考研英语语法非谓语详解ppt

1、非谓语动词非谓语动词 非谓语动词（非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词，在句中都不能）不是真正意义上的谓语动词，在句中都不能 单独作谓语。但都具有动词的某些特点，可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动单独作谓语。但都具有动词的某些特点，可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成非谓语动 词短语。词短语。都不受主语人称和数的限制（即无人称和数的变化），但有时态和语态的都不受主语人称和数的限制（即无人称和数的变化），但有时态和语态的 变化变化。 Example: He ask me did it.（） He ask me to do it.（） Lily likes si

2、ng.（） Lily likes singing.（） She punished by her father. （） She was punished by her father. （） 掌握非谓语动词的关键在于掌握非谓语动词的关键在于：弄清三大非谓语动词各种不同的结构形式、每种结弄清三大非谓语动词各种不同的结构形式、每种结 构所表达的时间概念及其主被动关系；弄清楚三大非谓语动词各自所作的句子成构所表达的时间概念及其主被动关系；弄清楚三大非谓语动词各自所作的句子成 分；不同的非谓语动词作同一句子成分时的区别；三大非谓语动词的其他特殊用法。分；不同的非谓语动词作同一句子成分时的区别；三大非谓语动

3、词的其他特殊用法。 （一）不定式（一）不定式 结构形式及每种结构所表达的时间概念及其主被动关系结构形式及每种结构所表达的时间概念及其主被动关系 名称名称语态语态结构形式结构形式时间概念及主被动关系时间概念及主被动关系举例举例 一般式一般式 主动（not）to do 发生在谓语动作/状态之后或 同时发生的主动动作 1. I want to be a teacher. 2. I saw him go out. 被动(not) to be done 发生在谓语动作/状态之后或 同时发生的被动动作 The teacher wanted the materials to be typed soon. 进

4、行式进行式主动(not) to be doing 与谓语动作/状态同时发生的 动作 He happened to be working when the boss came in. 完成式完成式 主动(not) to have done 发生在谓语动作/状态之前的 主动动作 1. I happened to have come across your brother. 2. We planned to have met each other at ten. 被动 (not) to have been done 发生在谓语动作/状态之前的 被动动作 1. Im glad to have been

5、 invited to visit your factory. 2. He expects to have been told the truth yesterday. 完成进完成进 行式行式 主动 (not) to have been doing 在谓语动作/状态之前一直在 进行着的动作 It is a great pleasure to have been working with you. A. 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或 是在它之后发生。是在它之后发生。 Example: He a

6、ppears to be very happy. 他看起来好像很高兴。（同时发生） To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi. 为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。 （to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后） B. 不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的动作。表示正在进行的动作。 Example: It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。 C. 不定式的完成式不定式的完成式表示的动

7、作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。 Example: Im sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。 D. 不定式的完成进行式不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。 Example: He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。 比较：比较：不定式的时态意义。不定式的时态意义。 Example: He is said to be studying abroad

8、. 据说他正在国外读书。 （不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行） He is said to have studied abroad. 据说他在国外学习过。 （不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束） E. 不定式的被动形式不定式的被动形式当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者承受者 时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后 关系，有关系，有一般式一般式和和完成式完成式两种。两种。 1一般式一般式tobedone Example: These are

9、the books to be given out to the students. 这些是要发给学生的书。 2完成式完成式tohavebeendone Example: The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。 F. 不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式由由not或或never加不定式构成。加不定式构成。 Example: We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。 注意：谓语动词的否定和

10、不定式的否定不同的意义注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义 Example: I did not promise to wake him up. 我没有答应叫醒他。 I promised not to wake him up. 我答应了不叫醒他。 不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能 不定式具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的特性，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、不定式具有名词、动词、形容词和副词的特性，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、 定语、状语和宾语补足语；定语、状语和宾语补足语； (1). (1). 主语主语 SubjectSubject Example: To get enough slee

11、p at night is important. 在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行itit代替主语，而把不定式后置：代替主语，而把不定式后置： It is important to get enough sleep at night 这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子 It made us very angry to hear him talk like that. Example: To hear him talk like that made us very ang

12、ry It is adj. (for sb) to do sth. Example: It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. It was difficult for me to do the work. 某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上“of+名词词组名词词组” 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况 Example: Its kind of you to think so much of us. Its very nice of you to be so c

