上映。The film came under the ban of censor five years ago.extensions自主拓展试翻译经典小品文，运用所学到的翻译技巧。这是一位美国女权主义者（一个有两个孩子的妈妈） 的文章，I Want a Wife ,首先基于通篇语气（satirical），将“ I”译作俺”，wife ”用了 娘子”的字眼儿。I belong to that classification of people known as wives. I am a wife. And, not altogether in cide ntally, I am

36、a mother.俺其实是属于人们称之为“娘子”的那类人的。（增译法）Not too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the scene fresh from a recent divorce. He had one child, who is, of course, with his ex-wife. He is look ing for ano ther wife. As I thought about him while I was ironing one evening, it suddenly occurred to me tha

37、t I, too, would like to have a wife. Why do I want a wife?前不久俺的一个朋友 出现在我的面前，这哥们 刚离了婚。（分译法）I would like to go back to school so that I can become econo mically in depe ndent, support myself, and if n eed be, support those depe ndent upon me. I want a wife who will work and send me to school. And whil

38、e I am going to school I want a wife to take care of my children. I want a wife to keep track of the childrens doctor and dentist appointments. And to keep track of mine, too. I want a wife to make sure my children eat properly and are kept clean. I want a wife who will wash the childre ns clothes a

39、nd keep them men ded. I want a wife who is a good n urtura nt atte ndant to my children, who arranges for their schooling, makes sure that they have an adequate social life with their peers, takes them to the park, the zoo, etc. I want a wife who takes care of the children whe n they are sick, a wif

40、e who arran ges to be around whe n the childre n n eed special care, because, of course, I cannot miss classes at school. My wife must arrange to lose time at work and no t lose the job. It may mea n a small cut in my wifes in come from time to time, but I guess I can tolerate that. Needless to say,

41、 my wife will arrange and pay for the care of the childre n while my wife is worki ng.俺想有一个能保证孩儿们饮食.得当.、衣着整洁的娘子。（四字表达法）I want a wife who will take care of my physical needs. I want a wife who will keep my house clean. A wife who will pick up after my children, a wife who will pick up after me. I wan

42、t a wife who will keep my clothes clea n, ir on ed, men ded, replaced whe n n eed be, and who will see to it that my pers onal things are kept in their proper place so that I can find what I n eed the minute I need it. I want a wife who cooks the meals, a wife who is a good cook. I want a wife who w

43、ill plan the menus, do the n ecessary grocery shopp ing, prepare the meals, serve them pleasa ntly, and the n do the clea ning up while I do my study in g. I want a wife who will care for me whe n I am sick and sympathize with my pain and loss of time from school. I want a wife to go along when our

44、family takes a vacati on so that some one can continue to care for me and my childre n whe n I n eed a rest and cha nge of scene.孩子大人前脚乱扔她后脚拾掇的娘子。（合译法）I want a wife who will not bother me with rambli ng compla ints about a wifes duties. But I want a wife who will listen to me when I feel the need to

45、 explain a rather difficult point I have come across in my course of studies. And I want a wife who will type my papers for me whe n I have written them.俺不想有这样的娘子，老是拿娘子分内的事来烦我，唠唠叨叨的。（否定法）I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social wife. When my wife and I are invited out by my frien

46、 ds, I want a wife who will take care of the babysitti ng arran geme nts. When I meet people at school that I like and want to entertain, I want a wife who will have the house clean, will prepare a special meal, serve it to me and my frien ds, and not in terrupt whe n I talk about thi ngs that inter

47、est me and my friends. I want a wife who will have arranged that the children are fed and ready for bed before my guests arrive so that the childre n do not bother us. I want a wife who takes care of the n eeds of my guests so that they feel comfortable, who makes sure that they have an ashtray, tha

48、t they are passed the hors doeuvres, that they are offered a sec ond help ing of the food, that their wine glasses are replenished when necessary, that their coffee is served to them as they like it. And I want a wife who knows that sometimes I n eed a ni ght out by myself.她要保证客人们跟前有烟灰缸、餐前有小吃，饭菜该加时候

49、加、酒杯该斟满时斟满，还得会按客人口味上咖啡。 （意译法）I want a wife who is sensitive to my sexual needs, a wife who makes love passionately and eagerly when I feel like it, a wife who makes sure that I am satisfied. And, of course, I want a wife who will not dema nd sexual atte nti on whe n I am not in the mood for it. I want a wife who assumes the complete responsibility for birth control, because I do not want more children. I want a wife who will rema i