13、onsiderate. It is + a pleasure/an honor/a pity to do. Example: It is a pleasure for me to help you. It takes sb +time to do. Example: It took us five hours to get there. (2).表语表语Predicative Example: My job today is to water all the flowers in the garden. 1主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果）主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是

14、条件，一是结果） Example: To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 2主语是以主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion等为中心词的名词词组，或以等为中心词的名词词组，或以what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定 式说明其内容式说明其内容 Example: My ide

15、a is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once. ：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号“” Example: All we have to do is push the button. The only thi

16、ng I can do now is go on by myself. All I could do was send him a telegram. (3)宾语宾语Object Example: These days everyone wants to get rich fast 1“动词动词+带带to的不定式结构的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise,

17、 refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin,等，等， Example: Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock. I didnt expect to find you here. 2“动词动词+疑问词疑问词+带带to的不定式结构的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。 这类动词常见的有：这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out

18、, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder等。等。 Example: I dont know what to do I havent decided whether to sell it or not. We must find out where to put it. 注注：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行it，把不定式后置，把不定式后置， Example: I find it diffic

19、ult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 注注：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语,只有在个别场合只有在个别场合,即在含有否定意义即在含有否定意义 的带有介词的带有介词except 或或but (=except)的结构中才能这样用的结构中才能这样用 Example: He seldom comes except to look at my pictures. 注注:不定式符号的省略

20、问题不定式符号的省略问题 Example: The child did nothing except weep. He will do anything for you except lend you money. They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive. (4).宾补宾补Complement Example: Dont force yourself to write when you have nothing to say 1只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词：只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词： 表示表示“希望希望”

21、“”“愿望愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust等。等。 Example: What do you desire me to do? The director preferred her to act the old lady. 含有含有“让让”“”“允许允许”“”“促使促使”“”“致使致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：等祈使意义的动词，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause,等。等。 Exa

22、mple: We mustnt let this happen again. His father put him to mind the sheep. 带有带有“请求请求”“”“恳求恳求”等感情色彩的动词，如：等感情色彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry等。等。 Example: He begged me not to tell his father about it. She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris. 含有含有“建议建议”“”“劝告劝告”等意义的动词，如

23、：等意义的动词，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge等。等。 Example: He urged us to accept the compromise. The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out. 含有含有“命令命令”“”“强迫强迫”“”“禁止禁止”等意义的动词，如：等意义的动词，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn等。等。 Example: He required u

24、s to keep it a secret. The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days. I warn you not to do that again. 注注：有些动词用有些动词用不定式不定式与用与用现在分词现在分词作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。 一般说来，一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）；而；而用现在分词用现在分词 则表示动作正在进行，则表示动作正在进行，即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动即：谓语

25、动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动 作正在进行。作正在进行。 Example: Example: Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his father talking with his teacher. I once heard him sing this song. She heard Mr. White singing in the next room. 注注：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to应当省略。应当省略。 下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去

26、不定式符号下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号to： let,make,have,see,watch,notice,lookat,observe,hear,listento Example: He observed someone open the door. I watched them get into the car. Did you notice him leave the room? help一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带to，也可以不带，也可以不带to。 Example: Do you often help your mo

27、ther (to) do the housework? 使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为被动结构被动结构以后，宾语补足语就成了主以后，宾语补足语就成了主 语补足语，这时，语补足语，这时，“to”不可以省略不可以省略。 Example: The boss made them work from morning till night. They were made to work from morning till night. (5).定语定语Attributive Example: The topics to be discussed at tomorrow

28、s meeting is concerned about the Olympics 2008. 1不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后， Example: He is not a man to bow before difficulties. Have you anything to declare? She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening. I want to get something to read during the vocation. 2能带不定式结构作宾语的

29、动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语， Example: I dont wish to quarrel with you. I have no wish to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not t

30、o do that again. 3.不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系， Example: He has a large family to support (= that he must support). 注：注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词， Example: She has a lot of things to attend to. The nurse has five children to

31、 look after. Lets first find a room to put the things in. 4.有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系，可以在不定式之前加上for+名词词组名词词组。 Example: Heres a book for you to read. He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in. (6)状语状语Adverbial 不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、目的、原因、结

32、果、 条件条件等。等。 1表示目的：表示目的： Example: He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He went home to see his mother. 为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词not时，时， 通常可以在不定式符号通常可以在不定式符号to之前加上之前加上in order或或so as Example: He came here in order to see Charlie. He shouted and waved so as t

33、o be noticed. 表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是， 置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上，但却不可以加上so as Example: To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen. 2.表示结果：表示结果： Example: What have I said

34、to make you so angry? 不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型：不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型： so as to Example: Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? such () as to Example: Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to Example: The boy is old enough to go to school. too to Example: His eyesight is too poor to read such

35、small letters. 注意：注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义 Example: I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) onlytoo(adv.)极极;非常非常;太太;很很 3.表示原因：表示原因： Example: She wept to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fun. She seemed s

36、urprised to meet us. 不定式的用法不定式的用法 不定式与疑问词连用不定式与疑问词连用 who,which,when,how,what,whom,whether等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充 当主语、表语、宾语等。当主语、表语、宾语等。 Example: I dont know whether to accept the invitation or not. 我不知道是否要接受邀请。我不知道是否要接受邀请。 How to solve the problem is very important. 如何解决这个问题很重要。如何解决这个问题很重要。 M

37、y question is when to start. 我的问题是什么时候开始。我的问题是什么时候开始。 关于省略关于省略 两个并列的不定式由两个并列的不定式由and或或or连接时，省略后面的不定式中的连接时，省略后面的不定式中的to。 Example: I want to finish my homework and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 注：当两者表示对比关系时，注：当两者表示对比关系时，to不省略不省略 Example: To be or not to be, this is a question. 句中含有动

38、词句中含有动词do时时,but,except,besides等后面的等后面的to可省略。即可省略。即“前有前有 do，后省，后省to”。 Example: He didnt do anything but complain. whynot,hadbetter，wouldrather，cantbut等后省等后省to。 Example: You had better complete the work before next week. 注：注：为了避免重复，作宾语或补语的不定式再次出现时，为了避免重复，作宾语或补语的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略后的内容常承前省略 (只保留只保留to即

39、可即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动词。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动词have或或be的任何形式，后应的任何形式，后应 该保留原形该保留原形be或或have。 Example: Would you like to attend the party? Yes, Id like to. would you like to be a teacher? Yes, Id like to be. You came late this morning. You ought to have finished your homework. I know I ought to have. 固定句型固定句型: h

40、adbetter+(not)dosth.最好（不）做某事最好（不）做某事 Example: You had better finish you work right now. Why(not)dosth?为什么（不）做某事？为什么（不）做某事？ Example: Why not join them? prefer+n./doingA+to+n./doingB比比更更做某事做某事 Example: I prefer watching TV to surfing on line. prefer+todoAratherthan(to)doB宁愿做宁愿做也不愿做也不愿做 Example: I pref

41、er to stay at home rather than go outside. wouldrather(not)dosth.宁愿（不）做某事宁愿（不）做某事 Example: I would rather stay at home wouldratherdoAthan(do)B宁愿做宁愿做也不愿做也不愿做 Example: I would rather see a movie than watch TV. wouldrather+句子（过去式）（句子（过去式）（虚拟语气）虚拟语气）表达一种意愿表达一种意愿 Example: I would rather you came tomorrow

42、. 注意以下几种情况不定式的用法：注意以下几种情况不定式的用法： 在在thefirst,thesecond，thelast和和theonly之后，只能用之后，只能用todo做定语做定语。 Example: He was the last to leave the classroom understand，realize,know用在用在begin,start,attempt,intend后，只能用后，只能用todo。 Example: I began to understand the truth 表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用nottodo,而用而用inor

43、dernottodo或或soas nottodo。 Example: Not to be seen, he came into the room through the window () In order not to be seen, he came into the room through the window () He came into the room through the window so as not to be seen. () soastodo一般不放在句首。一般不放在句首。 Example: He get up at five this morning so as

44、 to catch the early bus () So as to catch the early bus, he got up at five this morning. () Exercise: eatgiveupfinishexplaintell 1.Myteacherwasmade_ histeachingbecauseofpoorhealth. 2.Thesentencewants_oncemore. 3.Wefinditimpossibleforthework_ aheadoftime. 4.Thepatientwaswarned_ oilyfoodaftertheoperat

45、ion. 5.Imeant_ youaboutit,butIforgottodoso. to give up explaining/to be explained to be finished not to eat to have told 1. -I usually go there by train. -Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 2.Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers

46、 _ a bicycle. A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding 3. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 4. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more diffi

47、cult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make 5. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see 6. The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A

48、. who B. when C. how D. why 7. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 8. - The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off （二）动名词（二）动名词 名称名称语态语态结构形式结构形式时间概念及主被动

49、关系时间概念及主被动关系举例举例 一般式一般式 主动（not）doing 与谓语动作/状态同时发生的主动动 作或无明显的时间性（可表经常） 1. Mike is fond of playing football. 2. Would you mind my opening the window？ 被动(not) being done 与谓语动作/状态同时发生的被动动 作或无明显的时间性（可表经常） 1. He told his past without being asked 2. Being scolded isnt a good thing. 完成式完成式 主动(not) having do

50、ne 发生在谓语动作/状态之前的主动动 作 They were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. 被动(not) having been done 发生在谓语动作/状态之前的被动动 作 I remembered having been taken to Beijing three times. 动名词的句法功能动名词的句法功能 (1)作主语作主语 Example: Collecting information is very important to business. 注：注：动名词作主语表示抽象的概念，通常直接置于句首，

51、有时先用动名词作主语表示抽象的概念，通常直接置于句首，有时先用it作形式作形式 主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。 句型：句型：It is no use/no good doing sth. Example: It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。 (2)作宾语作宾语 Example: They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 We have to prevent the air from being pollu

52、ted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。 注注:动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作 宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it， Example: We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。 作动词的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的动词巧记如下：作动词的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的动词巧记如下： 考虑建议盼原谅考虑建议盼原谅(consider，suggest/advise, look forward to, e

53、xcuse, pardon) 承认推迟没得想承认推迟没得想(admit, delay/put off, fancy) 避免错过继续练避免错过继续练(avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice) 否认完成停止赏否认完成停止赏(deny, finish, stop, enjoy/appreciate) 不禁介意准逃亡不禁介意准逃亡(cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape) 不准冒险凭想象不准冒险凭想象(forbid, risk, imagine) 下列下列V.+prep.通常用通常用ing形式作宾语形式作宾语,尤其注意介词尤其注意介词

54、to insist on, prevent from, depend on, feel like, be fond of, succeed in, be proud of, excuse for , apologize for, look forward to, object to , be used to, be opposed to, etc. to do 和doing 的区别: remember to do remember doing forget to do forget doing stop to do stop doing go on to do go on doing try

55、to do try doing regret to do regret doing mean to do mean doing consider to do consider doing 动词动词permit,allow，admit，forbid，imagine有不同的用法有不同的用法: V+sbtodosth & V+doingsth Example: The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late. The doctor advised not going to bed too late. Please permit me to introd

56、uce myself to you first Please permit introducing myself to you first. (4)作定语作定语 Example: In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。 (3)作表语作表语 Example: Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？ (5)作同位语作同位语 Example: His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains

57、unchanged 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。 注：注：动名词表示被动意义动名词表示被动意义 在动词或词组在动词或词组need,want,require,beworth,deserve,etc.后的动名词表示被动后的动名词表示被动 意义意义: Example: Your composition needs improving. Your composition needs to be improved. The book is worth reading a second time. The book is worthy to be read/of being read a seco

58、nd time. （三）分词（三）分词 名称名称语态语态结构形式结构形式时间概念及主被动关系时间概念及主被动关系举例举例 现现 在在 分分 词词 一般式一般式 主动（not）doing 与谓语动作/状态同时发生的 主动动作 Singing a song, he was watching TV. 被动(not) being done 与谓语动作/状态同时发生的 被动动作 Being punished, he is crying. 完成式完成式 主动(not) having done 发生在谓语动作/状态之前的 主动动作 Having finished the course，we had an e

59、xam. 被动(not) having been done 发生在谓语动作/状态之前的 被动动作 Having been warned several times， they became more careful in doing the job. 过去过去 分词分词 （not）done 1. 可以只表一个被动的动作； 2. 可以只表一个完成的动作（ 即发生在谓语动作/状态之前 的动作）； 3. 可以同时既表被动又表完成 的动作（即发生在谓语动作/ 状态之前的动作）； 1. Seen from the hill，the town looks nice.（只表被动） 2. The fallen

60、 leaves are yellow.（只表 完成） 3. The returned books looks new.（既 表被动又表完成） 分词的句法功能分词的句法功能 v由于分词具有由于分词具有形容词性和副词性形容词性和副词性,在句子中不能充当具有名词特征的在句子中不能充当具有名词特征的主语和宾语主语和宾语. 成份 类别 主语主语宾语宾语定语定语表语表语补语补语状语状语 现在分词 过去分词 (1)作定语作定语 Example: Mike held a burning stick . He is a retired worker. 注：注：现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别？现在分词与过去分词作